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UPSC Prelims 2024-25 GS & CSAT
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📍 Andhra Pradesh
✅ Uppada Jamdani Sarees
✅ Venkatagiri Sarees
✅ Mangalagiri Sarees & Fabrics
✅ Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees & Paavadas
📍 Gujarat
✅ Tangaliya Shawl
✅ Kachchh Shawls
✅ Patan Patola
✅ Rajkot Patola
📍 Himachal Pradesh
✅ Kullu Shawl
✅ Kinnauri Shawl
📍 Jammu & Kashmir
✅ Kashmir Pashmina
✅ Kani Shawl
📍 Karnataka
✅ Navalgund Durries
✅ Ilkal Sarees
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✅ Udupi Sarees
✅ Mysore Silk
✅ Guledgudd Khana
📍 Kerala
✅ Cannanore Home Furnishings
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✅ Kuthampully Sarees
✅ Chendamangalam Dhoties & Set
✅ Mundu–Kuthampully Dhoties & Set Mundu
📍 Madhya Pradesh
✅ Chanderi Sarees
✅ Maheshwar Sarees
📍 Maharashtra
✅ Solapur Chaddar
✅ Paithani Sarees
✅ Solapur Terry Towel
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📍 Manipur
✅ Shaphee Lanphee
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📍 Odisha
✅ Kotpad Handloom
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✅ Sambalpuri Bandha Saree
✅ Bomkai Saree
✅ Habaspuri Saree
✅ Berhampur Patta (Phoda Kumbha) Saree
📍 Tamil Nadu
✅ Kancheepuram Silk
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✅ Madurai Sungudi
✅ Arani Silk
✅ Kovai Kora Cotton Sarees
✅ Salem Silk (Salem Venpattu)
📍 Telangana
✅ Pochampally Ikat
✅ Gadwal Sarees
✅ Siddipet Gollabama
✅ Narayanpet Handloom Sarees
📍 Uttar Pradesh
✅ Banaras Brocades & Saree
✅ Mirzapur Handmade Dari
📍 West Bengal
✅ Santipore Saree
✅ Baluchari Saree
✅ Dhaniakhali Saree
🔸 Other GI Tags
✅ Muga Silk – Assam
✅ Bhagalpur Silk – Bihar
✅ Champa Silk Saree – Chhattisgarh
✅ Kota Doria – Rajasthan
✅ Chakheshang Shawls – Nagaland
*🛡️National Parks in Madhya Pradesh*
Madhya Pradesh is home to eleven national parks, each with distinctive ecosystems and wildlife. Here's an overview of the notable ones:
*💎1. Kanha National Park (Kanha Tiger Reserve)*
♟️The largest national park in the state (~940 km²) .
♟️Famous for its barasingha (swamp deer) conservation success, as well as tigers, leopards, and dhole .
♟️Offers well-structured safari experiences in lush sal and bamboo forests .
*💎2. Bandhavgarh National Park*
♟️Known for one of the highest tiger densities in India .
♟️The terrain includes ancient forts (Bandhavgarh Fort) and offers rich tiger sighting opportunities .
♟️The Oberoi Vindhyavilas lodge provides a luxurious safari stay that blends comfort with conservation .
*💎3. Pench National Park*
♟️Spanning both Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra .
♟️Inspired Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book .
♟️Rich in biodiversity: tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and high herbivore density .
*💎4. Panna National Park*
♟️Located in Panna and Chhatarpur districts (~543 km²) .
♟️Known for a successful tiger restoration program, now hosting around 80 tigers .
♟️Encompasses the scenic Ken River, gorges, plateaus, and crocodile habitats .
*💎5. Satpura National Park (Satpura Tiger Reserve)*
♟️Part of the larger Satpura Tiger Reserve (~2,133 km²) that includes Satpura, Bori, and Pachmarhi areas .
♟️Offers diverse landscapes—gorges, sandstone peaks, and river valleys—with trekking, canoe, elephant, and walking safaris .
*💎6. Kuno National Park*
♟️Declared a national park in 2018 (~748–1,188 km², depending on source) .
♟️Known for the cheetah reintroduction project and ongoing efforts to revive populations of Indian wolves, jackals, and other dry deciduous forest species .
*💎7. Van Vihar National Park*
♟️Located in Bhopal (~4.5 km²); unique as a zoo-style protected area with animals in near-natural habitat and road-accessible trails .
♟️Designed for conservation and public education, serving as a green lung for the capital .
*💎8. Madhav National Park*
♟️Covers around 337 km² in Shivpuri district .
♟️Known for boating, crocodile sightings, and birdwatching, with attractions like Sakhya and Madhav Sagar lakes .
*💎9. Fossil & Dinosaur Fossil National Parks*
♟️Ghughua Fossil Park: Small (~0.27 km²), protects ancient plant fossils .
♟️Dinosaur Fossil National Park: Around 108 km², preserving fossilized dinosaur remains .
*💎10. Sanjay (Sanjay-Dubri) National Park*
♟️Area ~467 km²; located in Sidhi and Singrauli districts .
♟️Includes Dubri region and has rich wildlife, including tigers and diverse bird species.
*💎Quick Reference Table*
*♟️National Park Area (approx.) Key Highlights*
⚜️Kanha 940 km² Barasingha conservation, tigers, large reserve
⚜️Bandhavgarh ~437–1,536 km² High tiger density, historical fort, luxury safari stays
⚜️Pench ~293–758 km² Jungle Book setting, rich fauna, cross-state access
⚜️Panna ~543 km² Tiger restoration, scenic geology, crocodiles
⚜️Satpura ~2,133 km² Trekking, canoeing, walking safaris, diverse landscapes
⚜️Kuno ~748–1,188 km² Cheetah project, dry deciduous habitat
⚜️Van Vihar ~4.5 km² Urban zoo-like park in Bhopal
⚜️Madhav ~337 km² Boating, birding, lakes, crocodile sightings
⚜️Fossil & Dinosaur Parks ~0.27–108 km² Prehistoric fossil preservation
⚜️Sanjay-Dubri ~467 km² Tiger habitat and forest in central MP
*♟️For unforgettable tiger sightings:* Bandhavgarh, Kanha, Pench, Panna.
*♟️For tranquil and rugged wilderness:* Satpura offers solitude and immersive experiences.
*♟️For conservation success stories:* Panna (tigers), Kuno (cheetahs).
*♟️For easy access in the capital:* Van Vihar in Bhopal.
*♟️For unique prehistoric interest:* Fossil and Dinosaur parks.
*♟️For boating or birding adventures:* Madhav and Panna.
*🛡️Permanent Settlement*
♟️Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through the Permanent Settlement Act.
♟️It was introduced in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.
Also known as Permanent Settlement System.
♟️Zamindars were recognized as the owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.
♟️While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants.
♟️The tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield.
The tax was to be paid in cash. Before introducing this system, the tax could be paid in kind.
♟️The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
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Explanation A
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https://x.com/i/status/2021782658037297296
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Explanation- B
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What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture?
Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible.
Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible.
Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible.
Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible.
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*🛡️BATTLE OF BUXAR (1764)*
*♟️REASONS :-* Misuse of Dastaks by company servants. ⚜️Imperial Farman gave right to trade in Bengal without paying transit dues or tolls.
⚜️Servants sold Dastaks to friendly merchants.
⚜️Hence, Mir Kasim abolished all duties.
⚜️Tussle led to war between company and Mir Kasim in 1763. He fled to Awadh.
⚜️Formed an alliance with Nawab of Awadh; Shuja-ud-daula and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
*♟️BATTLE COURSE:* English army led by Hector Munro.
*♟️RESULTS :-* Short and decisive battle won by the English army under Hector Munro.
*♟️OTHER*
⚜️Mir Jafar placed in throne as a mere puppet.
⚜️British supremacy was established in Northern India.
*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:*
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*
_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_
Key Highlights
🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.
💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.
📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.
🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.
https://x.com/i/status/2019716208355098852
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*President*
🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for
election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election.
🔸His removal from office is to be in
accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution.
🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly
or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.
🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves
the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are
in session.
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Explanation B
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#Question:- With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the southwestern Indian Ocean during January – March.
2. OMT collected during January – March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.
*🛡️Smog-Eating Technology*
♟️A photocatalytic technology based primarily on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂).
♟️Works through coatings applied on roads, pavements, buildings, etc. to neutralize air pollutants.
*💎How it Works?*
♟️TiO₂ acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to sunlight/UV light.
♟️Converts harmful gases like Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) & VOCs → into nitrates, CO₂ & water.
♟️Creates a “self-cleaning” effect, breaking down pollutants on contact.
*💎Benefits*
♟️Reduces harmful pollutants (NO₂, hydrocarbons).
♟️Improves public health by lowering toxic air exposure.
♟️Low-maintenance, works passively under sunlight.
♟️Can be integrated with existing urban infrastructure without major disruption.
*💎Challenges*
♟️Needs scientific validation under Indian/local conditions.
♟️Cost-effectiveness of large-scale application still debated.
♟️Concerns about long-term durability of coatings & safe disposal of residues.
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Explanation - A
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*🛡️FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR*
♟️The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) was the first of four military conflicts fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, along with its allies. It marked the beginning of a series of struggles for control in South India.
*💎Background*
♟️The war took place in South India.
♟️Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of Mysore, had risen to power and posed a serious threat to British interests in the region.
♟️The British East India Company sought to check Hyder Ali’s growing influence.
♟️Mysore had strategic alliances with the French, while the British were allied with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad—at least initially.
*💎Causes of the War*
♟️Expansionist ambitions of both the British and Hyder Ali.
♟️Breakdown of trust between the East India Company and Indian rulers.
♟️Strategic interests in the Carnatic region and control over South India.
♟️Mysore’s alliance with the French, which threatened British influence.
*💎Key Events*
♟️Hyder Ali surprised the British with his swift military tactics and alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad (though the Nizam later switched sides).
♟️Hyder Ali launched an invasion of the Carnatic, reaching as close as Madras (now Chennai).
♟️The British forces were unprepared and suffered several defeats.
♟️Eventually, both sides agreed to negotiate due to military exhaustion and lack of support.
*💎Outcome*
♟️The war ended with the Treaty of Madras in 1769.
♟️The treaty promised mutual restitution of conquered territories and mutual defense.
It did not resolve underlying tensions, leading to future conflicts.
*💎Significance*
♟️The war exposed weaknesses in the British military position in South India.
♟️It elevated Hyder Ali’s reputation as a skilled military leader.
♟️The British failure to honor the Treaty of Madras later contributed to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
*Correct order to river from North to South*
*Trick:-* " I am JhaCass Respected BosS "
♟️I : Indus
♟️J : Jehlum
♟️C : Chenab
♟️R : Ravi
♟️B : Beas
♟️S : Satluj
Civil Services year-wise Seats
CSE 2011.....910
CSE 2012....998
CSE 2013....1228
CSE 2014....1364
CSE 2015 .....1164
CSE 2016......1079
CSE 2017......980
CSE 2018......782
CSE 2019......896
CSE 2020......796
CSE 2021......712
CSE 2022.... 1011
CSE 2023..... 1105
CSE 2024..... 1056
CSE 2025.... 979
CSE 2026.... 933
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