179592
UPSC Notes
Hotspot volcanism is a type of volcanism that occurs at the interior of the lithospheric plates rather than plate margins.
Well known hotspots include-
1) Hawaiian Hotspot
2) Yellowstone Hotspot
3) Reunion Hotspot
Hotspot volcanism occurs due to abnormally hot centres in the mantle known as "mantle plumes".
Most of the mantle plumes lie far from tectonic plate boundaries (e.g. Hawaiian Hotspot), but there are some exceptions which are located near plate boundaries (e.g. Iceland Hotspot, Afar Hotspot).
Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or CITES, aims at regulating the international trade of specimens of endangered animals and plants. India has ratified this Convention in 1976
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Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism is an initiative of Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube with the objective of disrupting terrorist abuse on their respective platforms by dedicated technology, counterterrorism and operations teams.
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Dark Net, Deep Web and Surface Web
✅"Dark net" is commonly confused with "deep web." The deep web refers to unindexed sites which are unsearchable; in most cases, this is because those sites are protected by passwords.
✅Part of the WWW (World Wide Web) which is not indexed by a search engine like Google is Deep Web and it about 500-600 times larger than the surface web.
✅Surface Web -Also called the Visible Web, Indexed Web, Indexable Web or Lightnet -is that portion of the World Wide Web that is readily available to the general public and searchable with standard web search engines. It is the opposite of the deep web. It only constitutes 4-6% of the whole web. @civilservicesBaba
Nanotechnology
✅Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the nanometre scale are utilised in the design, characterisation, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems.
✅Nanotechnology primarily refers to the use and creation of particles that are smaller than 100 nanometre.
✅The American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman introduce the concept of nanotechnology in 1959
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📌 AT-1 bonds (Additional tier 1 bonds) are :
🔸️ Perpetual bonds [ No fixed maturity tenure ] have fixed Interest rate (But interest rate is usually set high, because AT-1 bonds are very risky)
🔸️ Unsecured bonds : Not backed by any mortgage/physical asset or source of revenue are listed on exchange Issued to fulfil (capital adequacy Ratiol under basel 3 Norms. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
🔸️ AT-1 bonds can be written down, if common Equity tier-1 capital of bank falls below 5.5% of Risk weighted assets
Basai Wetland
• Located in Gurugram district in Haryana, is a flora and fauna rich water body.
• Recognised as one of India's Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas.
• Basai wetland is recognised globally as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by the BirdLife International.
• Species: White ramped vulture, red head vulture present in the wetland were listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN red list. @CivilservicesBaba
Yearwise CSE/UPSC Civil Services Vacancies
CSE 2015 .....1129
CSE 2016......1079
CSE 2017......980
CSE 2018......782
CSE 2019......896
CSE 2020......796
CSE 2021......712
CSE 2022.... 861
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Green Bonds : is a debt security issued by an organization for the purpose of financing or refinancing projects that contribute positively to the environment and/or climate. A green bond is alternatively known as a climate bond @civilservicesBaba
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Cryptocurrency: A digital currency that is secured by cryptography and used as a medium of exchange within a peer-to-peer (P2P) digital economic system. Cryptographic techniques ensures that these systems are completely immune to fraud and counterfeiting.
The first cryptocurrency to be ever created was Bitcoin, introduced by pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto, in 2009
@civilservicesBaba
4 priorities of Budget 2022: @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
PM GatiShakti
Inclusive Development
Productivity Enhancement & Investment, Sunrise
Opportunities, Energy Transition, and Climate Action
Financing of Investments
Digital Rupee :Digital currency will also lead to a more efficient and cheaper currency management system @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
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आपको भारत के 73वे #गणतंत्रदिवस की हार्दिक शुभकामनाएं !
Heartiest greetings to you on the 73rd #RepublicDay! of India.
Happy Republic Day 2022
Life is what we make it. There are so many reasons to be thankful every day. I am thankful to all those.
Good Morning Friends!!
Have a wonderful Day.
@civilservicesBaba
May the New Year bring you happiness, peace, and prosperity. Wishing you a Happy New Year 2022
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Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention.
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Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layers. it will help reduce the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), and thus to avoid global warming by up to 0.4°C this century
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Private Member's Bills : A Member of Parliament (MP) who is not a Minister in the Union Cabinet is called a Private Member. Bills introduced by such members are called Private Member's Bills. Private Member Bill (PMB) is same as that of a Government Bill. These bills can deal with any issue and can also be a Constitutional Amendment Bill. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha
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Scope of application of nanotechnology in the development process of the country:
Agriculture: Nanotechnology can be used in agriculture and food production in the form of Nano sensors for monitoring crop growth and pest control by early identification of plant diseases. These Nano sensors can help enhance production and improve food safety. With inputs related to water use, fertiliser and pesticides delivered in nanoscale productivity and yield can be increased.
Medical applications: Development of newer drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology methods is being tried for conditions like cancer, diabetes, fungal infections, and viral infections and in gene therapy. Nanotechnology has also found its use in diagnostic medicine as contrast agents, fluorescent dyes and magnetic nanoparticles.
Electronics: The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electronic systems for more than four decades by downscaling silicon-based devices. Carbon nanomaterials such as one dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and two dimensional (2D) graphene have emerged as promising options due to their superior electrical properties which allow for fabrication of faster and more power-efficient electronics.
Textiles and Clothing: Nanotechnology has shown a huge potential in the textile and clothing industry which is normally very traditional. Coating is a common technique used to apply Nano-particles onto textiles. The success of nanotechnology in textile applications lies in areas of durability, flexibility, wash ability and softness. The use of nanotechnology allows textiles to become multifunctional and produce fabrics with special functions, including antibacterial, UV-protection, easy clean, water & stain repellent and anti-odour.
Energy equipment: Nanoscales and nanoporous membranes are being used to facilitate production of biomass fuel. Energy transmission could potentially be made much more efficient by using engineered nanomaterials. Throughout the renewable-energy sector, nanotechnology has the potential to increase process efficiencies and process yields, decrease costs and enable energy processes that would not be attainable any other way.
@civilservicesBaba
Blood Groups: ABO
✅ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce immune response) on the RBCs namely A and B.
✅Similarly, the plasma of different individuals contain two natural antibodies (proteins produced in response to antigens).
✅ABO blood groups are controlled by the gene I. The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is controlled by the gene. The gene (I) has three alleles IA, IB and i.
✅The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar while allele i does not produce any sugar.
✅Because humans are diploid organisms, each person possesses any two of the three I gene alleles.
✅IA and IB are completely dominant over i, in other words when IA and i are present only IA expresses (because i does not produce any sugar), and when IB and i are present IB expresses.
✅But when IA and IB are present together they both express their own types of sugars: this is because of co-dominance. Hence red blood cells have both A and B types of sugars.@civilservicesBaba
Cryptocurrency: A digital currency that is secured by cryptography and used as a medium of exchange within a peer-to-peer (P2P) digital economic system. Cryptographic techniques ensures that these systems are completely immune to fraud and counterfeiting.
The first cryptocurrency to be ever created was Bitcoin, introduced by pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto, in 2009
@civilservicesBaba
Circular Economy A circular economy is an economic system of closed loops in which raw materials, components and products lose their value as little as possible, renewable energy sources are used and systems thinking is at the core. In this article we will explain this definition in more detail. @CivilservicesBaba Often focus on the use of raw materials or on system change. Definitions that focus on resource use often follow the 3-R approach:
Reduce (minimum use of raw materials)
Reuse (maximum reuse of products and components)
Recycle (high quality reuse of raw materials) @CivilservicesBaba
🔴 What is a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) ?
👉CBDC is a legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form.
👉 It is similar to a fiat currency issued in paper and is interchangeable with any other fiat currency
🔴 What is the need for CBDC?
👉 the goal is to provide users with convenience and security of digital as well as the regulated, reserve-backed circulation of the traditional banking system.
🔴 What does this change for citizens?
👉 There are several models proposed by technology experts and evangelists on how the Digital Rupee could be transacted but a formal announcement by the Reserve Bank of India will likely detail how the Digital Rupee will be transacted by citizens.
♦️One chief difference will be that a Digital Rupee transaction will be instantaneous as opposed to the current digital payment experience.
@UPSCMainsZone
Carbon neutral means that any CO2 released into the atmosphere from a company’s activities is balanced by an equivalent amount being removed. @civilservicesBaba
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2023 has been announced as the International Year of Millets @civilservicesBaba
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Circular Economy A circular economy is an economic system of closed loops in which raw materials, components and products lose their value as little as possible, renewable energy sources are used and systems thinking is at the core. In this article we will explain this definition in more detail. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE Often focus on the use of raw materials or on system change. Definitions that focus on resource use often follow the 3-R approach:
Reduce (minimum use of raw materials)
Reuse (maximum reuse of products and components)
Recycle (high quality reuse of raw materials) @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
River Rejuvenation is the result of a sudden fall in sea level or a sudden uplift in land surface due to tectonic movements.
This disturbance enables a rise in river’s potential energy (energy stored in river due to newly created height difference from base level).
This energy results in increased river bed erosion. Vertical erosion or downcutting is associated with river rejuvenation as seen in Chambal Ravines.
🌀Forest Report (IFSR) 2021
▪️Key pointer about India :
▫️Total Forest Cover = 21.71%
▫️Total Forest & Tree Cover = 24.62%
▪️Largest Forest Cover ( Area wise):-
1. MP
2.Arunachal Pradesh
3.Chhattisgarh
4.Odisha
5.Maharashtra
▪️Total Forest Cover ( %age of total GA) : Top five States are
▫️Mizoram (84.53%)
▫️Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%)
▫️Meghalaya (76.00%)
▫️Manipur (74.34%)
▫️Nagaland(73.90%)
▪️Total mangrove cover- 4,992 sq km.
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✅ APEC का मतलब एशिया-पैसिफिक इकोनॉमिक कोऑपरेशन है और यह एक रीजनल इकोनॉमिक फोरम है, जिसे साल 1989 में स्थापित किया गया था। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य बढ़ती निर्भरता का लाभ प्रदान करना है। @cseupscnotes
✅ APEC का उद्देश्य समावेशी, टिकाऊ, अभिनव और सुरक्षित विकास को बढ़ावा देने की मदद से अधिक से अधिक समृद्धि बनाना है।
Answer & Explanation
c) both (a) and (b).
The Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon is much more powerful than the Bay of Bengal branch because – 1. Arabian sea is larger than the Bay of Bengal and 2. entire Arabian sea current advances towards India, whereas only a part of the Bay of Bengal current enters India.
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