52688
☑️ Join for mains Previous Year Questions Questions from 1999 - 2023 Questions will be segregated Subject/topic wise ✅Prelims PYQs @UPSC_Prelims_PYQ_MCQ ✅CSAT PYQs @UPSC_CSAT_PYQ
Q. India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its development. (15 marks)
Solar energy stands as the major component of renewable energy, due to large solar energy availability of 4000 trillion KWh per year in India. It has many advantages over conventional energy sources due to its clean nature, ease of production etc.
India’s Solar energy potential is
tremendous as it stands as a major player in the segment. India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC's) commitment includes 100 GW of solar power out of 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022. Currently, it stands at 43 GW.
▪️Regional variations:
✅ Desert areas of Rajasthan and Kutch have barren lands and receive high insolation- favouring Solar energy
✅ Himalayan and north east India receives low solar insolation or due to the terrain, generating solar energy is
not feasible
✅ Rooftop solar panel program has tremendous potential in making the urban cities a net electricity generator
✅ States closer to the tropics receive large solar insolation and are considered hotspots.
✅ Coastal states like Kerala have moderate generation potential due to the long monsoon season compared to heartland states.
▪️Challenges to Solar energy program:
✅ Overproduction leading to very low tariff rates.
✅ Production and technological barrier: lithium for PV cells is imported mainly from china.
✅ Poor integration of solar energy with grid
✅ Land acquisition for solar parks a very perilous task.
The Government of India has propelled the solar energy market with a plethora of initiatives and policies like PM KUSUM, SARAL Index, Floating solar plants in Gujarat, ISA etc.
Solar energy with its low carbon footprint can be a potential substitute for conventional energy sources and would help fulfil India’s commitments under INDCs and Panchamrit proposals at COP 26, Glasgow.
Shubham Kumar [Air 1, UPSC20] & Kartik Jivani (AIR 8, CSE 2020 )
GS 2 model answer
Join @CSE_EXAM
Q. Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (15 marks)
Urban flooding is primarily a consequence of anthropogenic activity wherein flood water transgresses into the urban or peri-urban areas. It has been a common menace worldwide in the 21st century, with Chennai floods of 2015 and the more recent Pune and Hyderabad floods being infamous examples.
▪️Causes behind Urban flooding:
✅ Climate change leading to excessive rainfall
✅ Downpour far exceeding city discharge capacity
✅ Poor waste management leading to choking of drains
✅ Unsustainable city planning without factoring hydrological concerns
✅ Destruction of Storage systems like wetlands, lakes due to urbanisation pressure
▪️Impact of urban flooding:
✅ Vector borne and water borne diseases like cholera, dengue etc.
✅ Damage to infrastructure- roads, buildings.
✅ Disruption of utilities supply like electricity, Broadband etc.
✅ Brings economic activities to a pause-impact on national scale.
✅ Disruption in transportation, aid and relief.
✅ Man-animal conflict- crocodiles entering residential areas during Vadodara floods.
▪️Remedial Measures:
✅ Climate resilient infrastructure- SPONGE cities proposed under SENDAI framework
✅ Use of technology for mitigation, adaptation and early warning
✅ Sustainable city planning with adequate emphasis on hydrology, topography and drainage
✅ Wetland reclamation, curtailing Encroachments and limiting building activity in dry seasons.
✅ Rainwater harvesting as mandated by MoHUA.
Cities serve as economic engines, contributing to 70% Gross Value Addition. With climate change being a prevalent reality, steps must be taken to adapt, mitigate and build flood resilient cities in accordance with Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) and Sendai Framework guidelines.
Q. The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multidimensional interrelated problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine.
Interlinking of river projects as under National River Linking project aspires to transfer water from water surplus regions to water deficient regions by linking rivers through a network of canals, barrages and reservoirs. First proposed in 1980, it is touted as a solution to problems of floods, droughts and internal navigation.
▪️Benefits of river interlinking:
✅ Power generation: Total 34 GW, will reduce dependence on coal.
✅ Seamless network of internal navigation connecting the hinterlands to mainland.
✅ Flood and drought Control via basin transfer of water from surplus to deficient regions.
✅ Solution to water crisis- a problem plaguing over 58% of India
✅ Irrigation benefits: to 35 million hectares of water deficit peninsular and western regions.
✅ Diversify income via fisheries.
✅ Ecological benefits like groundwater recharge, filtration.
▪️Concerns associated with the project:
✅ Very high project costs: approximately 5 lakh crores.
✅ Social impact: displacement of people, rehabilitation and compensation.
✅ Political conflicts due to water being in the state list of 7thschedule and lack of state level consensus.
✅ International disputes with neighbours like Bangladesh, Nepal.
✅ Issues with maintenance of canals- sedimentation.
✅ Environmental impact: project will require Submergence/Divergence of forests and agricultural lands- habitat loss to fauna as well as environmental degradation.
Ken Betwa river link threatens to submerge 25% of Panna TR. It is thus imperative that local solutions like the Aahar-Pyne model be focused upon, in addition to watershed management and rainwater harvesting.
The river linking project provides a unique opportunity to meet the challenge of floods, droughts and Interrupted navigation, but it comes with its own set of challenges. Thus, it requires careful deliberation and case by case consideration.
Shubham Kumar [Air 1, UPSC20] & Kartik Jivani (AIR 8, CSE 2020 )
GS 1 model answer
Join @CSE_EXAM
Q. Indian philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and art in India. Discuss (15 marks)
India has a rich history of monuments and art forms. From different invasions to the British period, they played a role in our way of life. However, it is the Indian philosophy and tradition that played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and art in India as well.
▪️Some of the aspects are as follows:
✅ Varna System: It had a great influence on Indian philosophy and tradition that is also evident in how things got conceived and contributed to the structural growth of cities.
✅ Literature: Scriptures like The Bhagavad Gita is one the most influential philosophies that shaped our heritage. It presents these ideas alongside the idea of svadharma.
✅ Dance: Indian classical dance celebrates multiple truths embracing diversity and its universal acceptance. E.g.:
Tandava Dance of the Nataraja.
✅ Music: Carnatic music is considered spiritual and one that can elevate the individual, both intellectually and emotionally.
✅ Temple Architecture: The Indian temples are heavily inspired by the customs, traditions and ancient philosophies. Example: Temples of Khajuraho symbolically highlight the four goals and necessary pursuits and goals of human life as per Hinduism.
✅ Yoga-Way of life: Yoga admits the existence of God as a teacher and guide. It has become a tradition in India and practised all over the world.
✅ Nyaya Philosophy: Nyaya Philosophy states that nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach).
✅ Buddhist philosophy: Buddhism is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or nonexistence of God.
Philosophy in India is not only teaching but a way of life that passes across generations and influences the world. The establishment of the Nataraja statue in CERN is an expression of Indian philosophy, science and a balance of life.
CSM GS2 Paper 3
#Mains2023
#GS2
Join @CSE_EXAM
@TESTSERIES1
Q. Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue.
Regionalism is a sense of expression and identity towards a geographical region. Regionalism is a permanent feature of Indian society as our national identity is only a century old while our regional identity is way older.
▪️Rising assertion of cultural identity has been a major cause of regionalism in India:
✅ Supremacy of one identity over other: Attacks on people from north east in Delhi, Bangalore etc
✅ Economic factors: Sons of soil movement against migrants in Maharashtra
✅ Separate state demand to protect interest: Bodoland, Gorkhaland
✅ Militant regionalism: Tripura, Nagaland etc
✅ Regionalism coloured with religious doctrines: Khalistan in 1980s
✅ Expression of regional culture: Karnataka state flag controversy
✅ Role of regional parties and elections fought on insider vs outsider.
Regionalism isn't always detrimental. It helps in power decentralisation, voicing aspirations etc. However, at its extreme, it is a threat to national integration and security. Government, with cultural exchanges, national education and schemes like Ek bharat-Shresth Bharat should push for achieving a pan national integration of minds and hearts as envisioned in preamble.
Q. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (10 Marks)
▪️Accelerated Class Inequalities and Poverty in India:
✅ The State of working India report 2021 by Azim Premji shows people are moving from formal to informal work.
✅ Poverty rates in rural areas have increased by 15% points and in urban areas by 20% points.
✅ The conditions are worse when we look into the poverty data by caste, religion.
✅ According to the Oxfam Report, India's richest 1% of the population hold 42.5% of national wealth while the bottom 50%, the majority of the population, owns a mere 2.8%.
✅ The World Bank assesses that this pandemic will push an extra 88 million to 115 million individuals into outrageous destitution with the complete ascending to around 150 million by 2021 where the new poor would be in nations previously having high neediness rates.
The government has launched PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana and Atma-Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan to check rising Inequalities and Poverty. However, undoing the impacts of Covid-19 will certainly not be a short-term process.
Q. The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples.
Desertification is the gradual degeneration of land productivity and quality caused due to climate change or anthropogenic activities. It is not the extension of deserts but a reduction in capacity of land to provide services.
▪️Desertification is caused by multiple factors like Overgrazing, groundwater exploitation, Unsustainable farming etc. Why desertification doesn't have climatic boundaries:
✅ Primarily associated with Arid regions, but increased climatic pressure has extended it to semi-arid and sub-humid regions.
✅ The northward movement of arid lands is its prominent indicator. E.g.: Southern Punjab showing conditions similar to the dry Rajasthan.
✅ Climate change has impacted rainfall duration and volume, further extending the dry regions.
✅ Land degradation is a global concern- from Canada to the Kalaharis of Africa.
✅ Climate activities like ocean currents, trade winds influence precipitation, leading to erosion either via excess (water erosion) or deficiency (wind erosion).
Desertification would lead not only to erosion of soil and productivity loss, but also economic crisis and food
security challenges. It is thus necessary for a global action to fight the menace that knows no national or climatic boundaries.
Q. Discuss the types of organized crimes. Describe the linkages between terrorists and organised crime that exist at the national and transnational levels. (Answer in 150 words)
Terrorism can be differentiated from organized crime by the fact that aims of the former is political/ideological while that of organized crime is profit and money making.
▪️Types of organized crime:
✅Drug dealing
✅Trafficking
✅Money Laundering
✅Fake currency notes
▪️Symbiotic relation between Terrorism and Organized Crime: -
✅Drug trafficking, gun running, extortion, kidnapping, contract killing are used to raise money for their organization.
✅ Network of people, resources and logistics symbiotically support each other. For example, members of
Dawood Ibrahim gang conducted a series of bomb blasts in Mumbai in 1993.
✅ Terrorist groups conduct drug trafficking’s to ensure channels of terror finance.
✅ Terrorist groups also support drug trafficking networks through arms, ammunitions as well as support criminals in border crossings.
✅ For example: terror movement in Punjab coincided with rise of Golden Crescent as hub for drug smuggling.
▪️Problems in control efforts: -
✅Use of modern technology like Deep web and Dark web for sale of illicit items and secure funding is key challenge.
✅ Legal vacuum, for example inadequate special laws to control or suppress organized crime.
✅ Inadequate resources and training, for example glaring inadequacy in police personnel
and infrastructure, weak forensic team, lack of training for investigating organized crimes.
▪️Measures to control organized crime: -
✅Indian Penal Code Section 120-B provides for punishment for criminal conspiracy.
✅ State level laws like Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime.
✅ The National Security Act 1980 which provides for preventive detention by Central or State Government or by officers designated by Government.
✅ Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act provide for detention of persons involved in such crimes.
The frontier for action to address organized crime and terrorism is to improve policing, coordinated intelligence through Multi Agency Centre, better border and cyber security.
Q. Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India [150 Words]
India is one of the world's largest producers as well as consumer of food products. Food processing is a sunrise industry (annual growth rate of 10%) in India and is increasingly seen as a potential source for driving the rural economy as it brings about synergy between the consumer, industry and agriculture. With a large agricultural resource base, abundant livestock and cost competitiveness, India is fast emerging as a sourcing hub of processed foods.
▪️Following is the scope and significance of food processing industry:
✅One-third of the population is living in urban areas and this urbanisation will shift the consumption towards packaged and ready-to-eat foods.
✅With favourable economic & cultural transformation, shift in attitudes & lifestyles, consumers are experimenting with different cuisines, tastes and new brands.
✅Demand for processed food rising with growing disposable income, urbanising young population, growing middle-class, and nuclear families.
✅Changing lifestyle and increase in awareness and concern for wellness and health has increased the expenditure on health and nutritional food like high protein, low fat, wholegrain and organic food.
✅Government is supporting food processing activities with various schemes like Mega Food Parks, SAMPADA scheme, TOP scheme etc.
Food processing industry is one of the major employment intensive segments and can play a major role in encouraging the movement of labour from agriculture to manufacturing, thereby removing the problem of disguised unemployment and increasing the productivity of labour and wages.
Q. Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP
model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. [150 Words]
Public Private Partnership (PPP) is a way to execute and maintain a project (generally an infrastructure project) for delivering of goods and services through collaboration of government and private sector. Infrastructure projects in India were built by Government till 1990. But in the post liberalization era, various infrastructure projects are being built on PPP model.
▪️The main reasons for why PPP is required for infrastructure projects are:
✅There is major infrastructure deficit which the government cannot build on its own
✅ Infrastructure is capital intensive and private sector can bring in the required financial resources
✅For faster infrastructure development we require the speed and skill of the private sector
✅Private sector is relative more effective in executing and maintaining infrastructure projects
✅Private sector can bring in better technology and knowhow
▪️Indian Railways has adopted three models for station redevelopment:
✅ One is the PPP model, under which a project is planned, statutory clearances obtained and a developer is chosen to upgrade a facility. Habibganj, in the suburbs of Bhopal, is the country’s first railway station to be redeveloped as a PPP project.
✅The second is collaboration with foreign governments to develop stations.
✅The third model is the Swiss Challenge method, where bidders have the freedom to design and develop a project on their own.
Rail infrastructure development, having the highest multiplier impact, can play a major role in making India a developed economy by 2047.
प्र. भारत में सौर ऊर्जा की अपार संभावनाएं हैं हालांकि इसके विकास में क्षेत्रीय विविधताएं हैं। (15 अंक)
भारत में प्रति वर्ष 4000 ट्रिलियन किलोवाट की बड़ी सौर ऊर्जा उपलब्धता के कारण, सौर ऊर्जा नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा का प्रमुख घटक है। इसकी स्वच्छ प्रकृति, उत्पादन में आसानी आदि के कारण पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोतों की तुलना में इसके कई फायदे हैं।
भारत की सौर ऊर्जा क्षमता है
यह जबरदस्त है क्योंकि यह इस क्षेत्र में एक प्रमुख खिलाड़ी के रूप में खड़ा है। भारत की इच्छित राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान (आईएनडीसी) प्रतिबद्धता में 2022 तक 175 गीगावॉट नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा में से 100 गीगावॉट सौर ऊर्जा शामिल है। वर्तमान में, यह 43 गीगावॉट है।
▪️क्षेत्रीय विविधताएँ:
✅ राजस्थान और कच्छ के रेगिस्तानी इलाकों में बंजर भूमि है और उच्च सूर्यातप प्राप्त होता है - जो सौर ऊर्जा के अनुकूल है
✅ हिमालय और उत्तर पूर्व भारत में कम सौर सूर्यातप प्राप्त होता है या भूभाग के कारण सौर ऊर्जा उत्पन्न होती है
लाभप्रद नहीं
✅ रूफटॉप सोलर पैनल कार्यक्रम में शहरी शहरों को शुद्ध बिजली जनरेटर बनाने की जबरदस्त क्षमता है
✅उष्णकटिबंधीय के नजदीक वाले राज्यों में बड़े पैमाने पर सौर सूर्यातप प्राप्त होता है और उन्हें हॉटस्पॉट माना जाता है।
✅ केरल जैसे तटीय राज्यों में मुख्य राज्यों की तुलना में लंबे मानसून के मौसम के कारण मध्यम उत्पादन क्षमता होती है।
▪️सौर ऊर्जा कार्यक्रम की चुनौतियाँ:
✅ अतिउत्पादन के कारण टैरिफ दरें बहुत कम हो गईं।
✅ उत्पादन और तकनीकी बाधा: पीवी कोशिकाओं के लिए लिथियम मुख्य रूप से चीन से आयात किया जाता है।
✅ग्रिड के साथ सौर ऊर्जा का खराब एकीकरण
✅ सोलर पार्क के लिए भूमि अधिग्रहण एक बहुत ही जोखिम भरा काम।
भारत सरकार ने पीएम कुसुम, सरल इंडेक्स, गुजरात में फ्लोटिंग सोलर प्लांट, आईएसए आदि जैसी कई पहलों और नीतियों के साथ सौर ऊर्जा बाजार को आगे बढ़ाया है।
अपने कम कार्बन पदचिह्न के साथ सौर ऊर्जा पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोतों का एक संभावित विकल्प हो सकती है और सीओपी 26, ग्लासगो में आईएनडीसी और पंचामृत प्रस्तावों के तहत भारत की प्रतिबद्धताओं को पूरा करने में मदद करेगी।
Shubham Kumar [Air 1, UPSC20] & Kartik Jivani (AIR 8, CSE 2020 )
GS 3 model answer
Join @CSE_EXAM
Q. Since the decade of 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (15 marks)
The Indian national movement was undoubtedly one of the biggest mass movements modern societies have ever seen. However, it was the post-1920s that saw an evolution of INM and it led to a spectrum of ideas from left to right expanding its social phase which was largely educated middle-class.
▪️The views of the various ideological strands are as follows:
✅ Gandhism: Ideas based on non-violence, truth appealed to common masses and more so women.
✅ Communism: Led by M N Roy and other leaders. it focussed on freedom of labour and peasants sought to include them in the movement.
✅ Socialism: A new crop of leaders within Congress like S.C Bose, Jawahar Lal Nehru sought to broaden the idea of an equal society with the role for almost all classes.
✅ The revolutionary idea with traits of socialism: Bhagat Singh (HSRA) brought more youths
✅ Capitalism: The emergence of the indigenous capitalist class sought their restrained role in national movement through support to Congress.
✅ Islamist nationalism: New youth disenchanted with the British rule and treatment to Khalifa supported nationalism and broadening INM as seen in Muslims huge participation in NCM. But later on, it developed into an idea of a separate nation led by Jinnah.
✅ Communalism: British 'divide and rule' yielded results with communalism dividing the movement and weakening it from time to time.
✅ The idea of marginalised liberation: It developed in parallel with INM where both British and Indian elite were considered exploiter, thus a united movement by marginalised as well gaining concession from the government was approached.
It will be accurate to say that these strands did not behave exclusively in their capacities, rather they complemented and supplemented each other one way and another. It resulted in the social base to stand out as togetherness of different masses.
Q. Persian literary sources of mediaeval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment?
Persian literature gained prominence during the Delhi Sultanate primarily during the mediaeval era around 12th AD. The writings of Fariq-i-Firuz Shahi, Akbarnama and many more explored the socio-political conditions of that period.
▪️The Persian literature reflects the spirit of the age in the following ways:
1. Political structure of Mediaeval India:
a. Ziauddin Barani’s Tahrik-i- Firoz Shahi about Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
b. Akbar Nama by Abu Fazl.
c. Both described the Political unit at centre, provincial and state level along with the type of administration
during Delhi and Mughal dynasties.
2. Social Aspects: Amir Khusro reflected that:
a. Brahmins were the dominant sections among the Hindus.
b. He also mentions the exploitative nature of the Jizya Tax.
c. He reflected the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.
3. Religious Aspect:
a. Religious tolerance towards others.
b. Important festivals as means of entertainment.
c. Tuzuq-i-Jahagiri, Rihala are a few of the important sources.
Overall, these Persian sources not only talk about the Indian condition but also popularized Indian culture worldwide. For example, Dara Shikoh translated Gita and Mahabharata into Persian. They also bring different ideas to the sub-continent. The development of Hindavi and Urdu is very much influenced by the work of Amir Khusro.
Not all who wander are lost
J.R.R. Tolkien's "Not all who wander are lost" has many meanings.
My interpretations:
1) Wandering can help you discover new things. Wandering can lead to unexpected sights, sounds, and experiences that enrich our lives.
2) Self-discovery: Wandering can help us discover ourselves. We can discover our strengths, weaknesses, and passions by trying new things.
3) Freedom: Wandering can help you escape societal constraints and expectations. Wandering can give us freedom and independence to be ourselves.
4) Heroism: The quote implies that not all wanderers are lost, but may be on a heroic journey. This implies that wandering can be a way to achieve a noble goal, even if others don't see it.
5) Creativity: Wandering can inspire and stimulate creativity. We may find new ideas, perspectives, and stimuli that inspire us and provide new insights when we wander.
"Not all who wander are lost" is a quote that promotes the value of exploring the unknown. Whether we travel for self-discovery, freedom, heroism, or creativity, the journey has meaning.
Credit Dr. Gaurav J. Sontake
🔆GS2 Marks
✅Polity and Constitution : 140
✅Governance Social Justice: 60
✅International Relations: 50
✅Polity and Constitution : Question 5 (10 marks), 6 question (15 marks)
✅Governance social justice: 3 Question (10 marks) , 2 Question (15 marks)
✅International Relations: 2 question (10 marks), 2 Question (15marks)
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Anmolvachan1
CSM GS2 Paper 3
#Mains2023
#GS2
Join @CSE_EXAM
@TESTSERIES1
CSM GS1 Paper
#Mains2023
#GS1
Join @CSE_EXAM
@TESTSERIES1
“A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity”
Ralph Nader
✅ The saying "A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity" by Ralph Nader raises important questions about the interplay between justice and charity.
✅ This essay aims to explore the connection between these two societal aspects, analyzing how a just society can potentially reduce the need for extensive charitable activities.
▪️ Justice
✅ To understand the relationship between justice and charity, it is crucial to define justice first. Justice entails fairness, equality, and impartiality within a society. It ensures that everyone is treated with respect, their rights are protected, and opportunities are distributed equitably. In a just society, the law prevails, and systemic inequalities are minimized.
▪️Reducing Root Causes of Injustice:
✅ A society that aims for justice focuses on preventing injustice at its root causes. This includes addressing economic disparities, ensuring equal access to education, healthcare, and basic necessities. By tackling systemic injustices, such as poverty and discrimination, a just society aims to minimize the need for charitable interventions that simply treat symptoms rather than address the underlying problems.
▪️Empowering Individuals and Communities:
✅ Justice aims to empower individuals and communities, allowing them to participate fully in society. When people have access to quality education, employment opportunities, and supportive environments, they are better equipped to meet their needs and contribute meaningfully. Empowered individuals are less dependent on charity since they have the means to support themselves and their communities.
▪️Ensuring Social Safety Nets:
✅ In a just society, social safety nets are put in place to support vulnerable individuals and alleviate their conditions. These safety nets include fair labor laws, income support programs, healthcare systems, and affordable housing initiatives. By providing a strong social welfare framework, a just society reduces the necessity and extent of charitable interventions for those in need.
▪️The Role of Charity in a Just Society:
✅ Though justice aims to reduce the need for charity, it does not eliminate it entirely. Charity plays a vital role in supporting marginalized groups, responding to emergencies, and providing immediate assistance to those facing hardships. However, in a just society, charitable efforts are complementary rather than essential for basic survival.
Conclusion
✅ The relationship between justice and charity is complex but interconnected. A society that prioritizes justice seeks to address the underlying causes of inequality and empowers individuals and communities to become self-sufficient. By doing so, it reduces the need for extensive charitable interventions and fosters a society where everyone can participate equitably and with dignity. However, charity remains an important aspect of societal compassion and support, especially during emergencies and for the most vulnerable populations. Ultimately, striving for more justice can lead to a society where charity becomes less necessary for the overall well-being of its members.
#essay
#explain
#quotes
Join @Anmolvachan1
@upsc_toppers_essay
CSM Essay Paper
#Mains2023
Join @CSE_EXAM
@TESTSERIES1
Q. Account for the present location of Iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material, by giving examples.
Iron and Steel Industry (ISI) forms the backbone of the industrial sector as it serves as a key input material to many industries. Today, India stands as the second largest producer of steel in the world. Initially they were located close to the source of raw materials, namely coal, water, and limestone. However, there has been a shift away from the raw material source.
▪️Reasons behind the shift:
✅ Poor quality of coal and iron ore necessitates import of better-quality raw materials. Hence located near ports. E.g.: Vizag steel plant
✅ Well-developed road and rail network enable easy transport of raw material and finished goods
✅ Location near ports for export. E.g.: Ratnagiri steel imported from goa
✅ Located closer to major domestic markets to lower transport costs and promote manufacturing
✅ Improvement in technology like electric arc furnace has removed the need to be located near raw materials
ISI is a keystone industry with tremendous economic implications in backward and forward linkages. The Government of India came up with National steel policy 2017 to create a globally competitive steel industry in India.
#gs1 2020
#geography
Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
Q. The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (Answer in 150 words)
Life Expectancy is an estimate of the average number of additional years that a person of a given age can expect to live. According to Registrar General of India, India’s life expectancy is 69.
▪️New Health Challenges:
✅Rise in Elderly Population: The Quality of Life for Elderly Index mentions that the share of elders is expected to increase from around 7.5% in 2001 and will surpass 19.5% by 2050
✅Feminisation of Ageing in rural India.
✅ Increased requirement of Geriatric Care leading to issues in social security net and rising government budgets.
✅ Challenges with Health Insurance: Less than 1% of older adults have health insurance, and ageing-related
morbidities are a grey area in terms of coverage.
✅ Changing Disease Burden: With the number of non-communicable diseases is already outgrowing infectious diseases contributing to 60% of deaths.
▪️Steps to be taken:
✅Geriatric pharmacotherapy to be included in the Undergraduate, PG and Nursing course to understand the impact of drugs on elderly.
✅ Utilise NGO like Help age India.
✅ Provide easy access to preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative services to the elderly at all levels
of health care delivery system along with specialized long-term and short-term training of health professionals.
Health education programmes using mass media, folk media and other communication channels are being promoted to reach out to the target community for promoting the concept of healthy ageing, importance of physical exercise, healthy habits, and reduction of stress.
Q. Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. [150 Words]
Inclusive growth is economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity to every section of the society. A market economy is one in which the allocation of resources and the prices of goods and services are determined by market forces, primarily supply and demand.
▪️Even in a market economy, Government has resources and tools to steer the economy towards inclusive growth.
And this can be done in the following ways:
✅Government focussing on provision of public services like quality education and health which enhances the capability of the people
✅Measures to reduce corruption in day-to-day life of the people
✅Focus should be more in the sectors where the poor work ex. in agriculture and rural infrastructure
✅Focus should be more on productive employment generation rather than subsidies
▪️In the last few years, Government has taken several steps in improving the financial inclusion which has impacted economic growth in India in the following ways:
✅More than 43 crore Jan Dhan Accounts have been opened which has mobilized the savings of the people resulting in higher investment and growth
✅ Financial inclusion helps in reducing income inequality and poverty leading to higher growth
✅Through financial inclusion, Govt. has been able to transfer funds to poor through DBT (ex. Ujjwala scheme, PM Kisan etc) which protected livelihoods and supported demand in the economy leading to growth
✅ Financial inclusion has led to increased tax base and tax buoyancy, providing more resources to Govt. which has pumped these resources in stimulating the economy resulting in higher growth.
Inclusive financial system is a key to sustainable development and growth of a nation wherein all segments of the society have timely access to financial services at an affordable cost.
Q. ‘Clean energy is the order of the day’. Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (Answer in 250 words)
Clean energy is energy that comes from renewable, zero emission sources that do not pollute the atmosphere when used, as well as energy saved by energy efficiency measures.
✅ PM Narendra Modi floated the idea of the One Sun One World One Grid Declaration (OSOWOG) with the objective to aid in developing a worldwide grid to reduce carbon footprints and energy costs.
✅ International Solar Alliance: In pursuance to enhance Solar Energy production, India along with France launched the International Solar Alliance with the aim to promote solar energy in 121 member countries and to mobilize over $1 trillion of investment for the deployment of solar energy at affordable costs.
✅ Act East Policy: Building LNG terminals in Ennore, Vizag and Dhamra on East coast and sharing MoU electricity in BBIN
✅ IEA’s India Energy Outlook 2021 – India’s oil demand is seen rising by 74% to 8.7 million barrels per day by
2040 under the existing policies scenario.
India being a developing country and fastest growing economy, India’s energy requirement is full filled through fossil fuels for its development prospective. Recently India completed its 35% energy requirement INDC target well before time. This shows India is increasing its reliance on green energy and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. India took initiatives such as Green hydrogen mission.
Recently, India ranked 10th in climate change performance index. India is encouraging and taking lead in clear energy initiatives in international to become climate leader in geo-politics.