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Today's Daily Quiz questions for UPSC Prelims 2024.
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The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Rock-cut architecture is a significant aspect of Indian art and history, representing one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian civilization. The art of carving out temples, shrines, and other structures from rocks dates back to ancient times and is found in various parts of the country.
▪️The origins of rock-cut architecture can be traced back to the 2nd century BC, during the Mauryan Empire, when Emperor Ashoka commissioned several rock-cut edicts across India. The art form evolved over the centuries, with each region developing its unique style and techniques.
✅ Promotion of Religious Harmony and Unity: Rock-cut architecture showcased religious harmony and unity, as seen in the rock-cut temples of Ellora, which integrated Hindu,
Buddhist, and Jain religions in India.
✅ Facilitation of the Spread of Regional Art and Architecture: Rock-cut architecture spread regional art and architecture by incorporating local styles and techniques. For example, Ajanta's rock-cut caves express regional art and architecture in paintings, sculptures, and frescoes from the 2nd century BCE to 6th century CE.
✅ Promotion of Social Equality: Rock-cut architecture promoted social equality by allowing access to religious structures to people from all social classes. For instance, the rock-cut temples of Elephanta showcased the equal participation of people from different backgrounds in the construction and use of the temple.
✅Inspiration for Various Art Forms: Rock-cut architecture inspired art forms such as sculpture and painting. The Badami caves, built during 6th-8th centuries CE, influenced regional art and architecture.
✅ Influence on Philosophical and Spiritual Traditions: Rock-cut architecture influenced Buddhism and Jainism, emphasizing renunciation. Karla caves reflect Buddhist philosophy of detachment and renunciation.
Conclusion: Rock-cut architecture has not only contributed to the artistic and cultural heritage of India but also provided valuable insights into the social and economic life of ancient India. The preservation and promotion of these structures remain important in preserving India's rich cultural heritage for future generations.
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Today's Daily Quiz questions for UPSC Prelims 2024.
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Q. Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work from Home’ on family relationship. (150 words )
The ‘Work from Home’ concept is a breakthrough in the traditional characteristics of work. Maintaining the productivity levels as well as ensuring safety is the ‘Work from home’ model.
▪️WFH have a widespread impact on family relationships:
🔸Positive Impact:
✅ Time saved in commuting can be spent qualitatively with family. More over work can be scheduled accordingly.
✅ WFH improved family relationships through proper adaptive processes, and the relations were moderated by the education level and age of individuals.
✅ Increased work expectations and distractions, reduce communications with family and ultimately impacts the mental and physical health.
✅ Blurred work-life boundaries can make it difficult to detach mentally from work which can increase stress and anxiety.
✅ More time to children reduces the friction between child and father.
🔸Negative Impact:
✅ Domestic violence – The WHO report showed a general trend of increase in sexual violence and intimate partner violence rates whenever there was an occurrence of disaster shadow pandemic.
✅ Salary cut in some organization has made depressing environment at home, resulting into loss of emotional intelligence.
✅ Work load on women member have increased, which made her more irritating and frustrating.
Communication and boundaries aren’t just meant for remote employees – these precedents set up a model for how relationships work in the future, and shape how they become in coming years.
Q. Explain the significance and analyze the scope of judicial review in India.(150 words)
Answer:
Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to examine the constitutionality of a law or executive orders of both the Centre and State governments. If the court arrives at the conclusion that the law is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution, such a law is declared as unconstitutional. Though the term ‘Judicial Review’ is nowhere mentioned in the constitution, the principle of judicial review is encompassed in Article 13. The Article provides that the law to be made should be in consonance with the norms laid down in the Constitution of India.
✅✅Significance of Judicial Review in India:
✴️• Upholds the supremacy of the Constitution: In India, it is the Constitution that is supreme.The law to be valid, must be in conformity with the Constitutional provisions. Thus, judicial review controls arbitrary or unjust acts taken on behalf of the Executive and the Legislature.
✴️Protects the Fundamental Rights of the citizens: The power of judicial review guarantees that the rights accorded by the Constitution are not contravened.
✴️Maintains federal equilibrium: The power of judicial review allows the Judiciary to invalidate a law if it is inconsistent with the distribution of powers laid down by the Constitution.
✴️ Provides checks and balance: Judicial review is a tool to keep a check on the public bodies and render their accountability if their decisions go beyond their Constitutional authority.
✴️ Upholds Rule of Law: Judicial review upholds the rule of law. It ensures that the administrative decisions are taken rationally, in accordance with a fair procedure and within the powers conferred by the Parliament.
✅✅Scope of Judicial Review in India:
The Constitutional validity of a legislative enactment or an executive order can be challenged in the Supreme Court or the High Courts on the following grounds:
✴️ If it infringes the Fundamental Rights of citizens.
✴️If it is outside the competence of the authority which has framed it.
✴️If it is repugnant to the provisions of the Constitution.
The Indian Constitution provides for the ‘procedure established by law’ and not ‘due process of law’ as in the USA. Under the ‘procedure established by law, the Supreme Court, while determining the constitutionality of a law, examines only whether the law has been validly enacted. It is not expected to go into its reasonability, suitability on policy implications etc. as followed under ‘due process of law’.
However, the scope of judicial review was expanded in the Maneka Gandhi case (1978), where the Supreme Court observed that ‘procedure established by law’ does not mean any arbitrary procedure laid down by the Parliament, but must be interpreted in the lines of the ‘due process’.
In this context, it can be said that India has attempted to strike a balance between judicial and Parliamentary supremacy.
Que. Analyse the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region and religion. (15 Marks)
Answer: A sect is a group of people who break away from a larger, established religious denomination because of a set of beliefs that differ in some key ways. While many views and practices of a sect will overlap with those of the larger group, other beliefs will be distinct enough to warrant a schism, or division between the groups.
Salience of sect Vis a Vis Religion:
✅ Sects tend to draw disproportionately from the underprivileged elements of society,
✅ They often decry liberal trends in denominational development and advocating a return to true religion.
Adding Diversity:
✅ Radhasoami sect does not prefer temple practice though they all belong to Hindu religion.
✅ Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, different sects believe in Lord Vaishanva, Shiva, and Shakti.
✅ In Islam Sunni and Shia are two different sects following different authority.
✅ Lingayat following Shiva as their deity only.
Salience of sect vis a vis Region:
✅ Jainism:- Svetambara in South and Digambar in North
✅ Buddhism:- Theravada in Ladakh, Sikkim
✅ The Kalamukhas are a Hindu sect that worships Rudra-Shiva. The Kalamukhas were so named because they defaced their faces with black marks and symbols. Found in Karanatka region.
✅ Pashupati Cult: It is Western India's oldest and most influential sect dedicated to the god Siva. The sect's founder was Lakulisa who felt that God's mercy was required for redemption.
Salience of sect Vis a vis caste:
✅ Due to alienation, most of the Schedule tribes have started following Buddhism, Even BR Ambedkar made a call for it.
✅ Schedule caste because of discrimination considers their local deity as main God.
✅ For Santhal Tribes, Saridharam is their personal religion and Sarna religion is the religion of the Munda and Oraon tribe of India.
✅ Brahmins in UP – Kanyakubj, Gaud, Saraswat, Maithil, and Utkal. Each of these is further subdivided, arranged in a hierarchy primarily based on claims to ritual purity but also on other social determinants.
✅ Rajput’s are divided into 3 Category, they are Suryavansi, Agnivansi and Chandravansi.
The sect, with its close community of human beings and its new values which give meaning to life, offers a way
out of anomie to many who have been disorganized in the impersonal milieu of the modern city.
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Que. “While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of state
autonomy.” Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
Answer: India opted for federal structure of the government, after independence. Our federalism is tilted towards centre to maintain unity and integrity of India. National parties favours Centralisation:
✅ Easy to govern
✅ Ideological base is wide.
✅ Considers Regional aspiration as disintegrating force.
✅ Understand the issue of National security comprehensively.
✅ Represents the wider presence of different sections in the party itself.
✅ Delays the international negotiation and hampers Bilateral relation.
Ex:- Teesta issue.
▪️State Parties Favours Decentralisation:
✅ Appoint of Governors and misuse of Article 356
✅ Emergency powers with centre
✅ Dependence of the states on the centre for financial assistance
✅ Appoint of Governors.
✅ Residuary power with centre.
Commissions’ setup by regional parties to review federal structure:
✅ Rajmannar Commission, 1969: demanded readjustment of the VII schedule and residuary power to the states.
✅ Anandpur Sahib Resolution, 1973: It demanded greater autonomy for the States seeking Centre’s authority to be confined to only :
🔸Defence,
🔸Foreign relation,
🔸Communications,
🔸Railways, and
🔸Currency.
Commissions’ setup by National parties to review federal structure:
✅ Sarkaria commission recommended status quo in the Centre-State relations, especially in the areas, relating to legislative matters, the role of Governors, and the use of Article 356.
✅ M.M Punchi 2007, suggested reforms to address the issue of states.
In this situation we can say that if there is a demand for greater state autonomy, creates instability in the government
and developmental works will be affected. However genuine autonomy to states with necessary centralization factor is the way for political progress.
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