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How to navigate in the tropics
Orienteering in the tropics is extremely difficult, because the methods of determining the countries of the world by natural signs, which are usually used in the taiga, in the forests of the middle zone, turn out to be unacceptable.
In order not to lose one's way even having a compass, every 50-100 meters one marks out a noticeable landmark, the constant danger for a traveler in the jungle are countless thorns sticking out in different directions, fragments of branches, saw-edged edges of pandanus palm.
Clothing and Footwear During Tropical Survival
It is advisable to change underwear and socks every day. When washing, it is better to boil them to kill fungi and other microorganisms.
Shoes should be of thick solid material. Don't go barefoot even in the dwelling. Shake the insects out of your shoes before you put them on.
Jungle shelter
Choose a hiding place. Try to choose a hiding place on an open hill, away from the marshes. Mosquitoes are less bothersome here, the ground is drier, and you are more likely to get a light breeze.
In the jungle among the mountains, the nights are cold. Take shelter from the wind.
Avoid dry river beds: sometimes they can fill up with water in a few hours because of rain so far away that you may not know about it.
How to overcome strong waves and storms
After a shipwreck, there are many different objects on the surface of the water. You can choose one that stays afloat well and use it as a support. Ideally, you should try to find a lifeboat, which is always on any ship.
When a storm begins, the main thing is to keep the boat afloat, to keep it from flipping over. This is where floating anchors can help, which can be constructed from ropes and heavy objects. To do this, one end of the rope should be tied to the stern and an anchor should be attached to the other end. In this way, the waves will not hit the side, but the bow of the boat, which reduces the likelihood of flooding.
The Threat of Overheating and Blinding
It is important to remember that even at low air temperatures, the sun is reflected from the water, so there is a risk of serious burns. Once on the boat or raft, you shouldn't undress and take off your clothes, and you should wrap a piece of cloth around your head to avoid sunstroke.
It is a good idea to have something you can use to make a shelter. Clothing can get in the way when a person is in the water over the side of a boat and needs to swim on their own.
How to get fresh water and what to drink
Salted seawater is not suitable for drinking, it provokes severe kidney damage, causes severe vomiting and dehydration.
You can drink it only in the most extreme case, no more than 600 g per day and no longer than three days.
How to Obtain Drinking Water:
1. Rain is pure fresh water that you can drink. Unfortunately, it does not rain in the sea very often, but you should take advantage of the moment and get rain water in all available containers.
2. Incredibly, you can get water from sea fish, which is 60-70% liquid.
3. Condensate is also a good source of fresh water. A certain amount of liquid always collects at the bottom of the boat overnight and can be collected and drunk.
If lost in the woods at night
1. If there is a moon in the sky, moonlight reflecting off the snow or grass stalks will allow you to navigate in the dark and you will easily reach the road and any shelter along it.
2. Also, keep an eye on the stars. You can find out where north is by looking for the North Star in the sky. It is indicated by the last two stars of the Big Dipper, whichever way its handle is turned.
3. If visibility is poor and you are in the mountains, it is best to stop and sleep somewhere secluded, in a sleeping bag if you have one with you.
4. If you are a whole group, stay close to each other so you don't freeze.
Survival tips
✅Don't consume all plants in a row, many of them are poisonous.
✅Only use plants that YOU know.
✅Don't eat mushrooms.
✅If in doubt whether a plant is edible or not, squeeze the juice from its leaf. Milky colored sap indicates that the plant is poisonous. (The only exception is the dandelion.)
✅Rub your lips with the juice of the plant and put a small piece of the leaf on the tip of your tongue. If you feel a burning or bitter sensation within 4-5 minutes, the plant isn't good to eat.
How You Can Use Toothpaste in the Woods
Most toothpastes have components that reduce irritation to mucous membranes. They also work with the skin.
So it makes sense to lubricate mosquito bites with toothpaste. The pain and itching will fairly quickly decrease to quite tolerable levels.
This will have a positive effect on the swelling caused by these very bites.
Look for water underground, if you can't find a lake, a pond, a stream or a river
Before going to sleep, dig a hole 30 centimeters long, 30 centimeters wide and 30 centimeters deep. This hole should be filled with water by morning. The water will be muddy, so you will need to strain it out with a cloth. If you don't have a container to draw the water in, use a shirt to soak up the water. After that, squeeze the water from the shirt into your mouth. This should leave all the dirt on the fabric of the shirt.
If you are lost in the woods
Before you formally acknowledge that you are lost, retrace your steps. See if you can recognize objects or items left behind and try to get back. This should be your first step. And don't be afraid. It can confuse you even more and you will completely lose your clues and your chances of finding your way back will be lost. So stay calm and try to think rationally.
Be extremely focused on your whereabouts. While walking (and you aren't lost) it's a good habit to try to pay attention to details. Turn around a few times and try to remember the area. It won't take more than a few minutes, but do it regularly. This technique can help you find your way in case you get lost.
You need to find a place to hide
We highly recommend that you carry at least one canvas with you as it is reusable, practical and lightweight. It can save your life, protect yourself from heavy rain or heavy snowfall. Without a tarp or shelter, you won't be able to survive for a long time, fully exposed to the elements. Learn how to build shelters with a tarp. Practice before hiking in the woods to be prepared.
Watch your temperature when climbing mountains
Temperatures in different parts of the mountain climbing can vary dramatically from hot to extremely cold. Higher temperatures are dangerous for humans because the body uses much more energy and fluids for evaporation and cooling, thereby reducing its endurance and resistance to prolonged activity.
Conversely, at low temperatures, the body also needs more energy to keep warm and maintain a constant level of heat. Both of these extremes can have serious consequences in the form of heat stroke or frostbite, the danger of which is increased when you are in the mountains without adequate medical care.
How to protect yourself from wild animals in the woods
It isn't uncommon for people lost in the woods to be overcome, in addition to feeling hungry, by fear of encountering wild animals.
Attacks by animals occur only if a person gets extremely close to them and prevents their passage along the trails. It is necessary to be extremely observant in the forest, to try to notice animal trails, ravines, dens and bypass them.
In addition, it isn't only possible, but also necessary to let animals know about your existence in the forest. When moving through the forest, talk loudly and try to step on cracking dry branches. When choosing a parking place and a hut, you should mark your sleeping place within a radius of 50 meters with your own urine.
The animals themselves mark their perimeter in the same way.
Watch out for changes in the weather
Rain usually catches hikers by surprise in the most inopportune places. If it happens in the middle of a mountainous area, the surface of the ground and mountains becomes incredibly slippery, leading to increased injury and even life-threatening conditions. In addition, a heavy and prolonged downpour makes it much cooler, and when inappropriate clothing gets wet, the risk of cold or hypothermia of the extremities increases.
Feeding in the Jungle
Despite the richness of the fauna, it is much more difficult to provide food for ourselves in the jungle through hunting than it appears at first sight.
It isn't by chance that African explorer Henry Stanley noted in his diary that "beasts and large birds are something to eat, but despite our best efforts, we have seldom succeeded in killing anything".
But with a makeshift fishing rod or net you can successfully supplement your diet with fish, which are often abundant in tropical rivers.
Types of shelters and bedding
The type of shelter depends on the time you have available to build it and whether it is permanent or temporary. In a jungle setting, you can make the following shelters:
A simple parachute shelter held on a rope or vines stretched between 2 trees.
Don't sleep on the ground. Make a bed of bamboo or small branches covered with palm leaves.
A parachute hammock can be used for this purpose. Decking can be made from twigs or ferns. You can use the bark of a dried tree.
Dangers of surviving in the rainforest
✅Everything thrives in the jungle, including disease--germs multiply at an alarming rate - and parasites.
✅Rainstorms in the tropics are usually heavy, often accompanied by thunder and lightning. A sudden squall of rain hits the treetops, turning torrents of water into raging torrents, raising river levels sharply.
✅Impassable terrain.
✅Lots of dangerous animals.
All about fire making and caution
Starting a fire on a wooden raft or in a rubber dinghy is not a good idea. You may end up without a means of transportation. You should only light a fire when you are on land to attract the attention of the rescue team. Other methods are recommended as signal lights in the open ocean.
Sleeping on the high seas is dangerous, especially if there is wind. It is necessary to tie yourself to a boat or raft to avoid falling into the water. You can do this with a rope or a strong piece of cloth.
Where to get food in the ocean to survive
On the open sea, it's hard to think of anything to eat but fish and small plankton. Fishing tackle will have to be made from available items. A primitive fishing rod will turn out of a piece of string or scrap of clothes, and the hook can be made from a tin can, a pin.
It so happens that the fish isn't caught, or a fishing rod can't be made. In this case, come to the aid of algae and small sea creatures. From a piece of T-shirt can construct a net to catch them plankton. If you make a loop and put it in the bait, it will even catch birds.
Engage in extraction of food should be immediately after the crash, even with some supplies. No one knows how long it will take to survive in the sea, and a food supply will never be superfluous.
How to stay in the water
Once in the water, you shouldn't fidget and make unnecessary movements. On land, activity helps to warm up, but on water this method does not work. Here you will have to perform static exercises, which consist in the simultaneous tension of opposite muscle groups.
The first thing to do is to look around and look for some object to grasp. If there isn't one nearby, you will have to make do with your own strength and swim away from the sinking ship, so as not to get into the vortex it has formed.
How to get fire
1. You need a magnifying glass and sunny weather. You can use the glass from the glasses or photo-video camera. Prepare dry rags, fluff or grass, then place the glass so that the sun's ray intensified and hit the dried material for melting. It can take a long time to get fire this way, maybe even a few hours.
2. You can use an axe blade and flint. Striking the blade casually with the flint, you will get sparks, which will ignite the prepared rags (dried wood). If the flint isn't available, you can look for an alternative in the form of another hard stone, with sharp edges.
3. You will need what you have in any house - manganese solution and glycerin. Pour about 1 gram of crushed into a fine powder of potassium permanganate (manganese). Then drop 2-3 drops of glycerin on it and quickly remove your hand. It will only take 2-3 seconds, and you will see a fire flash.
If the fog has thickened so much that you can't see anything at ten paces, but you have a map and compass, then:
1. Determine your location on the map, decide in which direction it is best for you to go, and, having found on that line some conspicuous landmark (for example, a rock, a large tree, etc.), move directly toward it;
2. Having reached this landmark, use the compass to go in the same direction;
3. Repeat this procedure until you get out of the fog. If you don't have a map and compass, stay where you are until the fog clears.
Advice on getting and using food while surviving
✅It is better not to fry or smoke fish, but to boil them. This helps preserve more nutrients.
✅Insects are also a source of protein. Nasty, but better than nothing.
✅If you're lucky enough to catch a small fish, use it as live bait to catch a larger one.
✅Some animal fragments, like properly stripped snake skin and bladders of large animals, can be used for water storage.
How to make water more drinkable
Charcoal can improve the taste of swamp water.
Add a little charcoal to the water during boiling and the swamp sten will be significantly reduced. At the same time, the quality of purification will improve. Charcoal is actively used in all modern water filters.
Homemade cooking utensils
You will need containers for boiling and collecting water. It is good if you can find an iron tin or any other container left in the woods by carefree hikers. You can make your own container for boiling.
To make a container for boiling water and cooking you should take a thick birch bark and cut out an oval or rectangle from it. The white side should be inside the pot. The edges are shifted and fastened with a self-made wooden clothespin. Such utensils should not be used on an open fire, only for cooking on coals.
Easy to get shavings
Placing the knife with the blade pointing away from you, you can easily cut wood shavings to make a fire. Just pay attention to a nuance - the more the angle between the blade and the stick, the more you need to apply force.
Major Hazards in the Mountains
Mountains as an unpredictable wildlife site can pose a number of objective threats to people. One must be alert at all times: rocks crumble, glaciers slide and break, and their melting causes rivers to fill with rain and melting snow, boil and break their banks. Snow under its weight on the peaks tends to fall in dangerous avalanches.
Glaciers
Glaciers as one of the most dangerous obstacles that can overtake a person in mountainous terrain, are often the cause of death of climbers and inexperienced travelers.
A glacier is a huge mass of ice formed and existing due to the accumulation and transformation of falling snow into ice and moving under the force of gravity. Cracks are the main danger of glaciers.
Glaciers with visible cracks are called open and those with invisible cracks (under the snow) are called closed.
What are the dangers of the sun
The sun can be good for a person, keeping him warm while climbing, but it can also be dangerous for him in the form of sunburns of the skin surface and the cornea of his eyes. The higher the level of the mountain one climbs, the greater the degree of exposure to ultraviolet rays, which causes these burns.