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प्रश्न) भारत में लोक प्रशासन और शासन सुधारों के संदर्भ में 'न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन' की अवधारणा पर चर्चा करें। सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए इस सिद्धांत को प्रभावी ढंग से कैसे लागू किया जा सकता है?
(250 शब्द, 15 अंक)
📍उत्तर:
"न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन" एक लोकप्रिय नारा है
एक प्रमुख सिद्धांत को समाहित करता है
भारत में सार्वजनिक प्रशासन और शासन सुधार। यह एक दुबली और कुशल सरकार की आवश्यकता पर जोर देती है जो अधिकतम प्रभावशीलता सुनिश्चित करते हुए अपने मुख्य कार्यों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती है
सार्वजनिक सेवाएं प्रदान करने में जवाबदेही। भारत में सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए इसे निम्नलिखित तरीकों से लागू किया जा सकता है:
✅नौकरशाही लालफीताशाही को कम करना: सुव्यवस्थित करना
प्रशासनिक प्रक्रियाएं, अनावश्यक कागजी कार्रवाई में कटौती और नियमों को सरल बनाने से नागरिकों और व्यवसायों के लिए सरकार के साथ बातचीत करना आसान हो सकता है। प्रक्रियाओं का डिजिटलीकरण और स्वचालन इस लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: अधिकारियों के साथ आमने-सामने बैठक के लिए सीबीडीटी के प्रयास।
✅मुख्य कार्यों पर ध्यान दें: "न्यूनतम सरकार" का तात्पर्य है कि सरकार को अपने मुख्य कार्यों, जैसे कानून प्रवर्तन, राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा, बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास और सामाजिक कल्याण पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: यूपी का सिंगल विंडो क्लीयरेंस, निवेश के लिए निवेश मित्र पोर्टल
✅ सार्वजनिक-निजी भागीदारी (पीपीपी): सरकार और निजी क्षेत्र के बीच सहयोग विशेष रूप से स्वास्थ्य देखभाल, शिक्षा और बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास जैसे क्षेत्रों में दोनों क्षेत्रों की विशेषज्ञता और संसाधनों का उपयोग करके "अधिकतम शासन" प्राप्त करने में मदद कर सकता है।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: जवाहरलाल नेहरू (जेएलएन) स्टेडियम, दिल्ली का पुनर्विकास
✅विकेंद्रीकरण: स्थानीय सरकारों और समुदायों को सशक्त बनाने से जमीनी स्तर पर शासन को बढ़ाया जा सकता है। स्थानीय सरकारों को निर्णय लेने का अधिकार और वित्तीय संसाधन सौंपने से बेहतर-लक्षित सेवाएं प्राप्त हो सकती हैं जो विभिन्न क्षेत्रों की विशिष्ट आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करती हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: 73वां और 74वां संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियम
✅पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही: "अधिकतम शासन" का एक प्रमुख पहलू सरकारी कार्यों में पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित करना है। नियमित ऑडिट और प्रदर्शन मूल्यांकन भी सरकारी संस्थानों को उनके कार्यों के लिए जवाबदेह बना सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम और ई-गवर्नेंस पहल को लागू करना।
🔰मनरेगा में सामाजिक अंकेक्षण
✅नागरिक सहभागिता: नागरिक भागीदारी और फीडबैक तंत्र को प्रोत्साहित करने से मदद मिल सकती है
प्रशासन लोगों की जरूरतों के प्रति अधिक संवेदनशील है। सार्वजनिक परामर्श, शिकायत के लिए मंच
निवारण तंत्र और नागरिक सर्वेक्षण नीति निर्माण और सेवा वितरण के लिए मूल्यवान अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान कर सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: MyGov: सुशासन की दिशा में नागरिकों की भागीदारी के लिए एक मंच
✅क्षमता निर्माण: प्रभावी शासन के लिए सरकारी संस्थानों और सिविल सेवकों की क्षमता का निर्माण महत्वपूर्ण है। प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम, व्यावसायिक विकास, और
प्रदर्शन-आधारित प्रोत्साहन
लोक सेवकों के कौशल और प्रेरणा को बढ़ा सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: मिशन कर्मयोगी आईजीओटी
✅प्रौद्योगिकी का उपयोग
🔰डिजिटल भुगतान, ऑनलाइन सेवा पोर्टल और डेटा एनालिटिक्स जैसी पहल सेवा वितरण को सुव्यवस्थित कर सकती हैं और भ्रष्टाचार को कम कर सकती हैं।
🔰ई-कोर्ट, माई जीओवी प्लेटफॉर्म, गवर्नमेंट ई मार्केटप्लेस (जीईएम), आदि।
"न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन" की अवधारणा सरकार की भूमिका को अनुकूलित करने के बारे में है
भारत में इसे अपने नागरिकों की जरूरतों के प्रति अधिक कुशल, जवाबदेह और उत्तरदायी बनाकर। इस सिद्धांत के प्रभावी कार्यान्वयन के लिए नीतिगत सुधारों, प्रौद्योगिकी को अपनाने और प्रतिबद्धता के संयोजन की आवश्यकता है
पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही. इन रणनीतियों को अपनाकर, भारत अपने सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ा सकता है, अंततः अपने नागरिकों के लिए जीवन की गुणवत्ता में सुधार कर सकता है और आर्थिक वृद्धि और विकास को बढ़ावा दे सकता है।
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Q. How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis on the culture of consumption? (10 Marks)
✅The middle classes constitute a critical market for most goods and services.
✅ A sizable portion of any nation’s tax revenue is collected either directly or indirectly from this group and they are important for economic and social development via urbanization and. industrialization.
✅Middle class working in metro cities but due to heavy land cost, they are purchasing lands in Tier 2 cities. Ex:- Sonipat because of NCR Development.
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✅ Purchasing power of middle class have increased and thus shift in the pattern of consumption has been observed.
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Q.Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (15 Marks)
Answer: Animals played a very significant role in early Indian art and iconography. Among the elements in nature, animal portrayals received greater attention. Among animals lion and bull received much attention in mythology, art and architecture.
Significance of the lion figure:
✅ From the primitive era, the lion is considered as the symbol of strength and power and worshipped through all ages in India as a symbol of royalty, leadership and protection as well as of wisdom and pride.
✅ Lions symbolically have played significant roles in magic, as deities or close association with deities.
✅ The lion symbolism and its cultural depictions can be found in Hindu and Buddhist art of India and Southeast Asia.
✅ Narasimha ("man-lion"), Narasinga, is described as an incarnation (Avatara) of Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism.
✅ Lions are also found in Buddhist symbolism. Lion pillars (Sarnath Lion capital, Sanchi Lion capital) erected
by Ashoka show lions and the chakra emblem.
✅In Buddhist architecture, lion figure were used as protectors of Dharma and symbolic of the Bodhisattvas.
Significance of the bull figures:
✅ The Bull is associated with a number of divinities but, primarily, its association with Siva in Hindu religion, Adinatha in Jaina religion and its relation with the Buddha Sakyamuni. It was a secular symbol.
✅ Nandi is the sacred bull of the Hindu god Shiva. Nandi is Shiva’s animal form, his means of transportation, and his most ardent worshiper.
✅ The white colour of the bull symbolizes purity and justice.
✅ Nandi is also believed to promote fertility, its relation to the fertility cult and its usefulness as a domesticated animal as reflected in ancient Indian art.
✅ During Indus valley civilization bull was presented in stone, clay, metal, seals and terracottas.
✅ In Ashoka pillar, the figure of bull was embossed on their capital or found relieved on abacus.
✅ During Gupta period, it became an established religious symbol.
✅ Chola’s constructed sacred bull of shiva (nandi) in various temples.
Thus, In Indian mythology, art and architecture animal not only represents just nature element but also religious, cultural and social significance.
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Q.Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (15 Marks)
Answer: Animals played a very significant role in early Indian art and iconography. Among the elements in nature, animal portrayals received greater attention. Among animals lion and bull received much attention in mythology, art and architecture.
Significance of the lion figure:
✅ From the primitive era, the lion is considered as the symbol of strength and power and worshipped through all ages in India as a symbol of royalty, leadership and protection as well as of wisdom and pride.
✅ Lions symbolically have played significant roles in magic, as deities or close association with deities.
✅ The lion symbolism and its cultural depictions can be found in Hindu and Buddhist art of India and Southeast Asia.
✅ Narasimha ("man-lion"), Narasinga, is described as an incarnation (Avatara) of Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism.
✅ Lions are also found in Buddhist symbolism. Lion pillars (Sarnath Lion capital, Sanchi Lion capital) erected
by Ashoka show lions and the chakra emblem.
✅In Buddhist architecture, lion figure were used as protectors of Dharma and symbolic of the Bodhisattvas.
Significance of the bull figures:
✅ The Bull is associated with a number of divinities but, primarily, its association with Siva in Hindu religion, Adinatha in Jaina religion and its relation with the Buddha Sakyamuni. It was a secular symbol.
✅ Nandi is the sacred bull of the Hindu god Shiva. Nandi is Shiva’s animal form, his means of transportation, and his most ardent worshiper.
✅ The white colour of the bull symbolizes purity and justice.
✅ Nandi is also believed to promote fertility, its relation to the fertility cult and its usefulness as a domesticated animal as reflected in ancient Indian art.
✅ During Indus valley civilization bull was presented in stone, clay, metal, seals and terracottas.
✅ In Ashoka pillar, the figure of bull was embossed on their capital or found relieved on abacus.
✅ During Gupta period, it became an established religious symbol.
✅ Chola’s constructed sacred bull of shiva (nandi) in various temples.
Thus, In Indian mythology, art and architecture animal not only represents just nature element but also religious, cultural and social significance.
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Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
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Q. Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (10 marks)
The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines Global public health security as “the activities required to minimise the danger and impact of acute public health events that endanger the collective health of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries.
▪️The WHO’s weak response to China’s mishandling of the COVID-19 outbreak has questioned the WHO’s credibility.
✅ The USA alleged the objections by WHO ‘to travel bans from China and termed it ‘a horrible, tragic mistake.’
✅ Since China acceded to the UN in 1971, it has periodically blocked Taiwan’s WHO membership on the grounds that the democratically governed island is part of China.
✅ It struggles to set its own priorities because many of its donors give it money earmarked for specific projects.
✅ The organisation’s Lyon-based International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) issued confusing warnings on everything from the air we breathe to the meat we eat to the phones we use.
✅ Too Many Chiefs: The WHO is unique among UN agencies because its structure includes six regional offices, each with its own director elected by regional member states. The flaws in the structure were evident in the Ebola crisis.
▪️However, WHO played an active role too like:
✅ Ensuring vital supplies reach frontline health workers
✅ Training and mobilising health workers.
✅ Helping the countries in the development of a vaccine.
✅ Important role of WHO in finding the roots of the virus in China.
✅ Coordination among nations for better information dissemination.
✅ Doing research on its genome sequencing.
WHO should bring the world’s scientists and global health professionals together to accelerate the research and development process, and develop new norms and standards to contain the spread of the coronavirus pandemic and help care for those affected.
Q. ‘The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government.’ Discuss. (10 marks)
Fourth Industrial Revolution includes development of new digital technologies that has improved the functioning of society. Components include Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Machine Learning etc that have been a recent phenomenon.
▪️Role of fourth industrial revolution in integrating e-governance
✅ Easier access to services: Through digital revolution and technology improvement, access to government services has become easier. Latest technology such as cloud computing have improved connectivity issues that had been plaguing digital governance.
✅ Better policy measures: New technology such as Big Data, Data Mining etc has capacity to identify useful aspects from large datasets. This will allow policy makers to make clear distinction between what is useful for the future. This ensures better policy measures.
✅ Faster resolution of grievances: Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have helped in evolution of new grievance resolution techniques such as bots. This has led to faster reduction in public issues.
✅ Transparency: Technology growth has created new opportunities for improving transparency in governance. This includes monitoring misgovernance such as corruption or favouritism.
However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is facing different challenges like: Poor Internet Connectivity, Digital illiteracy and Issue of security and Privacy . The World Economic Forum has launched a Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) in India.
Government along with other stakeholders should cooperate effectively to use this opportunity to enhance e-governance under the umbrella of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Q. Discuss the types of organized crimes. Describe the linkages between terrorists and organised crime that exist at the national and transnational levels. (Answer in 150 words)
Terrorism can be differentiated from organized crime by the fact that aims of the former is political/ideological while that of organized crime is profit and money making.
▪️Types of organized crime:
✅Drug dealing
✅Trafficking
✅Money Laundering
✅Fake currency notes
▪️Symbiotic relation between Terrorism and Organized Crime: -
✅Drug trafficking, gun running, extortion, kidnapping, contract killing are used to raise money for their organization.
✅ Network of people, resources and logistics symbiotically support each other. For example, members of
Dawood Ibrahim gang conducted a series of bomb blasts in Mumbai in 1993.
✅ Terrorist groups conduct drug trafficking’s to ensure channels of terror finance.
✅ Terrorist groups also support drug trafficking networks through arms, ammunitions as well as support criminals in border crossings.
✅ For example: terror movement in Punjab coincided with rise of Golden Crescent as hub for drug smuggling.
▪️Problems in control efforts: -
✅Use of modern technology like Deep web and Dark web for sale of illicit items and secure funding is key challenge.
✅ Legal vacuum, for example inadequate special laws to control or suppress organized crime.
✅ Inadequate resources and training, for example glaring inadequacy in police personnel
and infrastructure, weak forensic team, lack of training for investigating organized crimes.
▪️Measures to control organized crime: -
✅Indian Penal Code Section 120-B provides for punishment for criminal conspiracy.
✅ State level laws like Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime.
✅ The National Security Act 1980 which provides for preventive detention by Central or State Government or by officers designated by Government.
✅ Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act provide for detention of persons involved in such crimes.
The frontier for action to address organized crime and terrorism is to improve policing, coordinated intelligence through Multi Agency Centre, better border and cyber security.