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🔰 ভাৰতীয় সংবিধানৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰশ্ন 🔰
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🔸 ব্ৰিটিছ সংসদে ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আইন গৃহীত কৰিলে?
➖ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ১৮ জুলাই

🔸 ভাৰতৰ সংবিধানত মুঠ মৌলিক অধিকাৰৰ সংখ্যা হ'ল?
➖ ৬

🔸 ভাৰতৰ সংবিধানত মুঠ অনুসূচীৰ সংখ্যা হ'ল?
➖ ১২

🔸 সংবিধানৰ কোনটো অনুচ্ছেদত পঞ্চায়ত ৰাজৰ সংজ্ঞা দিয়া হৈছে?
➖ অনুচ্ছেদ ২৪৩

🔸 সাংবিধানিক অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৪৩ৰ অধীনত সংঘৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা কোন?
➖ হিন্দী আৰু ইংৰাজী

🔸 কোনটো সম্প্ৰদায়ে ৩৩৬ নং অনুচ্ছেদত কেন্দ্ৰীয় সেৱাৰ বিশেষ ব্যৱস্থা পায়?
➖ এংলো-ইণ্ডিয়ান সম্প্ৰদায়

🔸 কোনটো সাংবিধানিক অনুচ্ছেদত অনুসূচিত জাতি আৰু অনুসূচিত জনজাতিৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আয়োগৰ ব্যৱস্থা আছে?
➖ অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৩৮

🔸 ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ আগতে দাদাৰ আৰু নাগেৰ হাভেলী প্ৰশাসনিক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত আছিল?
➖ পৰ্তুগীজ

🔸 ৰাজনৈতিক দলসমূহক প্ৰতীক আবণ্টনৰ সিদ্ধান্ত কোনে লয়?
➖ নিৰ্বাচন আয়োগ

🔸 ৰাজ্যত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি শাসন অনুমোদন দিয়াৰ কৰ্তৃত্ব কাৰ?
➖ সংসদ

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📖 GK/GS গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰশ্ন 📖
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🔹 পেৰিছৰ প্লাষ্টাৰ বনাবলৈ কোনটো খনিজ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়?
➨ জিপচম

🔹 পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি কথিত ভাষা হ'ল?
➨ মেণ্ডেৰিন

🔹 কোনটো ভিটামিনৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে ৰিকেট হয়?
➨ ভিটামিন-ডি

🔹 কোনখন মহাদেশৰ মাজেৰে সকলো দ্ৰাঘিমাংশ ৰেখা পাৰ হৈ যায়?
➨ এন্টাৰ্কটিকা

🔹 ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথম খিলঞ্জীয়া অসামৰিক বিমান?
➨ সৰস

🔹 কাক 'চেন্ট অৱ দ্য নালা' বুলিও জনা গৈছিল?
➨ মাদাৰ টেৰেছা

🔹 ভাৰতৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি পৰ্বতমালা হ'ল?
➨ আৰাৱলী ৰেঞ্জ

🔹 আমেৰিকাৰ ৰাজধানী ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি চি কোনখন নদীৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত?
➨ প’ট’মেক

🔹 উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰ্বতৰ শৃংগ হ'ল?
➨ মাউণ্ট মেককিনলি

🔹 কোনটো হৰম’নক Emergency hormone বুলিও কোৱা হয়?
➨ এড্ৰিনেলিন

🔹 প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মানুহৰ কংকালত কিমান হাড় থাকে?
➨ ২০৬ টা হাড়

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🧠 Bhimbetka Paintings

⏺Continuous occupation of these caves from 100000 BC to 1000 AD.

⏺Discovered by archaeologist V S Wakankar in 1957 – 58.

⏺One of the oldest paintings in India and the world.

Period I (Upper Palaeolithic)
✔️Linear representations of animals like bison, tigers, elephants, rhinos and boars; stick-like human figures.
✔️Paintings in green and dark red. Green paintings are of dancers and red ones are of hunters.

Period II (Mesolithic)
✔️The largest number of paintings in this period.
✔️More themes but paintings reduce in size.
✔️Mostly hunting scenes – people hunting in groups with barbed spears, arrows and bows, and pointed sticks. Also, ✔️show traps and snares to catch animals.
✔️Hunters wear simple clothes; some men are shown with headdresses and masks. Women have been shown both clothed and in the nude.
✔️Animals seen – elephants, bisons, bears, tigers, deer, antelopes, leopards, panthers, rhinos, frogs, lizards, fish, squirrels and birds.
✔️Children are seen playing and jumping. Some scenes depict family life.

Period III (Chalcolithic)
✔️Paintings indicate an association of these cave-dwellers with the agricultural communities settled at Malwa.
✔️Cross-hatched squares, lattices, pottery and metal tools are depicted.
✔️Colours used in Bhimbetka paintings – white, yellow, orange, red ochre, purple, brown, green and black. Most common colours – white and red.
✔️Red obtained from haematite (geru); green from chalcedony; white probably from limestone.
✔️Brushes were made from plant fibre.
✔️In some places, there are many layers of paintings, sometimes 20.
✔️Paintings can be seen in caves that were used as dwelling places and also in caves that had some other purpose, perhaps religious.
✔️The colours of the paintings have remained intact thousands of years perhaps due to the chemical reaction of the oxide present on the rock surface.

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😄 Odissi Dance

Odissi is a classical India dance form and it originates from the state of Odisha. It is a sensuous and lyrical dance form. Considered a dance of love, it touches on the human and the divine aspects of life. It also touches on the subtleties of life, as well as the mundane.

Odissi can be traced back to a dance style called the Odhra Magadha. This is mentioned as the southeastern style of classical dance, and one of the many varieties of dance in the Natya Shastra.

There is 2nd-century archaeological evidence of Odissi in the caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri near the city of Bhubaneswar. There is evidence of the continuing tradition of this dance form from the second to the tenth century AD in the form of Buddhist sculptures, Nataraja, tantric images, celestial dancers and musicians in ancient Shaivite temples.

Odissi is a very stylized Indian dance and to some degree depends on the established Natya Shastra and the Abhinaya Darpana.

Odissi nearly takes after the principles set around the Natya Shastra. Outward appearances, hand signals and body developments are utilized to propose a specific feeling, a feeling or one of the nine rasas.

The procedures of development are worked around the two essential stances of the Chowk and the Tribhanga. The chowk is a position emulating a square – an exceptionally manly position with the heaviness of the body similarly adjusted. The tribhanga is an extremely feminine position where the body is diverted at the neck, middle and the knees.

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Assam GK Questions And Answers

Q1. Which city is called the Gateway to Northeast?
Ans – Guwahati

Q2. Who was the first to start the system of land surveying in Assam?
Ans – Gadadhar Singha

Q3. Where was coal discovered and excavated first in Assam?
Ans – Makum

Q4. Hima Das is also known by the nickname?
Ans – Dhing Express

Q5. When Petroleum was first discovered in Assam?
Ans – 1889

Q6. The Bogibeel Bridge connects the Dhemaji district with which one district?
Ans – Dibrugarh

Q7. Basistha Ashram is located in which hill?
Ans – Sandhyachal Hill

Q8. Which material is called Kalahira?
Ans – Coal

Q9. The total length of the Brahmaputra river in India?
Ans – 916 km

Q10. The Tribal League in Assam was founded in the year?
Ans – 1933

Q11. Total number of Bridges over the River Brahmaputra as of 2023?
Ans – 6

Q12. Which road in Assam connects India with Myanmar and China?
Ans – Stilwell Road (Ledo Road)

Q13. Guwahati tea auction center established in which year?

Ans – 1970

Q14. Who was first civil servant from Assam?
Ans – Anundoram Borooah

Q15. Which district was separated from Assam and given to Pakistan in 1947?

Ans – Sylhet

Q16. The former name of Guwahati?

Ans – Pragjyotishpur

Q17. The Rain Forest Research Institute in Assam is located in?
Ans – Jorhat

Q18. What is the capital of Assam?

Ans – Dispur

Q19. The climate of Assam is?
Ans – Tropical monsoon climate

Q20. Which singer is known as the ‘Bard of the Brahmaputra’?
Ans – Bhupen Hazarika

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Indian History Top One Liner (1000) Most IMP Questions on Lucent's : 003 #IndianHistory

Que 21. Who was the President of Harijan Sevak Sangh?
Ans – Ghanshyam Das Birla

Que 22. Who composed Harvilasam?
Ans – Srinath

Que 23. Who is known as Hermit of Shimla?
Ans – A. O. Hume

Que 24. What is the junior Harappan culture?
Ans – Katha Culture

Que 25. In which state is the open museum of Hampi?
Ans – Karnataka

Que 26. After which case was the Hunter Commission appointed?
Ans – After Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Que 27. Which book describes the thoughts of Swami Dayanand Saraswati?
Ans – Satyarth Prakash (1875)

Que 28. What was the original name of Swami Dayanand Saraswati?
Ans – Moolshankar

Que 29. Swaraj is my birthright, who said that I will have it?
Ans – Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Que 30. Where was the Swaraj Party founded?
Ans – Allahabad (Prayagraj)



ভাৰতীয় ইতিহাসৰ শীৰ্ষ ৱান লাইনাৰ (১০০০) লুচেণ্টৰ ওপৰত সৰ্বাধিক IMP প্ৰশ্ন : ০০৩ #IndianHistory

Que 21. হৰিজন সেৱক সংঘৰ সভাপতি কোন আছিল?
  উত্তৰ – ঘনশ্যাম দাস বিৰলা

Que 22. হৰবিলাসম কোনে ৰচনা কৰিছিল?
  উত্তৰ – শ্ৰীনাথ

Que 23. শিমলাৰ সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে কাক জনা যায়?
  উত্তৰ – এ অ’ হিউম

Que 24. কনিষ্ঠ হৰপ্পান সংস্কৃতি কি?
  উত্তৰ – কথা সংস্কৃতি

Que 25. হাম্পিৰ মুকলি সংগ্ৰহালয় কোনখন ৰাজ্যত আছে?
  উত্তৰ – কৰ্ণাটক

Que 26. কোনটো গোচৰৰ পিছত হাণ্টাৰ কমিছন নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল?
  উত্তৰ – জালিয়ানৱালা বাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ পিছত

Que 27. স্বামী দয়ানন্দ সৰস্বতীৰ চিন্তাধাৰা কোনখন কিতাপত বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে?
  উত্তৰ – সত্যৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ (১৮৭৫)

Que 28. স্বামী দয়ানন্দ সৰস্বতীৰ আদি নাম কি আছিল?
  উত্তৰ – মূলশংকৰ

Que 29. স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, কোনে কৈছিল যে মোৰ হ’ব?
  উত্তৰ – বাল গংগাধৰ তিলক

Que 30. স্বৰাজ পাৰ্টি ক’ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল?
  উত্তৰ – এলাহাবাদ (প্ৰয়াগৰাজ)

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🌈 Border Lines - Major International Borders -

♦️ Name of the line – Durand Line

● Between whom – Pakistan and Afghanistan
● Determined by Sir Mortimer Durand in 1886.

♦️ Name of the line – Macmahon Line

● Between whom – India and China
● 1120 km. This long line was laid by Sir Henry McMahon. But China does not accept this.

♦️Name of the line – Radcliffe Line

● Between whom – India and Pakistan
● Determined in 1947 by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, Chairman of the India-Pakistan Boundary Commission.

♦️ Name of the line – 17th Parallel

● Between whom – North Vietnam and South. vietnam
● Before the unification of Vietnam, it divided the country into two parts.

♦️ Name of the line – 24th Parallel

● Between whom – India and Pakistan
● According to Pakistan, this line correctly determines the Kutch region but India does not accept this line.

♦️ Name of the line – 38th Parallel

● Between whom – North Korea and South Korea
● Divides Korea into two parts.

♦️ Name of the line – 49th Parallel

● Between whom – America and Canada
● Divides America and Canada into two parts.

♦️ Name of the line – Hindenburg Line

● Between whom – Germany and Poland
● In the First World War, the German army returned from here.

♦️ Name of the line – Order-Neisse Line

● Between whom – Germany and Poland
● Set after World War II.

♦️ Name of the line – Maginot Line

● Between whom – Germany and France
● France had made this line to protect against German attack.

♦️ Name of the line – Seigfrid Line

● Between whom – Germany and France
● Germany had made this line.

🌈 সীমান্ত ৰেখা - প্ৰধান আন্তৰ্জাতিক সীমান্ত -

♦️ লাইনৰ নাম – ডুৰাণ্ড লাইন

● কাৰ মাজত – পাকিস্তান আৰু আফগানিস্তান
● ১৮৮৬ চনত ছাৰ মৰ্টিমাৰ ডুৰাণ্ডে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা।

♦️ লাইনৰ নাম – মেকমহন লাইন

● কাৰ মাজত – ভাৰত আৰু চীন
● ১১২০ কি.মি. এই দীঘলীয়া শাৰীটো ছাৰ হেনৰী মেকমেহনে স্থাপন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু চীনে এই কথা মানি নলয়।

♦️লাইনৰ নাম – ৰেডক্লিফ লাইন

● কাৰ মাজত – ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তান
● ভাৰত-পাকিস্তান সীমা আয়োগৰ অধ্যক্ষ ছাৰ চাইৰিল ৰেডক্লিফে ১৯৪৭ চনত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।

♦️ ৰেখাৰ নাম – ১৭ নং সমান্তৰাল

● কাৰ মাজত – উত্তৰ ভিয়েটনাম আৰু দক্ষিণ। ভিয়েটনাম
● ভিয়েটনামৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ পূৰ্বে ই দেশখনক দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰিছিল।

♦️ ৰেখাৰ নাম – ২৪ নং সমান্তৰাল

● কাৰ মাজত – ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তান
● পাকিস্তানৰ মতে এই ৰেখাই কুচ অঞ্চল সঠিকভাৱে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে যদিও ভাৰতে এই ৰেখা মানি লোৱা নাই।

♦️ ৰেখাৰ নাম – ৩৮ নং সমান্তৰাল

● কাৰ মাজত – উত্তৰ কোৰিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া
● কোৰিয়াক দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰিছে।

♦️ ৰেখাৰ নাম – ৪৯ নং সমান্তৰাল

● কাৰ মাজত – আমেৰিকা আৰু কানাডা
● আমেৰিকা আৰু কানাডাক দুটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰে।

♦️ লাইনৰ নাম – হিণ্ডেনবাৰ্গ লাইন

● কাৰ মাজত – জাৰ্মানী আৰু পোলেণ্ড
● প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত জাৰ্মান সৈন্য ইয়াৰ পৰা উভতি আহিছিল।

♦️ লাইনৰ নাম – অৰ্ডাৰ-নেইছে লাইন

● কাৰ মাজত – জাৰ্মানী আৰু পোলেণ্ড
● দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ পিছৰ পৰিৱেশ।

♦️ লাইনৰ নাম – মেজিনোট লাইন

● কাৰ মাজত – জাৰ্মানী আৰু ফ্ৰান্স
● জাৰ্মানীৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবলৈ ফ্ৰান্সে এই লাইনটো বনাইছিল।

♦️ লাইনৰ নাম – ছেইগফ্ৰিড লাইন

● কাৰ মাজত – জাৰ্মানী আৰু ফ্ৰান্স
● জাৰ্মানীয়ে এই লাইনটো বনাইছিল।

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🟢Famous musical instruments and their exponents

🔷 Sitar:
    - Ustad Vilayat Khan
    - Pt Ravi Shankar
    - Shujaat Hussain Khan
    - Shahid Parvez Khan
    - Anushka Shankar
    - Nikhil Banerjee
    - Mustaq Ali Khan
    - Budhaditya Mukherjee

🔶 Sarod:
    - Ustad Amjad Ali Khan
    - Allaudin Khan
    - Bahadur Khan
    - Zarin S Sharma
    - Sharan Rani
    - Ustad Ali Akbar Khan

🔷 Violin:
    - Lalgudi Jayaram
    - VG Jog
    - M Chandrasekharan
    - NR Murlidharan
    - MS Gopalakrishnan

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🟢NEW PLACES IN INDIA

-Statue of Prosperity - Bangalore
- Statue of Unity - Gujarat
-Ved Van - Noida
-Ramayana Temple - Bihar
-3D Printed Temple - Telangana
-Yuga Yugeen Bharat - New Delhi
-Tungnath Temple - Uttarakhand
-Harappa Culture Museum -  Haryana

  

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🟢INDIAN STATES AND MEANING

-Forest Land - Jharkhand
-Land Of Coconuts - Kerala
-Great Dynasty - Maharashtra
-Jewelled Land - Manipur
- Land Of Five Rivers - Punjab
-Land Of Kings - Rajasthan
-Land Of Three Lingas - Telangana
-Land Of 36 Forts - Chhattisgarh

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✅ Daily The Hindu Vocabulary | 06.12.2024

1. DENT (VERB): (घटाना): diminish
Synonyms: reduce, lessen 
Antonyms: increase 
Example Sentence: This neither deterred him nor dented his enthusiasm. 


2 PLAINTIVE (ADJECTIVE): (शोकाकुल): mournful 
Synonyms: sad, wistful 
Antonyms: cheerful 
Example Sentence:The sad news of their grandmother's death left the room full of plaintive cries. 


3. DISPOSITION (NOUN): (रुझान): inclination 
Synonyms: tendency, proneness 
Antonyms: disinclination 
Example Sentence: The President has shown a disposition to alter policies. 


4. ONGOING (ADJECTIVE): (चालू): in progress 
Synonyms: under way, going on 
Antonyms: finished 
Example Sentence: Training is part of our ongoing career development program. 


5. LAMENT (VERB): (विलाप करना): mourn 
Synonyms: sorrow, wail 
Antonyms: celebrate 
Example Sentence: I may lament and weep, but truly I have had admirable sport. 


6. AGITATION (NOUN): (व्याकुलता): anxiety 
Synonyms: perturbation, disquiet 
Antonyms: calmness 
Example Sentence: She was wringing her hands in agitation. 


7. STACK (VERB): (ढेर लगाना): load 
Synonyms: fill (up), lade 
Antonyms: empty 
Example Sentence: He spent most of the time stacking shelves. 


8. EXODUS (NOUN): (प्रस्थान): leaving 
Synonyms: withdrawal, evacuation 
Antonyms: arrival 
Example Sentence: The condemnation gave rise to an exodus to Rome. 


9. OUTGOING (ADJECTIVE): (बहिर्गामी सदस्य): departing 
Synonyms: retiring, leaving 
Antonyms: incoming 
Example Sentence: The outgoing PM was honored by all. 


10. EMBRACE (VERB): (स्वीकार करना): welcome 
Synonyms: accept, take up 
Antonyms: reject 
Example Sentence: Besides traditional methods, artists are embracing new technology.

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🌟 Important events of the national movement 🌟

🔥 1904 ➡️ Indian Universities Act passed

🔥 1905 ➡️ Partition of Bengal

🔥 1906 ➡️ Establishment of Muslim League

🔥 1907 ➡️ Surat session, split in Congress

🔥 1909 ➡️ Morley-Minto Reforms

🔥 1911 ➡️ Delhi Durbar of the British Emperor

🔥 1916 ➡️ Creation of Home Rule League

🔥 1916 ➡️ Muslim League-Congress Pact (Lucknow Pact)

🔥 1917 ➡️ Movement in Champaran by Mahatma Gandhi

🔥 1919 ➡️ Rowlatt Act

🔥 1919 ➡️ Jallianwala Bagh massacre

🔥 1919 ➡️ Montague-Chelmsford Reforms

🔥 1920 ➡️ Khilafat Movement

🔥 1920 ➡️ Non-cooperation Movement

🔥 1922 ➡️ Chauri-Chaura incident

🔥 1927 ➡️ Appointment of Simon Commission

🔥 1928 ➡️ Arrival of Simon Commission in India

🔥 1929 ➡️ Bomb blast in Central Assembly by Bhagat Singh.

🔥 1929 ➡️ Demand for complete independence by Congress

🔥 1930 ➡️ Civil Disobedience Movement

🔥 1930 ➡️ First Round Table Conference

🔥 1931 ➡️ Second Round Table Conference

🔥 1932 ➡️ Third Round Table Conference

🔥 1932 ➡️ Declaration of communal electoral system

🔥 1932 ➡️ Poona Pact

🔥 1942 ➡️ Quit India Movement

🔥 1942 ➡️ Arrival of Cripps Mission

🔥 1943 ➡️ Establishment of Azad Hind Fauj

🔥 1946 ➡️ Arrival of Cabinet Mission

🔥 1946 ➡️ Election of the Indian Constituent Assembly

🔥 1946 ➡️ Establishment of interim government

🔥 1947 ➡️ Mountbatten Plan for Partition of India

🔥 1947 ➡️ Indian independence

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✅ Daily The Hindu Vocabulary | 03.09.2024


1. RATIFY (VERB): (पुष्टि करना): confirm
Synonyms: approve, sanction
Antonyms: reject
Example Sentence:
Both countries were due to ratify the treaty by the end of the year.


2. NEFARIOUS (ADJECTIVE): (कुटिल): wicked
Synonyms: evil, sinful
Antonyms: good
Example Sentence:
The nefarious activities of the organized-crime syndicates.


3. HEGEMONY (NOUN): (नायकत्व): leadership
Synonyms: dominance, dominion
Antonyms: self-government
Example Sentence:
Germany was united under Prussian hegemony after 1871.


4. ENORMITY (NOUN): (दुष्टता): wickedness
Synonyms: baseness, blackness
Antonyms: goodness
Example Sentence:
The enormities of war are way too high as expected.


5. APEX (NOUN): (चरम सीमा): climax
Synonyms: culmination, apotheosis
Antonyms: nadir
Example Sentence:
The apex of his career was in 1966 when he hosted aloft the World Cup.


6. ABOLITION (NOUN): (उन्मूलन): scrapping
Synonyms: ending, stopping
Antonyms: retention
Example Sentence:
He was responsible for the abolition of the death penalty.


7. CONCOMITANT (ADJECTIVE): (संगत करने वाला): attendant
Synonyms: accompanying, associated
Antonyms: unrelated
Example Sentence:
She loved travel, with all its concomitant worries.


8. INTRANSIGENT (ADJECTIVE): (सैद्धांतिक): uncompromising
Synonyms: inflexible, unbending
Antonyms: compliant
Example Sentence:
Her father had tried persuasion, but she was intransigent.


9. ORATORICAL (ADJECTIVE): (भाषण -संबंधी): rhetorical
Synonyms: grandiloquent, magniloquent
Antonyms: plain-spoken
Example Sentence:
He has plenty oratorical skills.


10. SHUN (VERB): (किनारा करना): avoid
Synonyms: evade eschew
Antonyms: accept
Example Sentence:
He shunned fashionable society.

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The names of the parliament of the major countries of the World-

✺ Egypt ➠ People's Assembly

✺ Pakistan ➠ National Assembly

✺ Germany ➠ Bundestag

✺ USA ➠ Congress

✺ Bangladesh ➠ Ethnic Parliament

✺ Israel ➠ Neset

✺ Japan ➠ Diet

✺ Maldives ➠ Majlis

✺ Australia ➠ Federal Parliament

✺ Spain ➠ Cortés

✺ Nepal ➠ National Panchayat

✺ Russia ➠ Duma

✺ China ➠ National People's Congress

✺ France ➠ National Assembly

✺ Iran ➠ Majlis

✺ Malaysia ➠ Diwan Nigara

✺ Afghanistan ➠ Shura

✺ Turkey ➠ Grand National Assembly

✺ Poland ➠ Sejm

✺ Mongolia ➠ Khural

✺ Denmark =Folketing

✺ Switzerland ➠ Federal Assembly

✺ Netherlands ➠ State General

✺ Brazil ➠ National Congress

✺ Italy ➠ Senate

✺ Kuwait ➠ National Assembly

✺ Saudi Arabia ➠ Majlis al Shura

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✅ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ টোকা - ভাৰতীয় ভূগোল
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➨এৰিয়েল আইলেণ্ড গ্ৰুপৰ একমাত্ৰ বসতিপ্ৰধান দ্বীপ হৈছে স্মিথ দ্বীপ। আকাশী দ্বীপ গোটটো উত্তৰ আৰু মধ্য আন্দামান প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চলৰ অন্তৰ্গত।

➨কাৰ নিকোবাৰ আৰু লিটিল নিকোবাৰৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত ছমব্ৰেৰো চেনেল।

➨তামিলনাডুৰ চেন্নাইত অৱস্থিত মেৰিনা বিচ। ই ভাৰতৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল বিল।

➨মালৱা মালভূমিক পূবে বুণ্ডেলখণ্ড, উত্তৰে আৰাৱল্লী আৰু দক্ষিণে বিন্ধ্যান ৰেঞ্জেৰে আগুৰি আছে।

➨গংগা নদী (২৫২৫কিলোমিটাৰ) ভাৰতৰ আটাইতকৈ দীঘল নদী। ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি উত্তৰাখণ্ডৰ গংগোত্ৰী হিমবাহৰ পৰা আৰু বংগ উপসাগৰত পৰে। আন নদীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য আটাইতকৈ দীঘল হ’ব পাৰে কিন্তু ভাৰতৰ ভিতৰত গংগা নদীখন আটাইতকৈ দীঘল।

➨ভাৰতত গংগা নদীৰ বাওঁপাৰৰ উপনৈ গণ্ডক নদী।

➨বিয়াছ নদীৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছে ৰোহটাং পাছৰ ওচৰৰ বিয়াছ কুণ্ডৰ পৰা। ই মানালী আৰু কুল্লু চহৰৰ কাষেৰে বৈ গৈ এটা অনুপ্ৰস্থ উপত্যকাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল যিটোক জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে কুল্লু উপত্যকা বুলি জনা যায়।

➨বেতুল হৈছে টাপি (৭৩০ কিঃমিঃ) নদীৰ উপনৈ। টাপি নদীৰ আন উপনৈসমূহ হ’ল- পূৰ্ণা, পাঞ্জৰা, পাটক, অৰুণাৱতী, গঞ্জল ইত্যাদি।

➨কাশ্মীৰ আৰু কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত শীতকালত অতিৰিক্ত বৰষুণ বৰষুণ কৰাত পশ্চিমীয়া অশান্তিয়ে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।

➨যিকোনো গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ চাৰিওফালে উচ্চ চাপৰ আৰু কেন্দ্ৰত অতি কম চাপৰ উপস্থিতি থাকে। ইয়াৰ কাৰণ হ’ল উষ্ণ বতাহ বৃদ্ধি হোৱাৰ প্ৰৱণতা আৰু চাপ কমি যায়।

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⚠️ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ টোকা - মধ্যযুগীয় ইতিহাস ⚠️
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➨ জালালুদ্দিন ফিৰুজ খালজীয়ে দাস বংশক উৎখাত কৰি খালজী বংশ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল।

➨ খিজৰ খান আছিল ছাইয়িদ বংশৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক।

➨ ইলটুটমিছৰ দিনত চাংগিজ খানৰ অধীনত মংগোলীয়সকলে ভাৰত আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।

➨ কালিঘাট চিত্ৰকলাৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯ শতিকাত বংগৰ কাষতে কালিঘাট কালি মন্দিৰ, কলকাতা, বংগত। সাধাৰণ বিষয়বস্তু আছিল হিন্দু দেৱতা, দেৱী আৰু অন্যান্য পৌৰাণিক ব্যক্তিত্ব।

➨ পানীপাটৰ প্ৰথম যুদ্ধত(১৫২৬) বাবৰে ইব্ৰাহিম লোডীক পৰাস্ত কৰে। পানীপতৰ দ্বিতীয় যুদ্ধত(১৫৫৬) আকবৰে হেমুক পৰাস্ত কৰে। পানীপাটৰ তৃতীয় যুদ্ধত(১৭৬১) আহমেদ শ্বাহ আব্দলীয়ে মাৰাঠাক পৰাস্ত কৰে।

➨ ফাৱাজিল আছিল চুলতাদাৰ যুগত ইকতাদাৰসকলে ৰাজকোষলৈ দিয়া অতিৰিক্ত ধনৰাশি।

➨ দিল্লী চুলতানৰ চুলতানসকলে ক্ষমতাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীকৰণৰ বাবে ইকতাদাৰী ব্যৱস্থাক ফলপ্ৰসূভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।

➨ ১৩৯৮ চনত টাইমুৰে উত্তৰ ভাৰত আক্ৰমণ কৰি তুগলক বংশৰ চুলতান নাছিৰ-উদ্দিন মাহমুদ শ্বাহ তুগলুকৰ শাসিত দিল্লী চুলতানিত আক্ৰমণ কৰে।

➨ আহাদী মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্যত সৈনিক আছিল। তেওঁলোকক পোনপটীয়াকৈ মোগল সম্ৰাটে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। কোনো মিৰ্জা বা মুখীয়ালৰ লগত তেওঁলোকে নিজকে সংলগ্ন কৰা নাছিল।

➨ চামকৌৰ যুদ্ধ(১৭০৫) গোবিন্দ সিং আৰু মোগল বাহিনীৰ মাজত হৈছিল। হালদীঘটিৰ যুদ্ধ(১৫৭৬) আকবৰ আৰু মহাৰাণা প্ৰতাপৰ মাজত হৈছিল।

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✅ Questions based on important Articles

Q1. Article related to whom?
Ans. union name and territory

Q2. What is Article 2 related to?
Ans. Formation / Admission of new states

Q3. Article 12-35 is related to?
Ans. fundamental rights

Q4. What is Article 14 related to?
Ans. equality before law

Q5. What is Article 17 related to?
Ans. end of untouchability

Q6. Compliance. To whom is 19 (1) (a) related?
Ans. freedom of press

Q7. What is Article 21 related to?
Ans. life and personal liberty

Q8. What is Article 23 related to?
Ans. child labor prohibition

Q9. Article 36-51 is related to?
Ans. directive principles of state policy

Q10. What is Article 40 related to?
Ans. Organization of Village Panchayats

Q_11. What is Article 45 related to?
Ans. free education for children

Q12. What is Article 51 (a) related to?
Ans. fundamental duty

Q13. What is Article 52 related to?
Ans. President of India

Q14. What is Article 54 related to?
Ans. presidential election

Q.15. What is Article 61 related to? Ans. impeachment of the president

Q 16. Article 72 is related to?
Ans. President's pardoning power

Q_17. What is Article 74 related to?
Ans. prime minister of India

Q.18. What is Article 79 related to?
Ans. constitution of parliament

Q_19. Article 80/81 is related to?
Ans. Constitution of State / Lok Sabha

Q.20. What is Article 85 related to?
Ans. dissolution of the Lok Sabha

Q_21. What is Article 108 related to?
Ans. joint session of parliament

Q_22. What is Article 244 related to? Ans. Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Q_23. What is Article 280 related to?
Ans. finance commission

Q_24. What is Article 324 related to?
Ans. mention of election commission

Q_25. What is Article 300 related to?
Ans. a. Caste/Tribe Reservation

Q.26. What is Article 343 related to?
Ans. official language of the union

Q_27. What is Article 352 related to?
Ans. provision for emergency

Q.28. What is Article 360 ​​related to?
Ans. provision for financial crisis

Q_29. What is Article 368 related to? Ans. constitutional amendment provision

Q-30. What is Article 370 related to?
Ans. Special status to Jammu and Kashmir

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❤️ Prehistoric Art

❤️ Prehistory: The time period in the past when there was no paper or the written word and hence no books or written accounts of events. Information about such an age is obtained from excavations which reveal paintings, pottery, habitat, etc.

❤️
Drawings and paintings were the oldest form of artistic expression practised by humans. Reasons for such drawings: Either to decorate their homes or/and to keep a journal of events in their lives.

❤️ Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods have not shown any evidence of artworks so far. The Upper Palaeolithic Age shows a lot of artistic activities.

❤️ Earliest paintings in India are from the Upper Palaeolithic Age.

❤️ The first discovery of rock paintings in the world was made in India by archaeologist Archibald Carlleyle in 1867 – 68 (in Sohagighat, Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh).

❤️ Rock paintings have been found in the walls of caves at Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Karnataka, some in the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand.

❤️ Paintings at the rock shelters at Lakhudiyar on the banks of the Suyal River (Uttarakhand) –
➖3 categories of paintings: man, animal and geometric patterns in black, white and red ochre.
➖Humans in stick-like forms, a long-snouted animal, a fox, a multiple-legged lizard, wavy lines, groups of dots and rectangle-filled geometric designs, hand-linked dancing humans.

❤️ Paintings in Kupgallu (Telangana), Piklihal and Tekkalkota (both in Karnataka)
➖Mostly in white and red ochre.
➖Subjects are bulls, sambhars, elephants, sheep, gazelles, goats, horses, stylised humans and tridents.

❤️ Paintings in the Vindhya ranges at Madhya Pradesh extending into Uttar Pradesh –
➖About 500 rock shelters at Bhimbetka in the Vindhya Hills at Madhya Pradesh.
➖Images of hunting, dancing, music, elephant and horse riders, honey collection, animal fighting, decoration of bodies, household scenes, etc.
➖Bhimbetka drawings can be categorised into 7 Periods.
a) Period I: Upper Palaeolithic
b) Period II: Mesolithic
c) Period III: Chalcolithic

❤️ Two major sites of prehistoric rock/cave paintings in India: Bhimbetka Caves and Jogimara Caves (Amarnath, Madhya Pradesh).

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Assam GK Questions And Answers

Q21. What is the state bird of Assam?
Ans – White-winged wood duck

Q22. What is the Motto of Assam Rifles?
Ans – Friends of the North East, Sentinels of the North East

Q23. Which of the following writer was the first Jnanpith Award recipient?
Ans – Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya

Q24. Who was Bakul Kayastha?
Ans – A Mathematician from Kamrupa

Q25. Who is known as the ‘ Forest man of India ’?
Ans – Jadav Payeng

Q26. On which river is the Dhola-Sadiya Bridge built?
Ans – Lohit

Q27. What is the name of the Supercomputer installed in IIT Guwahati?
Ans – Param-Ishan

Q28. What is the name of the first oil refinery in Assam?
Ans – Digboi

Q29. Who was the first Indian district magistrate in India?
Ans – Ananda Ram Baruah

Q30. The gai, a tributary of Brahmaputra is situated between?
Ans – Dihang and Subansiri

Q31. Mula Gabharu died fighting against?
Ans – Turbak

Q32. Which city is known as the City of Blood?
Ans – Tezpur

Q33. The Mahadeo peak (1739 m) is situated on?
Ans – Barali Range

Q34. What percentage of natural gas produced in India is produced from Assam?
Ans – 27% approx

Q35. Which refinery in Assam is also known as ‘Assam Accord Refinery’?
Ans – Numaligarh

Q36. The valley of death for birds, Jatinga is located in which district of Assam?
Ans – Dima Hasao district

Q37. What is the name of the longest bridge in Assam?
Ans – Dhola Sadiya Bridge

Q38. Which is the only International Airport in Assam?
Ans – Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport

Q39. Deopahar ruins, the ruins of an ancient temple is located at?
Ans – Numaligarh

Q40. What is the rank of Assam in India by area?
Ans – 17th

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🔥 IMPORTANT SCHEME of STATE

📁 Earn with Learn’ Scheme | Mukhyamantri Chaa Srami Kalyan Prakalpa  → Tripura 
📁 Naari Ko Naman’ scheme → HP 
📁 CHHATA Scheme → Odisha Govt
📁 ‘Mahila Nidhi’ Scheme → Rajasthan  
📁“Cheerag scheme” for EWS students | “Matrushakti Udaymita Scheme | “E-Adhigam’ Scheme - Haryana
📁Village Defense Guards Scheme - J&K
📁“CM Udyaman Khiladi Unnayan Yojana” | Him Prahari Scheme - Uttrakhand
📁 Pudhumai Penn Scheme | ‘Chief Minister’s Breakfast Scheme’ | “Ennum Ezhuthum scheme “ - Tamilnadu
📁 “Rural Backyard Piggery Scheme’ - Meghalaya
📁 “Mission Kushal Karmi” | “Mukhyamantri Muft Sewer Connection Yojana” - Delhi
📁 “MEDISEP” | ‘eggs and milk scheme’ for Anganwadi children - Kerala
📁 Family Doctor - Andhra Pradesh
📁 UMEED Market Place - J&K
📁 ‘Vidya Rath – School on Wheels' | “Swanirbhar Naari" - Assam
📁 Kashi Yatra - Karnataka
📁 Udyam Kranti Yojana | ‘Ladli Laxmi scheme 2.0’ - MP
📁 “Mukhyamantri Mitaan Yojana’ | ‘Kaushalya Matritva Yojana’ - Chhatisgarh
📁 ‘Mukhyamantri Matrushakti Yojana’ - Gujarat
📁 “FRUIT” software for farmer schemes - Karnataka
📁 Jivhala : A loan scheme - Maharashtra

 

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✅Indian History Top One Liner (1000) Most IMP Questions on Lucent's : 002 #IndianHistory❇️

Que 11. Where was the capital of the Hindushahi state?
Ans – Udbhandpur/Ohind

Que 12. Who wrote the book Mitakshara on Hindu Law?
Ans – Vigyaneshwar

Que 13. Who wrote the famous book of Hindu law, Dayabhaga?
Ans – Geemutvahan

Que 14. When was the Hindustan Socialist Republic Association Party established?
Ans – In 1928

Que 15. Where is Hawa Mahal situated?
Ans – Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Que 16. Who led the Mughal army in the Battle of Haldi Ghati?
Ans – Raja Mansingh

Que 17. What was the purpose of Akbar in the battle of Haldi Ghati?
Ans – Bringing Rana Pratap under his control.

Que 18. Between whom was the battle of Haldi Ghati fought?
Ans – Between Mughals and Rana Pratap

Que 19. When did the battle of Haldi Ghati take place?
Ans – 1576 AD

Que 20. Under the influence of which saint Harihara and Bukka established the Vijayanagara Empire?
Ans – Madhav Vidharanya


✅ভাৰতীয় ইতিহাস শীৰ্ষ ৱান লাইনাৰ (১০০০) লুচেণ্টৰ ওপৰত সৰ্বাধিক IMP প্ৰশ্ন : ০০২ #IndianHistory❇️

Que 11. হিন্দুশাহী ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী ক’ত আছিল?
উত্তৰ – উদ্ভণ্ডপুৰ/অহিন্দ

Que 12. হিন্দু আইন সম্পৰ্কীয় মিতক্ষাৰ গ্ৰন্থ কোনে লিখিছিল?
উত্তৰ – বিজ্ঞানেশ্বৰ

Que 13. হিন্দু আইনৰ বিখ্যাত গ্ৰন্থ দয়াভাগ কোনে লিখিছিল?
উত্তৰ – গীতমুটবাহন

Que 14. হিন্দুস্তান ছ’চিয়েলিষ্ট ৰিপাব্লিক এছ’চিয়েশ্যন পাৰ্টি কেতিয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল?
উত্তৰ – ১৯২৮ চনত

Que 15. হাৱা মহল ক'ত অৱস্থিত?
উত্তৰ – জয়পুৰ (ৰাজস্থান)

Que 16. হালদী ঘাটৰ যুদ্ধত মোগল সেনাৰ নেতৃত্ব কোনে লৈছিল?
উত্তৰ – ৰাজা মানসিংহ

Que 17. হালদী ঘাটৰ যুদ্ধত আকবৰৰ উদ্দেশ্য কি আছিল?
উত্তৰ – ৰাণা প্ৰতাপক নিজৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ অনা।

Que 18. হালদী ঘাটৰ যুদ্ধ কাৰ মাজত হৈছিল?
উত্তৰ – মোগল আৰু ৰাণা প্ৰতাপৰ মাজত

Que 19. হালদী ঘাটৰ যুদ্ধ কেতিয়া হৈছিল?
উত্তৰ – ১৫৭৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ

Que 20. কোনজন সাধু হৰিহাৰ আৰু বুক্কাৰ প্ৰভাৱত বিজয়নগৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল?
উত্তৰ – মাধৱ বিধাৰণ্য

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🦚২৫ গৰাকী গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিৰ প্ৰকৃত নাম🌼🌾

🪸 বীৰবল ➠ মহেশ দাস

🪸 বাল্মিকী ➠ ৰত্নাকৰ

🪸তানসেন ➠ ৰমাতনু পাণ্ডে

🪸মীৰাবেন ➠ মেডেলিন স্লেড

🪸 গুৰু অংগদ দেৱ ➠ ভাই লাহনা

🪸গুলজাৰ ➠ সম্পুৰণ সিং কলৰা

🪸 স্বামী অগ্নিবেশ ➠ ভেপা শ্যাম ৰাও

🪸ফিৰাক গোৰখপুৰী ➠ ৰঘুপতি সহায়

🪸বাবা ৰামদেৱ ➠ ৰামকৃষ্ণ যাদৱ

🪸 বাবা আমতে ➠ মুৰলীধৰ দেৱীদাস আমতে

🪸 বীৰজু মহাৰাজ ➠ ব্রিজমোহন নাথ মিশ্ৰ

🪸 মাদাৰ টেৰেছা ➠ এগনেছ গনক্সা বজাক্সিউ

🪸সত্য সাই বাবা ➠ সত্যনাৰায়ণ ৰাজু

🪸বিনোবা ভাৱে ➠ বিনায়ক নৰহৰী ভাবে

🪸মিৰ্জা গালিব ➠ মিৰ্জা আছাদুল্লাহ বেগ খান

🪸ভগ্নী নিবেদিতা ➠ মাৰ্গাৰেট এলিজাবেথ নোবেল

🪸 নানা ফাদনবিছ ➠ বালাজী জনাৰ্ধন ভানু

🪸 তাতত্য টোপে ➠ ৰামচন্দ্ৰ পাণ্ডুৰাং টোপে

🪸 স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ ➠ নৰেন্দ্ৰ নাথ দত্ত

🪸মুনশী প্ৰেমচান্দ ➠ ধনপত ৰায় শ্ৰীবাস্তৱ

🪸ৰবি শংকৰ ➠ ৰবীন্দ্ৰ শংকৰ চৌধুৰী

🪸ৰাণী লক্ষ্মী বাই ➠ মণিকৰ্ণিকা তাম্বে (মনু)

🕉 চৈতন্য মহাপ্ৰভু ➠ বিশ্বম্ভৰ মিশ্ৰ

🪸 ৰামকৃষ্ণ পৰমহংস ➠ গদাধৰা চট্টোপাধ্যায়

🪸 আমিৰ খুছৰৌ ➠আবুল হাছান ইয়ামিন-উদ-দিন খুছৰাউ

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🟢 IMPORTANT FOLK DANCE ASKED

- Odisha: Daskathia
- Rajasthan: Bhavai
- Gujarat: Garodas
- Odisha: Jatra
- Himachal Pradesh: Kariyila
- Madhya Pradesh: Mach
- Haryana: Swang
- Assam: Ojapali, Bhaona
- Maharashtra: Povada, Tamasha
- Jammu and Kashmir: Bhand Pathar
- Konkan region: Dashavatara
- Punjab: Nakkal

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🎷❤️Folk Music Of States❤️🎷

🥁Alha ➖ Madhya Pradesh

🥁Baul ➖West Bengal

🥁Bhagawati ➖ Karnataka and Maharashtra

🥁Dandiya Raas ➖ Gujarat

🥁Hekaileu(Songs about oneself) ➖ Nagaland

🥁Heliamleu (Dancing songs) ➖ Nagaland

🥁Hereileu (War songs) ➖Nagaland

🥁Ja-jin-ja ➖ Arunachal Pradesh

🥁Khongjom Parva ➖ Manipur

🥁Lavani ➖ Maharashtra

🥁Maand ➖ Rajasthan

🥁Neuleu ➖ Nagaland

🥁Nyioga ➖ Arunachal Pradesh

🥁Ovi ➖ Maharashtra and Goa

🥁Paani Hari ➖ Rajasthan

🥁Pai song ➖ Madhya Pradesh

🥁Pandwani ➖ Chhattisgarh

🥁Powada ➖ Maharashtra

🥁Sohar ➖ Bihar

🥁Tikir ➖ Assam

🥁Wanawan ➖ Kashmir

🥁Koli ➖ Maharashtra

🥁Zeliang ➖ Nagaland

🥁Naatupura Paatu ➖ Tamil Nadu

🥁Bihugeet ➖ Assam

🥁Bhatiali ➖ West Bengal

🥁Kajari ➖ Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

🥁Dulpod ➖ Goa


     

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📚List of Ancient Indian Scripts📚

📄1. Indus Script

📗Related 👉 indus valley civilizations
📙Written 👉 right to left
📘 Example 👉 Boustrophedon style

📄2. Brahmi Script

📙originator of most of the present Indian scripts, including Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil, and Malayalam etc.
📘developed👉 two broad types
◾️Northern ( angular)
◾️Southern India(circular)
📕deciphered👉 1937 by James Princep.
📘best examples👉 are found in the rock-cut edicts of Asoka

📄3. Kharoshthi Script

📗It is the sister script and contemporary of Brahmi.
📕It was written from right to left.
📒It was used in the Gandhara culture of North-Western India and is sometimes also called the Gandhari Script.
📘Its inscriptions have been found in the form of Buddhist texts from present clay Afghanistan and Pakistan.

📄4. Gupta Script

📕It is also known as the Late Brahmi script.
📗It was used for writing Sanskrit in the Gupta period.
📔It gave rise to the Nagari, Sarada and Siddham scripts which in turn gave rise to the most important scripts of India such as Devanagari, Bengali etc

📄5. Sarada Script

📕It was a Western variant of the Gupta script.
📔 It evolved into Kashmiri and Gurmukhi (now used for writing Punjabi) scripts.
📘it was also used for writing Sanskrit. It is now rarely used.

📄6. Nagri Script

📔It was an Eastern variant of the Gupta script.
📕 It is an early form of the Devanagari script.
📗It branched off into many other scripts such as Devanagari, Bengali, and Tibetan etc.
📘 It was used to write both Prakrit and Sanskrit.

📄7. Devanagari script

📕It is the main script at present to write standard Hindi, Marathi and Nepali as well as Santhali, Konkani and many other Indian languages.
📙It is also used presently to write Sanskrit and is one of the most used writing systems in the world.
📗It is composed of Deva meaning, (God) and Nagari meaning, (city), which meant that it, was both religious and urbane or sophisticated.

📄8. Kalinga Script

📕Kalinga was the ancient name of Odisha and this script was used to write an ancient form of Oriya.
📘It is visually close to the original Brahmi.
📙Oriya language presently uses a different script, which has been derived from Bengali script.

📄9. Grantha Script

📚It is one of the earliest Southern scripts to originate from Brahmi.
It branched off into Tamil and Malayalam scripts, which are still used to write those languages, It is also the predecessor of the Sinhala script used in Sri Lanka.
📘 A variant of Grantha called Pallava was taken by Indian merchants in Indonesia, where it led to the development of many South-East Asian scripts.
📓 It was used in Tamil Nadu to write the Sanskrit Granthas and hence, was named Grantha.

📄10. Vatteluttu Script

📒It was a script derived from the Brahmi and was used in the Southern part of India. 
📓It was used to write Tamil and Malayalam.
📙 It removed those signs from Brahmi, which were not needed for writing the Southern languages.
📘Presently, both Tamil and Malayalam have moved on to their own Grantha derived scripts.

📄11. Kadamba Script

📘It is a descendant of Brahmi and marks the birth of the dedicated Kannada script.
📒 It led to the development of modern Kannada and Telugu scripts. It was used to write Sanskrit, Konkani, Kannada and Marathi.

📄12. Tamil Script

📗It is the script used to write the Tamil language in India and Sri Lanka. It evolved from Grantha, the Southern form of Brahmi. It is a syllabic language and not alphabetic.
📙It is written from left to right.

🔔According to the epigraphers- All Indian scripts are derived from Brahmi. There are three main families of scripts

📄Devanagari, which is the basis of the languages of northern and western India: Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Dogri, Panjabi, etc.

📄Dravidian which is the basis of Telugu, Kannada

📄Grantha is a subsection of the Dravidian languages such as Tamil and Malayalam, but is not as important as the other two.

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🌟 Important Points

1. Article 356: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar stated that Article 356 (the provision for President's Rule in states) should be used as a last resort and as a means of final recourse.

2. Passing of the Constitution: The Indian Constitution was passed on November 26, 1949, and it came into effect on January 26, 1950.

3. Amendment with the Words 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity': The words 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity' were added to the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment.

4. Property Rights Changed to Legal Rights: The right to property was changed from a fundamental right to a legal right through the 44th Amendment.

5. Protection of Personal Liberties: To ensure the protection of personal liberties, citizens can approach the Supreme Court and High Courts.

6. Meaning of Writs: The literal meaning of the term 'Writ' (Quo-Warranto Writ) is "by what authority."

7. Removal of Judges: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by passing impeachment proceedings in Parliament.

8. Mandatory Signature on Finance Bill: The President is required to give assent without reconsideration to the Finance Bill.

9. Vice President's Role: The Vice President serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

10. Extension of Lok Sabha's Term: The power to extend the term of the Lok Sabha beyond five years is vested in Parliament only during a national emergency.

11. Three Major All India Services: The three major All India Services are the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and the Indian Police Service (IPS).

12. Chairman of the States' Reorganization Commission: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the Chairman of the States' Reorganization Commission, which was formed by the Constitution Assembly.

13. Adoption of the National Flag: The Constituent Assembly adopted the National Flag on July 22, 1947.

14. Number of Articles and Schedules in the Constitution on November 26, 1950: On November 26, 1950, the initial Indian Constitution had 395 Articles and 8 Schedules.

15. Right to Equality: The right to equality is enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution.

16. Establishment of the Finance Commission: The provision for the establishment of the Finance Commission is mentioned in Article 280 of the Constitution.

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chief  Justice

🔶Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court – Justice Manmohan
🔶Chief Justice of Meghalaya High Court – Justice Indra Prasanna Mukerji
🔶Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court – Justice Rajiv Shakdher
🔶Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court – Justice Suresh Kait
🔶Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court – Justice Nitin Madhukar Jamdar
🔶Chief Justice of the Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court – Justice Tashi Rabstan
🔶Chief Justice of Madras High Court – Justice Shriram Kalpathi Rajendran
🔶Chief Justice Jharkhand High Court – Justice M.S. Ramachandra Rao

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❇️Major dynasties and their founders ❇️

▪️ Haryak Dynasty          – Bimbisara

▪️ Nand dynasty - Mahapadam Nanda

▪️ Maurya Empire - Chandragupta Maurya

▪️ Gupta Dynasty – Shri Gupta

▪️ Pal Dynasty           - Gopal

▪️ Pallava Dynasty - Simhavishnu

▪️ Rashtrakuta Dynasty – Dantidurga

▪️ Chalukya-Vatapi Dynasty – Pulakeshin I

▪️ Chalukya-Kalyani dynasty – Tailapa-II

▪️ Chola dynasty            – Vijayalaya

▪️ Sen Dynasty            – Samantasen

▪️ Gurjar Pratihar Dynasty - Harishchandra/Nagbhatta

▪️ Chauhan Dynasty – Vasudev

▪️ Chandela dynasty           - Nannuk

▪️ Slave Dynasty         - Qutubuddin Aibak

▪️ Khilji Dynasty - Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji

▪️ Tughlaq dynasty         - Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq

▪️ Syed Dynasty           - Khizr Khan

▪️ Lodi dynasty          – Bahlol Lodi

▪️ Vijayanagara Empire - and Bukka

▪️ Bahmani Empire – Hasan Gangu

▪️ Mughal dynasty         - Babar


❇️প্ৰধান বংশ আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ❇️

▪️ হাৰিয়াক বংশ – বিম্বিছাৰা

▪️ নন্দ বংশ - মহাপদম নন্দ

▪️ মৌৰ্য সাম্ৰাজ্য - চন্দ্ৰগুপ্ত মৌৰ্য

▪️ গুপ্ত বংশ – শ্ৰী গুপ্ত

▪️ পাল বংশ - গোপাল

▪️ পল্লৱ বংশ - সিংহবীষ্ণু

▪️ ৰাষ্ট্ৰকুট বংশ – দন্তিদুৰ্গা

▪️ চালুক্য-বাটাপি বংশ – পুলাকেশিন প্ৰথম

▪️ চালুক্য-কল্যাণী বংশ – টাইলাপা-দ্বিতীয়

▪️ চোলা বংশ – বিজয়ালয়

▪️ সেন বংশ – সমন্তচেন

▪️ গুৰজাৰ প্ৰতিহাৰ বংশ - হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ/নাগভট্টা

▪️ চৌহান বংশ – বাসুদেৱ

▪️ চাণ্ডেলা বংশ - নান্নুক

▪️ দাস বংশ - কুতুবুদ্দিন আইবাক

▪️ খিলজী বংশ - জালালুদ্দিন ফিৰোজ খিলজী

▪️ তুগলাক বংশ - গিয়াছুদ্দিন তুগলাক

▪️ চৈয়দ বংশ - খিজৰ খান

▪️ লোডী বংশ – বাহলোল লোডী

▪️ বিজয়নগৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য - আৰু বুক্কা

▪️ বাহমনি সাম্ৰাজ্য – হাছান গাংগু

▪️ মোগল বংশ - বাবৰ

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🏹Important Battles

• Panipat1 = 1526
• Panipat2 = 1556
• Panipat3 = 1761
• Khanwa = 1527
• Ghaghra = 1529
• Talikota = 1565
• Haldighati = 1576
• Plassey = 1757
• Buxar = 1764
• Wandiwash = 1760
• Tarain1 = 1191
• Tarain2 = 1192
• Chausa = 1539
• Kanauj = 1540

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