Correct Answer - A
Ans. A: Isovolumic relaxation phase
Maximum coronary blood flow occurs during the phase of
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation phase Isovolumetric/isometric relaxation time/IVRT
An interval in the cardiac cycle, from the aortic component of the
second heart sound, that is, closure of the aortic valve, to onset of
filling by opening of the mitral valve.
Ventricular pressure decreases to zero rapidly while aortic pressure
decreases only to 80 mm Hg i.e. it remains fairly high.
Therefore, intra myocardial compression of blood vessels is minimal and perfusion pressure is maintained fairly high.
So coronary blood flow rises sharply
Maximum coronary blood flow occurs during this phase
It can be used as an indicator of diastolic dysfunction.
Prolonged IVRT indicates poor myocardial relaxation.
A normal IVRT is about 70 ± 12 ms, and approximately 10ms longer
in people over forty years.
In abnormal relaxation, IVRT is usually in excess of 110ms.
With restrictive ventricular filling, it is usually under 60 ms
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Correct Answer - B
B i.e. FSH
Ovarian reserve can be best assessed by measuring FSH levels on 3rd day of menstrual cycle, clomiphene citrate challenge /
provocative test (measures FSH levels on cycle day 10 after
antiestrogen clomiphene citrate 100 mg administration from day 5 to
9).
Serum inhibin B level and ultrasonic scanning to count the number of antral follicles in ovary are other methods.
Ovarian Reserve
- It refers to the size of resting / nongrowing /primordial follicle
population, which reflects the quantity (no) of growing follicles and quality of oocytes within it. So ovarian reserve determines the
functional reproductive potential of ovary.
- Under the influence of FSH and LH, there is rapid growth of several
follicles in ovary, during first few days of each menstrual cycle. But
after a week only 1 follicle begins to outgrow all the others /which
involute by a process called atresia and thus preventing more than
one child from developing with each pregnancy).
- Ovarian reserve (& capacity of ovary to produce eggs) decline with advancing age. Best predictor of ovarian reserve is age. Tests that can determine ovarian reserve include
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Correct Answer - A
A i.e. Myentric plexus
Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is situated b/w and innervates outer
longitudinal & middle circular muscular layers and is primarily
concerned with motor controlQ.
Submucosal (meissner's) plexus
situated between middle circular layer and mucosa is primarly
concerned with control of intestinal secretionQ as it innervates
glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells & submucosal blood vessels.
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. A. Internal carotid artery
[Ref Ganong 24thle p.590, 591; Principles of medical physiology
p.791]
Baroreceptors are mechanoreceptors that are located in the adventia of carotid artery and aorta, at specialized locations called sinuses.
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Correct Answer D.Albumin
Ans. D. Albumin
[Ref: Clinical physiology 3'd/e p.336]
Oncotic pressure, also called colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of
osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that usually tends to pull the water into the circulatory system.
The major contributing protein for plasma oncotic pressure is
albumin.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Composed of 2 homolous subunits
Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) is rate limiting step in Na+
reabsorption across several epithelial linings.
It is present in kidney (distal part), GIT (colon), salivary & sweat
glands, and respiratory tract.
ENaC is made of three homologous subunits > alpha, beta, and
gamma.
In late distal tubules and collecting ducts, ENaC is inhibited by
potassium sparing diuretics like amiloride and triameterene.
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Correct Answer - c
Ans. C. Ca
+
Tetanic contraction is aboutfour times the twitch tension,
Following theory has been put forward for this higher tension
generated during muscle tetanus:-
During a single twitch, the amount of Ca+2 is released into
sarcoplasm is not enough to produce tetanic tension.
When the muscle is stimulated in rapid succession, Ca+2 comes out
into the sarcoplasm with each stimulus and there is a progressive
accumulation of Ca+2, in the sarcoplasm.
Tetanic tension is reached when sarcoplasmic Ca+2 levels reach
their maximum.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B Somatostatin
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Binding capacity to albumin
Plasma protein binding of substance decrease glomerular filtration.
Only unbound substance filtered.
Glomerular filtration doesn't depend upon lipid solubility as occur through pores in glomerular membrane.
(Lipid solubility affects thorugh substance pass across the membrane).
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Fat malabsorption
Absorption of all fat soluble vitamins is decreased in fat
malabsorption.
These fat soluble vitamins are A,D,E and K.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Increased blood flow to muscles
[Ref, Understanding medical physiology p.470, 471]
Both epinephrine and norepinephrine, along with cortisol, are responsible for coordinating the "Fight - or - flight" response in
situations of perceived danger or stress.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Lumbricals
The more refined the function, the greater the concentration of
muscle spindles.
The greatest concentration of spindles is found in the lumbrical
muscles of the hand and then in the sub occipital muscles and in the extra ocular muscles
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Correct Answer - D
D i.e. Depends on potassium ion equilibrium
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Correct Answer - D
Nucleus involved in Papez circuit is anterior nucleus of thalamus !
Correct Answer - D
Ans. D: Isovolumetric relaxation
Cardiac Diastole It is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction in reparation for refilling with circulating blood.
During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the (left and right)
ventricles drops from the peak that it reaches in systole.
When the pressure in the left ventricle drops to below the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens, and the left ventricle fills with blood that was accumulating in the left atrium.
The isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) is the interval from the aortic component of the second heart sound, that is, closure of the aortic valve, to onset of filling by opening of the mitral valve.
Likewise, when the pressure in the right ventricle drops below that in
the right atrium, the tricuspid valve opens, and the right ventricle fills
with blood that was accumulating in the right atrium.
During diastole the pressure within the right ventricle is lower than
that in aorta, allowing blood to circulate in the heart itself via the
coronary arteries.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Neurons
The susceptibility of a tissue to hypoxia influences the likelihood of
infarction.
Neurons are most sensitive to hypoxia (irreversible changes develop in 3-4 minutes) followed by myocardial cells (irrversible changes develop in 20-40 minutes).
Fibroblasts are amongst the most resistent cells to hypoxia.
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Plasma cells
Liver synthesizes most of the proteins of body except
immunoglobulins (gamma globulins), which are synthesized by plasma cells.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. PaCO2
[Ref: Clinical physiology p.712]
PaCO2 (Partial pressure of arterial CO2) → Reflects the adequacy
of the lungs ventilation and CO, elimination (known as respiratory
parameter)
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Active transport
Bile contains substances that are actively secreted into it cross the
canalicularmembrane, such as bile acids' phosphatidylcholine,
conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, and xenobiotics.
Each of these enters the bile by means ofa specific
canaliculartransPorter.
It is the active secretion of bile acids, however, that is believed to be the primary driving force for the initial formation of canalicular bile.
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Correct Answer - D
Ans D. Both active & passive transport
Folates are Present in natural foods and tissues as polyglutamates
because these forms serve to keep the folates within cell.
In plasma and urine, they are found as monoglutamates because
this is the only form that can be transported across membranes.
Enzymes in the lumen of the small intestine convert the
polyglutamate form to the monoglutamate form of the folate, which is absorbed in the proximal jejunum via both active and passive transport.
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Correct Answer - C
C i.e. Increase in alveolar surface area by the surfactant
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Correct Answer - C
Ans: C i.e. Caudate nucleus
The basal ganglia have five nuclei on each side of the brain.
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra
The caudate nucleus and putamen collectively form the striatum.
The putamen and globus pallidus collectively form the lentiform
nucleus.
The globus pallidus is divided into external and internal segments
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Correct Answer - A
Meissner's corpuscles are dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue and respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations. Merkel cells are expanded dendritic endings, and they respond to sustained pressure and touch. Ruffini corpuscles are enlarged dendritic endings with elongated capsules, and they respond to sustained pressure. Pacinian corpuscles consist of unmyelinated dendritic endings of a sensory nerve fiber, 2 m in diameter, encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue that give the organ the appearance of a cocktail onion. Theses receptors respond to deep pressure and fast vibration.
