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☑️ Join for mains Previous Year Questions Questions from 1999 - 2023 Questions will be segregated Subject/topic wise ✅Prelims PYQs @UPSC_Prelims_PYQ_MCQ ✅CSAT PYQs @UPSC_CSAT_PYQ
Examine the role of 'Gig Economy' in the process of empowerment of women in India. (Answer in 150 words)
Gig economy is defined by its focus on workforce participation and income generation via gigs, single projects or tasks for which a worker is hired. Its unique Characteristics of employment relationship is significant for Economic and social empowerment of women.
▪️Role of Gig Economy and Women Empowerment.
✅ Women can choose the type of work and the hours they dedicate. Thus, avenues for Household women to be economically independent.
✅ Employers are free from providing social security and complying with laws like Maternity benefit Act, thus
they can recruit women irrespective of her pregnancy period.
✅ Women are getting opportunities in areas like Cab driving, which were earlier prohibited for them.
✅ Platform-enabled gig employment like selling products on Amazon, Myntra, and Flipkart enables the women to see their traditional products like Pickles, jute bags etc.
✅ A boost in use of digital technology and increased acceptance of virtual working for sales and distribution jobs, could open opportunities for women to enter fields where interactions are managed through apps and phone
calls.
✅ The survey by UNDP & FICCI says sectors that are likely to see an increase in women’s employment are health and pharmaceuticals, electrical and electronics and Fast-Moving Consumer Goods industry.
Alternative work arrangements in the gig economy have the potential to absorb more women and increase their participation in the workforce but women empowerment needs Gender sensitisation programmes and fulfil the goals enshrined in SDG5.
Q. Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (Answer in 150 words)
The term Bhakti refers to devotion. Bhakti literature which began to be composed in the 6th century AD in South India reflects a new form of devotion to God, a personal bond between the devotee and the deity.
▪️Nature of the Bhakti Movement.
✅ Use of Vernacular Language: The Bhakti saints did their entire teaching in the local vernacular language to
make it comprehensible. E.g.: Bhattadeva had translated the Bhagavad Gita into Assamese.
✅ Social Reform: The bhakti literature opposed caste rigidity, blind faiths, and social dogmas.
✅ Simple approach to religion: The sophisticated philosophy of Vedas and Upanishads literature was difficult for people to understand. Bhakti literature formed an alternative.
✅ Secular Nature: Although the bhakti literature was propagated by Hindu saints, it was tolerant to other religions.
▪️Contribution to Indian Culture.
✅ Religious Contribution: The movement aroused awakening among the Hindus and Muslims regarding the futility of ritualism.
✅ Contribution to the regional languages: In the south, the Bhakti movement aided the establishment of regional languages such as Telugu and Kannada.
✅ Socio-Political Contribution: The followers of the Bhakti movement rejected the caste distinction and emphasized on Equality.
✅ Moral Contribution: It emphasized earning of wealth through hard work and honest means and encouraged the value of social service to the poor and the needy.
The Bhakti literature definitely succeeded in realizing its two-fold objective i.e., bringing about reforms in Hinduism and developing harmonious relations between the Hindus and the Muslims. However, it further divided the Hindu society. For example, the followers of Kabir came to be known as Kabir Panthis.
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Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. ( Answer in 250 words)
Internal security has remained one of the core focus areas for India. As India now aspires and rises to taking the high seat in the comity of nations, the security challenges become more compounded and complex.
▪️The Indo-Pakistan border:
✅ This faces key challenges like infiltration and drug smuggling.
✅An increase in ceasefire violations and infiltration attempts is observed during the pre-winter season, when
vigilance becomes extremely tough due to snowfall along the mountainous terrain.
✅ Other factors like the political instability in Pakistan also lead to an upsurge in cross-border infiltration.
▪️Indo-Bangladesh border challenges:
✅Since the partition in 1947, the primary challenge on this side of the border has been the influx of illegal
migrants. Leading to serious burdens on state resources, infrastructure and changes in the demographics.
✅Border is used for smuggling of arms, ammunition and drugs, which has increased the number of anti-national elements illegally entering through this porous border.
▪️Indo-Myanmar border challenges:
✅The open border and cross-ethnic ties among the tribal community help insurgents escape from the hands of the border security forces.
✅ Fencing is very thinly done and has been a concern for the United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) as it has been witnessing to drug trafficking.
▪️Role played by various security agencies:
✅Assam Rifles (AR): Known as Friends of the Hill People. The Force has a dual role of maintaining internal security in the North Eastern region and guarding the Indo- Myanmar Border.
✅National Security Guard (NSG) for combating terrorist activities with a view to protect States against internal disturbances.
✅Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) for the purpose of preventing and combating abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and illicit traffic therein.
✅The BSF is the world’s largest border guarding force. It secures the 6,386.36 km long international borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Need is for integration and information sharing among various agencies for effective border management. Also, modernization of security forces for tackling changing security threats is way forward.
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Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and a private entity. ( Answer in 250 words )
Investment is defined as the total value of capital goods produced in the economy (which is also called capital formation) plus net of export and import of capital goods. Gross fixed capital formation is defined as the production of machinery, equipment, new construction and intellectual property rights. Capital formation is important for any economy as it helps in boosting output and income. Following is the past trend of Gross fixed capital formation (investment) in the economy in the last few years.
When the government decides that a certain project should be done through PPP model then it first selects a private party and signs a “Concession Agreement” (also called PPP Agreement) with the private party. This agreement provides
details as to what would be the roles and responsibilities of the private sector and the government sector during the entire life of the project.
▪️The following are the important factors to be kept in mind while designing these agreements:
✅ All the risks which could emanate in the project and who will handle it should be written in the agreement
✅ All the force majeure events should be mentioned in the agreement like Covid-19 is a Force majeure event, earthquake, other natural calamities etc.
✅ A clause should be there for handling the impacts of any change in domestic/international laws
✅ The Agreement should be futuristic in nature and should be properly designed keeping in mind the possibilitiesand scenarios that may arise in future.
If the Concession Agreement is poorly designed then it becomes a major hurdle in the implementation of that PPP project and the project may get stuck in future. For example, the first Ultra Mega Power Project developed by Tata Power and Govt. of India under the PPP model got stuck for several years because of the increase in export duty by the Indonesian Govt.
Que.Explain intra-generational and inter-generational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development.
Inclusive growth is economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity to every section of the society. Intra-generational equity represents availability of opportunities regardless of their economic class, gender, sex, disability and religion. Sustainable development seeks to promote human well-being, in the senses of both economic growth and social well-being, while simultaneously protecting and conserving the environment.
▪️Following are the major intra-generational issues:
✅ Lack of healthcare facilities
✅ Lack of quality education leading to difference in capabilities
✅ Lack of job opportunities in remote areas of the country like North-east and hilly state.
✅ Exclusion of women from various employment categories
▪️Inter-generational equity represents providing for the preservation of natural resources and the environment for the benefit of the future generations. Following are the major inter-generational issues:
✅ Degradation of natural resources like water bodies, forests, soil, etc.
✅ Too much focus of GDP growth while ignoring the environment
✅ Excessive exploitation of our natural resources
✅ Blind consumerism
We need to focus on the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The continuing relevance of intergenerational equity as a guiding principle shaping climate action has been reaffirmed by the Paris Agreement also.
What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (Answer in 250 words)
The 2019 US Indo-Pacific Security Strategy Report makes clear that along with bolstering and orienting its own forces toward the Indo-Pacific region, Washington is looking to build consensus and deepen support for US forward presence among existing allies and partners in defence of the current order.
Significance of India-US deals over India Russia deal:
✅BECA will help India get real-time access to American geospatial intelligence that will enhance the accuracy of automated systems and weapons like missiles and armed drones.
✅LEMOA allows the militaries of the US and India to replenish from each other’s bases, and access supplies, spare parts and services from each other’s land facilities, air bases, and ports, which can then be reimbursed. LEMOA is extremely useful for India-US Navy-to-Navy cooperation since the two countries are cooperating closely in the Indo-Pacific.
✅The signing of COMCASA paved the way for the transfer of communication security equipment from the US to India to facilitate “interoperability” between their forces.
Significance in the context of Indo-pacific.
✅ Blue water policy: US defence equipment will play a major role in India expanding its naval reach into the Indo-Pacific. The aircraft such as Poseidon will enhance our blue water naval capability to tackle extreme threats.
✅Check on China: US equipment is well advanced and unique from Russian technology. With China’s exposure to Russian defence equipment, US equipment is expected to give India a better advantage.
✅Free movement in the South China sea: The equipment is expected to boost India’s offensive strength and
challenge Chinese hegemony in the South China Sea. It is particularly important if India wants to develop defence relationships with ASEAN countries such as Vietnam.
✅ The India-Russia defence cooperation programme is huge: The problem is that Russia has also intensified defence cooperation with China and Pakistan, both India’s adversaries-turned-enemies.
However, after the Galwan crisis, India has been in talks with Russia for spare parts, ammunition and weapons worth over $ 1 billion, the reason being that a bulk of equipment with the armed forces is of Russian origin, a fact that is unlikely to change soon. From Su-30MKI fighters to T-90 main battle tanks and the new AK-203 assault rifles, Indian forces are heavily equipped with Russian arms. The dependence is even more critical on the strategic level the nuclear-armed Arihant submarine could not have been possible without Russian assistance and India even leases a nuclear attack submarine from Moscow.
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The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. ( Answer in 150 words)
The twin principles of Judicial independence and judicial accountability have been the central theme of various debates and discussions in almost all democratic countries of the world which cherish the golden principle of Rule of Law.
▪️The judicial system of India and UK is converging in following aspects:
1. Judiciary is the highest Interpreter of the laws, byelaws.
2. Action of the executive can be declared as Ultra Vires by the Judiciary.
3. The Rule of Law in Britain is safeguarded by the provision that judges can only be removed from office for serious misbehaviour and according to a procedure requiring the consent of both the Houses of Parliament.
▪️It is diverging in the following respects:
✅In India, the system of appointment for the judges is collegium system, and in the UK, the Judicial appointment commission appoints judges.
✅Jury trials were abolished in most Indian courts by the 1973 Code of Criminal Procedure, while it exists in the UK.
✅In the case of the British system, the lack of concept of Basic Structure makes amending power of the
Parliament supersede any judicial pronouncement.
✅Whereas, in case of the Indian Judiciary system, the concept of Basic Structure has provided a potent tool to Judiciary by which it can scuttle down any Executive or Legislative action, which it deems as against the basic spirit of the Constitution.
✅ In the British system, there is a common Law system. It means law is developed by the Judges through their decision, order or judgement.
✅In India, there is a 3-tier system for Judiciary and No such system is in the UK.
Q. "There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act". Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Eradication of corruption from Politics and decriminalisation of Politics is a long-sought dream to achieve the ideals of Free and Fair election. The RPA 1951 is a legal intervention to check corrupt practises in elections.
▪️RPA 1951
✅Section 123 of RPA defines: What is the meaning of Corrupt practises and section 8 of RPA has a provision to disqualify individuals on the ground of corrupt practises.
✅But the provisions of the act and the complexity of the procedure delays the conviction and thus the corrupt practises are continued:
🔸 Section 62 (5) of RPA 1951: Person in Jail can contest election, but can’t vote. This provision has been nullified by the SC in Jan Chowkidar case, but the government restored it.
🔸 Non-Uniformity in Disqualification: The section 8 (1), 8(2), 8(3) of RPA 1951 sets out different tenures for
punishment for different cases, which is confusing and complex. E.g.: Section 8 (1) provides for imprisonment for 6 years, from the date of such conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a further period of six years since his release. Section 8 (2) sentenced to imprisonment for not less than six months, shall be disqualified from the
date of such conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a further period of six years since his release.
🔸 Complexity in Procedure: After the election petition on the matter of corrupt practices in High court. Order of the High court is sent to the president through the secretary general and then ECI looks into the issue where judicial hearing is given to the affected party.
▪️Need for simplification
✅Reduce time for conviction: Often conviction under these laws takes a lot of time. This has reduced its
effectiveness to prevent such offences in the country.
✅Demotivate offence: Simplification and faster resolution will act as a discouraging factor for reducing offence under the law. This will be beneficial in the long run.
✅De-criminalise politics: This will be a step towards decriminalising politics so that in future only eligible and people of dignity get to contest elections.
The key aspect of parliamentary democracy is free and fair elections, which can be achieved by cleansing the politics, free from corruption, free from criminals. In this regard, recent SC intervention on disclosure of criminal antecedents is a step in the right direction.
Q. Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (Answer in 150 words)
The Pala period, spanning from the 8th to the 12th centuries, marks a pivotal chapter in the evolution of Buddhism in India. This epoch is characterized by the remarkable resurgence and growth of the religion under the auspices of the Pala dynasty, whose rulers were staunch patrons of Buddhism.
▪️Some of the key reasons for the significance of the Pala period are:
✅Patronage of Buddhism: Pala kings, such as Dharmapala and Devapala, were devout Buddhists and supported the religion through the establishment and maintenance of monasteries, temples, and educational institutions.
✅Development of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism: These new schools of thought provided fresh impetus to the religion, leading to an increased number of followers and a deepening of Buddhist practices.
✅Establishment of renowned monastic universities: The Pala kings were instrumental in the establishment of famous monastic universities, such as Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri. These institutions attracted scholars and students from across the Indian subcontinent and beyond, making them significant centers of learning, scholarship, and cultural exchange.
✅Proliferation of Buddhist art and architecture: The Pala school of art, which emerged during this period, is known for its distinct style and fine craftsmanship.
✅ Spread of Buddhism beyond India: The transmission of Buddhist teachings, texts, and art forms to these regions can be largely attributed to the patronage and support provided by the Pala rulers.
✅Preservation of Buddhist texts: Monks and scholars at institutions like Nalanda and Vikramashila undertook the task of translating Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into other languages, thereby ensuring the survival and dissemination of Buddhist knowledge.
Conclusion: The Pala period was a highly significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. The Pala dynasty's patronage, along with the development of new schools of thought, the establishment of renowned monastic universities, and the spread of Buddhism beyond India, all contributed to the growth and impact of Buddhism during this time.
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Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural Indian Society ? Elaborate your answer with illustrations.
Caste is a system of social stratification with associated values and ideas that legitimized and reinforced the existing social structure in Indian society. Caste has for long been viewed as a distinctive feature of Indian society.
▪️But due to many factors such as the visionary Indian Constitution, modern education, industrialisation, urbanization, etc. Indian society has started giving less consideration to „caste‟. It can be seen in following ways:
✅ Achieved status is of greater importance: Class is more important today than caste. Educational qualification, occupational position, income etc. are the bases of identification of the individual rather than caste identity.
✅ Reservations have improved socio-political representation: This has changed the very
basis of caste-based discrimination.
✅ Caste no longer decides occupation: One can no longer deduce a person‟s caste by looking at his occupation. People today want to be identified as liberal, broad-minded and cosmopolitan. This multi-cultural society finds caste to be a backward mindset, disrespectful and violative of the Constitution.
✅ Public and private establishments: Restaurants, shopping malls, regional celebrations, local festivals, public institutions, private establishments, do not consider the caste factor.
✅ Inter-caste marriages: Strict codes of marriage and inheritance have been diluted due to increased inter-caste marriages. But caste as an entity has not become completely irrelevant even in today‟s society.
✅ Caste decides aspirations: Caste still plays a great role in deciding personal aspirations and social capital. This is particularly strong in the rural areas.
▪️Inter-caste marriages are not that common. Even matrimonial sites cater to caste-based preferences for marriage.
✅ Casteization of Politics and Politicization of Caste: Politics in today‟s Indian society is
ridden by caste-based identities.
✅ Violence based on caste is still prevalent: Several incidents have been highlighted in the media and rogue elements in social media have sometimes used these incidents to flare up caste sentiments.
✅Manual scavenging: Most of the occupations must have become caste-free, but Manual
scavenging, the worst surviving symbol of untouchability, is still an occupation of the people from the so-called untouchable caste.
Conclusion: It can be difficult to fully eliminate the influence of caste, as it is deeply ingrained in many aspects of Indian culture and society. Caste as a dominant force may not be easily visible today in our multicultural society, however, it still thrives in subtler ways and holds clues to the dynamics of our society. Caste has become less relevant for the upper caste and upper class, while for the lower castes, caste has become all too visible in both, suffering as well as getting benefits from the State.
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🔆Security challenges and their management in border areas; Linkages of organized crime with terrorism, Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.
Que.1 Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism. (Answer in 250 words)
Que.2 For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals. (2020)
Que.3 Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2020)
Que.4 Cross-Border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India- Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counterthe challenges. (2019)
Que.5 India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter measures should be taken to prevent the same? (2018)
Que.6 The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)
Que.7 The terms ‘Hot Pursuit’ and ‘Surgical Strikes’ are often used in connection with armed action against terrorist attacks. Discuss the strategic impact of such actions. (2016)
Que.8 ‘Terrorism is emerging as a competitive industry over the last few decades.” Analyse the above statement.(2016)
Que.9 Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (2016)
Que.10 Human right activists constantly highlight the view that the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human rights abuses by the security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists? Critically evaluate the requirement with reference to the view held by the Apex Court. (2015)
Que.11 “The diverse nature of India as a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which is seen in her neighbourhood.” Discuss along with strategies to be adopted to counter this environment. (2014)
Que.12 International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat.(2014)
Que.14 How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (2014)
Que.15 In 2012, the longitudinal marking for high-risk areas for piracy was moved from 65 degrees east to 78 degrees east in the Arabian Sea by the International Maritime Organization. What impact does this have on India’s maritime security concerns? (2014)
Que.16 China and Pakistan have entered into an agreement for development of an economic corridor. What threat does this pose for India’s security? Critically examine. (2014)
Que.17 How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar? (2013)
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Challenges to internal security through communication networks, Role of media and social networking sitesin internal security challenges, Basics of cyber security
Que.1 Keeping in view India’s internal security, analyse the impact of cross-border cyber attacks. Also discuss defensive measures against these sophisticated attacks. (Answer in 150 words)
Que.2 Discuss different types of cybercrimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (2020)
Que.3 What is CyberDome Project? Explain how it can be useful in controlling internet crimes in India. (2019)
Que.4 Data security has assumed significant importance in the digitized world due to rising cyber crimes. The Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee Report addresses issues related to data security. What, in your view, are the strengths and weaknesses of the Report relating to protection of personal data in cyber space? (2018)
Que.5Discuss the potential threats of Cyber-attack and the security framework to prevent it. (2017)
Que.6 Use of internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities is a major security concern. How have these been misused in the recent past? Suggest effective guidelines to curb the above threat.(2016)
Que.7 Discuss the advantages and security implications of cloud hosting of servers vis-a-vis in-house machine-based hosting for government businesses. (2015)
Que.8 Religious indoctrination via digital media has resulted in Indian youth joining the ISIS. What is ISIS and its mission? How can ISIS be dangerous to the internal security of our country? (2015)
Que.9Considering the threats cyberspace poses for the country, India needs a “Digital Armed Forces” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation. (2015)
Que.10 What are social networking sites and what security implications do these sites present? (2013)
Que.11 Cyber warfare is considered by some defense analysts to be a larger threat than even Al Qaeda or terrorism. What do you understand by Cyber warfare? Outline the cyber threats which India is vulnerable to and bring out the state of the country’s preparedness to deal with the same. (2013)
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🔆Security previous year questions 2013-2021 (Syllabus-wise)
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🔆Indian Diaspora
1. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (2020)
2. Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South East Asian countries economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context. (2017)
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🔆Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
1. “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years.(2021)
2. The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment. (2019)
3. “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples. (2019)
4. What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (2020)
5. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)
6. In what ways would the ongoing U.S-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? (2018)
7. Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pro and cons. Critically examine. (2015)
8. Economic ties between India and Japan while growing in the recent years are still far below their potential. Elucidate the policy constraints which are inhibiting this growth. (2013)
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How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values ? Enumerate the changes taking place in it.
The essence of Indian society lies in harbouring diverse and distinct identities, ethnicities, languages, religions, and culinary preferences. History stands witness to the fact that the societies that have struggled to hold differences were shattered in such an attempt.
▪️The supreme social-cultural traditional values of Indian life have been the values of
✅ A Cosmic Vision: The framework of Indian culture places human beings in the centre of the universe, as a divine creation-which celebrates individuality and differences of opinion in society.
✅ Tolerance: In India, tolerance and liberalism are found for all religions, castes, communities, etc. Indian society accepted and respected various religions and ensured that there is a peaceful co-existence of religions.
✅ Sense of Harmony: Indian philosophy and culture try to achieve innate harmony and order in society.
✅ Continuity and Stability: The light of ancient Indian culture life is yet glowing. Many invasions occurred, many rulers changed, many laws were passed but even today, the traditional institutions, religion, epics, literature, philosophy, traditions, etc. are alive.
✅ Adaptability: It is the process of changing according to time, place, and period. Indian society has shown fluidity and has adjusted itself with changing times.
✅ Caste System and Hierarchy: Indian Society has evolved systems of social stratification, which in the past helped in accommodating outsiders, but concomitantly it has also been the reason for discrimination and prejudice.
✅ Unity in Diversity: Despite inherent differences, Indian society celebrates unity in diversity which reflects in
modern India’s founding principles and constitutional ideals.
▪️In recent times, Indian society has seen a surge in multiple divisive issues like:
✅ Casteism: Caste-based discrimination leads society to divide into artificial groups which sometimes even led to violence.
✅ Communalism: The aggressive attitude of one community towards the other creates tension and clashes between the two. It poses a great challenge to democracy and the unity of our country.
✅ Nuclear Families: The new trend of nuclear families with one or a maximum of two children has emerged in India. Due to this children are not able to get the presence of the elderly who plays a major role in instilling values among the younger ones.
✅ Gender Discrimination: There is a need for India to closely examine the norms that allow violence and a broader pattern of gender discrimination to continue. A society that does not value women as much as men fail to reach its full potential.
Despite all these reasons, India remains a diverse country, a bewildering mosaic of communities of all kinds. Our peculiar societal genius is to fashion a form of coexistence where diversity can flourish and find its place. The principle of “Sarva Dharma Sambhava” (equal respect for all religions) is rooted in India’s tradition and culture.
Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (Answer in 150 words)
Cybercrimes are criminal activities performed on internet platforms or using internet-based services. They
are considered one of the emerging threats that have impacted peace and tranquillity in the society.
▪️Types of cybercrime
✅ Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: These are used to make an online service unavailable and take the network down by overwhelming the site with traffic from a variety of sources.
✅ Botnets: Botnets are networks from compromised computers that are controlled externally by remote hackers.
✅ Identity Theft: This cybercrime occurs when a criminal gains access to a user’s personal information.
▪️Measures To Tackle Cybercrime:
✅ Need for Collaborative Trigger mechanism to bind all parties and enable law enforcers to act quickly and safeguard citizens and businesses from a fast-growing menace.
✅ Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre will assist in centralising cybersecurity investigations, prioritise the development of response tools and bring together private companies to contain the menace.
✅ Need for Data Protection Law: In the 21st century, there is a requirement for a stringent data protection regime.
Given the current era's reliance on information technology, governments must develop basic capabilities in
cybersecurity, data integrity, and data security, as well as establish tough cybersecurity regulations to protect banks and financial institutions.
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Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? ( Answer in 150 words)
Potential GDP is the real value of goods and services that can be produced when a country's factors of production are fully employed. It is the maximum sustainable level of output that an economy can produce.
▪️As per the Economic Survey 2015-16, the determinants of potential GDP are:
✅ Physical capital (Capital stock of the economy should be fully utilised).
✅ Human capital.
✅ Labour (Labour force should be productively employed).
✅ Productivity (Factor productivity of various factors of production should be high).
✅ Economy’s technological efficiency.
Potential GDP tends to grow slowly because inputs like labour and capital and the level of technology changes quite slowly over time. As per Economic Survey 2015-16, India's medium/ long term growth potential is somewhere between 8 to 10 percent.
▪️Following are the major factors hindering India from realising its potential GDP:
Demand Side Factors
✅ Less domestic demand due to low purchasing power of majority of the population.
✅ Foreign demand is also weak due to protectionist measures taken by several countries and trade war.
✅ The recent Covid-19 crisis will add up to the already low demand.
▪️Supply side Factors
✅ Infrastructure bottlenecks.
✅ Low manufacturing base.
✅ Huge informal labour force which lacks productivity.
✅ Lack of skills among the youth.
✅ Less focus on research and development.
But the recent structural reforms initiated by the Government in various fields like Agri reforms, GST, IBC 2016, coal sector reforms, increase in FDI in defence manufacturing to 100% etc. will help India to achieve its potential GDP growth in the coming years.
What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water consefvation and water security?
(Answer in 150 words)
To tackle the increasing water crisis in the country, GoI launched a time-bound, mission-mode water
conservation campaign namely Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA).
▪️Key features:
✅ Aims at making water conservation a Jan Andolan through asset creation and extensive communication.
✅ A collaborative campaign of various Central Ministries and the State Governments being coordinated by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS).
✅ Focuses on accelerated implementation of five targeted interventions
a. Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
b. Renovation of traditional water bodies
c. Reuse and recharge structures
d. Watershed development
e. Intensive afforestation
✅ Development of Block and District Water Conservation Plans.
✅ Encompasses Krishi Vigyan Kendra Melas, to promote efficient water use for irrigation (Per Drop More Crop), and better choice of crops for water conservation.
✅ Promote urban waste water reuse, for industrial and agriculture purposes.
Despite being a wonderful initiative, it has its own issues, such as lack of financial support and absence of any
parameter to measure the outcomes, which needs to be addressed to make it a successful campaign.
Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a Commission ? Do you think
imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India ? Give reasons. (Answer in 250 words)
The National commission of women, apex national level organization of India with the mandate of protecting and promoting the interests of women, but it has a statutory status.
▪️Steps in constitutionalization of a Commission are:
1. A bill is introduced under Article 368 to amend the Constitution.
2. Bill has to be passed by both the houses by special majority.
3. Bill is given assent by the President.
▪️Benefits of constitutionalization of the commission:
✅ Independent Functioning: Today, although the NCW is an autonomous body, it is functioning as if it is under the ministry of women and child development.
▪️Constitutionalization will make following changes:
✅ Dependence on the Union government for the grant will not be there.
✅The commission will have the power to select its own members. Today, the power is vested with the Union Government.
✅The commission will have right to concrete legislative power. Today, It has only power to recommend amendments and submit reports which are not binding on the state or Union Government.
✅The commission can focus on Awareness about law for the women without ant hindrances.
✅ The National Commission for women in India seizes women’s cause only when it is brought to light. Now, Unreported cases of oppression and suppression of women will be attended to.
✅ Constitutionality on the lines of NCSCT, NCST, NCBC will make NCW a more effective grievance redressal body.
▪️Constitutionalization will not bring any major change because:
✅ The National commission on SC/ST is also a constitutional body and their recommendations are advisory in nature only.
✅ It will not reduce the tussle between the Government and commission as we have seen in the case of NCSC, Where the minister of social justice has refused to appoint the members of the commission because of an issue between the Minister and chairperson of the commission.
✅There is no guarantee that the report prepared by the commission is tabled on the floor of the house on time.
According to NCRB, Crimes against Women increased 7.3% from 2018 to 2019, which calls for strengthening the commission. Thus, Constitutionality to NCW will certainly be a big step towards gender justice and empowerment.
'Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries'. Comment with examples. (Answer in 150 words)
Indian diaspora comprised approximately 31 million people, of which PIOs were 17 million and NRIs were 13 million, spread across 146 countries in the world.
▪️Playing a Decisive Role:
✅Transfer of knowledge resources expertise
✅Soft diplomacy- Indian diaspora played a vital role in the success of Indo-US nuclear deal.
✅ Development of S&T
▪️Economic Implications:
✅The Indus Entrepreneur and Silicon Valley Bank had brought two delegations of Venture capital companies to explore potential investment opportunities.
✅ Diaspora is major source of trade investment
✅Indian diaspora gives largest remittance contributor in the world.
▪️Institutionalising Soft Power:
✅Dr. Anupama Kizhakkeveettil, from the Southern California University of Health Sciences, who enabled the Ayurveda Day celebrations for India Foundation’s Centre for Soft Power for the first time in the University.
✅Vairamuthu Vaithilingam, who traces his roots to South Tamil Nadu, organises one of Paris’ largest Ganesh Chaturthi Festival.
✅ Shoban Saxena enables Sao Paulo’s famous street carnival, Bloco Bollywood.
▪️Influencing Foreign Policy Decision:
✅Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal is a case in point, as ethnic Indians in the United States successfully lobbied for clenching of the Nuclear-deal.
▪️Diaspora Networks:
✅Another key component of the Diaspora impact on development are ‘Diaspora networks’ seen in literature as a bridge connecting developing economy insiders, with their risk-mitigating knowledge and
connections, to outsiders in command of technical know-how and investment capital.
Today, the Indian diaspora is more prosperous than before and its involvement in India’s development is increasing. In this context, India should craft fully conduct diaspora diplomacy so as to turn diaspora potential into diaspora dividend.
"Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission". Discuss.
(Answer in 150 words)
Recently, some of the sections of RTI like section 13, 16, 27 has been amended, which has the potential to impact the autonomy of the Information commission.
▪️Amendments done:
✅Term of Information Commissioners: The amendment states that the central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs.
✅Determination of salary: The amendment seeks an amendment to state that the salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government.
✅Deductions in salary: The Act states that at the time of the appointment of the CIC and ICs (at the central and state level), if they are receiving pension or any other retirement benefits for previous government service, their salaries will be reduced by an amount equal to the pension.
▪️Impact of such amendment on Autonomy and Independence of the Information Commission:
✅Dismantling of Transparency architecture.
✅ It has been criticised as an RTI elimination bill.
✅It shifts loyalty to the government from the public.
✅The CIC and IC deal with huge vested interest especially in senior bureaucracy, thus the amendment will impinge the working of commission.
✅Doctrine of checks and balances will be impacted.
It is a high time to understand that RTI is enacted not only to subserve but also to ensure freedom of speech, thus implement the recommendation of 2nd ARC - Setting the selection committee comprising of PM, LoP, CJI for the appointment of CIC, rather than destroy the independence of the commission.
How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India ?
The Himalayas are one of the most significant mountain ranges in the world, with an estimated height of over 8,849 meters. The melting of glaciers in the Himalayas is a cause of concern for India's water resources. As the source of many major rivers, including the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus, the melting of Himalayan glaciers can have far-reaching impacts on water availability, irrigation, hydropower generation, and socio-economic development in the region.
▪️The melting of Himalayan glaciers could impact the water resources:
✅ Increase in River flows: The melting of glaciers can lead to an increase in the volume and intensity of river flows, which can cause flash floods and landslides. E.g.- Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin, Population over 700 million people (2022).
✅ Impact on Monsoon: The Himalayas exerts a significant influence on seasonal shifts in the monsoon circulation and the distribution of rainfall in India. According to IPCC projections, the melting of glaciers could indicate a likely increase in summer rainfall by 4-12% in the near term and 4-25% in the long term. The south-west monsoon accounts for 70% of the annual rainfall in India. Changing monsoon patterns, including increased severity and frequency of storms, could lead to mountain hazards that may destroy critical infrastructure.
✅ Impact on agriculture: The melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the availability of water for irrigation, which could lead to a decline in crop yields and a significant impact on the
livelihoods of farmers.
✅ Impact on hydropower generation: Changes in the flow of water in rivers could affect the efficiency and reliability of hydropower plants, which could lead to power shortages and disruptions.
Conclusion: The Himalayas are of immense importance to the people who rely on their resources for their livelihood. The melting of the glaciers in this region has already begun to impact us severely. It is important to take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on the Himalayan glaciers and ensure the sustainable use of these resources for future generations.
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The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Rock-cut architecture is a significant aspect of Indian art and history, representing one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian civilization. The art of carving out temples, shrines, and other structures from rocks dates back to ancient times and is found in various parts of the country.
▪️The origins of rock-cut architecture can be traced back to the 2nd century BC, during the Mauryan Empire, when Emperor Ashoka commissioned several rock-cut edicts across India. The art form evolved over the centuries, with each region developing its unique style and techniques.
✅ Promotion of Religious Harmony and Unity: Rock-cut architecture showcased religious harmony and unity, as seen in the rock-cut temples of Ellora, which integrated Hindu,
Buddhist, and Jain religions in India.
✅ Facilitation of the Spread of Regional Art and Architecture: Rock-cut architecture spread regional art and architecture by incorporating local styles and techniques. For example, Ajanta's rock-cut caves express regional art and architecture in paintings, sculptures, and frescoes from the 2nd century BCE to 6th century CE.
✅ Promotion of Social Equality: Rock-cut architecture promoted social equality by allowing access to religious structures to people from all social classes. For instance, the rock-cut temples of Elephanta showcased the equal participation of people from different backgrounds in the construction and use of the temple.
✅Inspiration for Various Art Forms: Rock-cut architecture inspired art forms such as sculpture and painting. The Badami caves, built during 6th-8th centuries CE, influenced regional art and architecture.
✅ Influence on Philosophical and Spiritual Traditions: Rock-cut architecture influenced Buddhism and Jainism, emphasizing renunciation. Karla caves reflect Buddhist philosophy of detachment and renunciation.
Conclusion: Rock-cut architecture has not only contributed to the artistic and cultural heritage of India but also provided valuable insights into the social and economic life of ancient India. The preservation and promotion of these structures remain important in preserving India's rich cultural heritage for future generations.
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Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
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Money-laundering and its prevention
Que. Money laundering poses a serious security threat to a country’s economic sovereignty. What is its significance for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace? (2013)
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🔆Linkages between development and spread of extremism, Role of external state & non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security
Que.1 Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security in India. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats. (Answer in 250 words)
Que.2 The banning of ‘Jammat-e-Islami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize influence of OGWs. (2019)
Que.3 Indian Government has recently strengthened the anti-terrorism laws by amending the unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations.(2019)
Que.4 What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (2018)
Que.5 Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India’s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. (2018)
Que.6 The North-Eastern region of India has been infested with insurgency for a very long time. Analyze the major reasons for the survival of armed insurgency in this region. (2017)
Que.7 The persisting drives of the Government for development of large industries in backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine affected citizens back into the mainstream of social and economic growth. (2015)
Que.8 Article 244 of the Indian Constitution relates to administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas. Analyse the impact of non-implementation of the provisions of the Fifth schedule on the growth of Left Wing extremism. (2013 )
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🔆Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.
1. Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (2021)
2. Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2020)
3. ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’. (2020)
4. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (2018)
5. What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it. (2017)
6. What are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO? What is India’s position on these? (2016)
7. “The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of
globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective. (2016)
8. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council. (2015)
9. India has recently signed to become founding member of New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the strategic significance of these two Banks for India. (2014)
10. WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. (2014)
11. Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a
substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context. (2014)
12. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (2013)
Miscellaneous
1. “The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order” Elaborate (2019)
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🔆Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests
1. The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (2021)
2. “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (2021)
3. The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact would such agreements have on India’s interests? (2014)
4. The proposed withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests. (2013)
5. What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (2013)
6. The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India? (2013)
7. Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India? (2013)
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🔆India and its neighborhood- relations
1. A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone of interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018.(2018)
2. ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (2017)
3. The question of India’s Energy Security Constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (2017)
4. Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post Cold War international scenario. (2016)
5. “Increasing crossborder terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several memberstates by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples. (2016)
6. Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of Indian Government to improve relationship with its neighbours. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss. (2015)
7. Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India – Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples. (2015)
8. With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. (2014)
9. In respect of India-Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (2013)
10. What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. (2013)
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