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‘The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.’ Explain. (150 words )
It is rightly said the 21st century is Asian century, which is being led by China and this brings China in direct confrontation with the USA which is known for its hegemony since the end of the second world war.
▪️During the period of 1940-1990, there has been a direct confrontation with erstwhile Russia, but the competition with China is different in the sense:
✅ Ideological vs Economical War: USA and USSR were locked in ideological battle China continues to be the world’s largest supplier of rare earth, used for high-technology consumer products and military equipment, accounting for roughly 90 per cent of the world’s production and a lion’s share of the United States’ imports.
✅ Bipolar vs Multipolar world: World was Bipolar thus all the countries were forced to fall in either of the two camps, but today the world is in flux, no one knows who stands where.
✅ Pax Americana vs Indo-pacific: The 20th century was known as US dictating relations with the countries, but today with the centrality of the Indian ocean, US is looking for a partner to check China which was not the case with confrontation with the USSR.
✅ Restricted USSR vs Diversified China: USSR was restricted largely to Eurasia, while China is following Belt and Road initiative enveloping the countries from Eurasian region to African continent.
✅ Military vs Currency War: USA and USSR were locked in military race, evident in stockpiling of conventional and non-conventional weapons while China does carefully manage its currency to keep the yuan at a stable and targeted value through a host of measures, chiefly through buying and selling U.S. dollar bonds and controlling the outflow of yuan from its borders.
The war between China and the USA is very different from the times of the USSR, as it is about who will rule the coming century. The coming age will be defined by technology, not by military might, which makes the case for existential threat for the USA.
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Que. Recent amendments to the Right to information act will have a profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the information commission". Discuss.
Answer : The Right to Information Act, 2005 was enacted to enhance transparency and accountability in the work of public authorities. The information commissions established by the act are impacted by the recent changes to the act.
Recent amendments to the RTI
✅Provisions of RTI, 2005 :
✅Post-amendment to RTI :
Q. Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (Answer in 150 words)
The Pala period, spanning from the 8th to the 12th centuries, marks a pivotal chapter in the evolution of Buddhism in India. This epoch is characterized by the remarkable resurgence and growth of the religion under the auspices of the Pala dynasty, whose rulers were staunch patrons of Buddhism.
▪️Some of the key reasons for the significance of the Pala period are:
✅Patronage of Buddhism: Pala kings, such as Dharmapala and Devapala, were devout Buddhists and supported the religion through the establishment and maintenance of monasteries, temples, and educational institutions.
✅Development of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism: These new schools of thought provided fresh impetus to the religion, leading to an increased number of followers and a deepening of Buddhist practices.
✅Establishment of renowned monastic universities: The Pala kings were instrumental in the establishment of famous monastic universities, such as Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri. These institutions attracted scholars and students from across the Indian subcontinent and beyond, making them significant centers of learning, scholarship, and cultural exchange.
✅Proliferation of Buddhist art and architecture: The Pala school of art, which emerged during this period, is known for its distinct style and fine craftsmanship.
✅ Spread of Buddhism beyond India: The transmission of Buddhist teachings, texts, and art forms to these regions can be largely attributed to the patronage and support provided by the Pala rulers.
✅Preservation of Buddhist texts: Monks and scholars at institutions like Nalanda and Vikramashila undertook the task of translating Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into other languages, thereby ensuring the survival and dissemination of Buddhist knowledge.
Conclusion: The Pala period was a highly significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. The Pala dynasty's patronage, along with the development of new schools of thought, the establishment of renowned monastic universities, and the spread of Buddhism beyond India, all contributed to the growth and impact of Buddhism during this time.
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प्र. भारत में सौर ऊर्जा की अपार संभावनाएं हैं हालांकि इसके विकास में क्षेत्रीय विविधताएं हैं। (15 अंक)
भारत में प्रति वर्ष 4000 ट्रिलियन किलोवाट की बड़ी सौर ऊर्जा उपलब्धता के कारण, सौर ऊर्जा नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा का प्रमुख घटक है। इसकी स्वच्छ प्रकृति, उत्पादन में आसानी आदि के कारण पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोतों की तुलना में इसके कई फायदे हैं।
भारत की सौर ऊर्जा क्षमता है
यह जबरदस्त है क्योंकि यह इस क्षेत्र में एक प्रमुख खिलाड़ी के रूप में खड़ा है। भारत की इच्छित राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान (आईएनडीसी) प्रतिबद्धता में 2022 तक 175 गीगावॉट नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा में से 100 गीगावॉट सौर ऊर्जा शामिल है। वर्तमान में, यह 43 गीगावॉट है।
▪️क्षेत्रीय विविधताएँ:
✅ राजस्थान और कच्छ के रेगिस्तानी इलाकों में बंजर भूमि है और उच्च सूर्यातप प्राप्त होता है - जो सौर ऊर्जा के अनुकूल है
✅ हिमालय और उत्तर पूर्व भारत में कम सौर सूर्यातप प्राप्त होता है या भूभाग के कारण सौर ऊर्जा उत्पन्न होती है
लाभप्रद नहीं
✅ रूफटॉप सोलर पैनल कार्यक्रम में शहरी शहरों को शुद्ध बिजली जनरेटर बनाने की जबरदस्त क्षमता है
✅उष्णकटिबंधीय के नजदीक वाले राज्यों में बड़े पैमाने पर सौर सूर्यातप प्राप्त होता है और उन्हें हॉटस्पॉट माना जाता है।
✅ केरल जैसे तटीय राज्यों में मुख्य राज्यों की तुलना में लंबे मानसून के मौसम के कारण मध्यम उत्पादन क्षमता होती है।
▪️सौर ऊर्जा कार्यक्रम की चुनौतियाँ:
✅ अतिउत्पादन के कारण टैरिफ दरें बहुत कम हो गईं।
✅ उत्पादन और तकनीकी बाधा: पीवी कोशिकाओं के लिए लिथियम मुख्य रूप से चीन से आयात किया जाता है।
✅ग्रिड के साथ सौर ऊर्जा का खराब एकीकरण
✅ सोलर पार्क के लिए भूमि अधिग्रहण एक बहुत ही जोखिम भरा काम।
भारत सरकार ने पीएम कुसुम, सरल इंडेक्स, गुजरात में फ्लोटिंग सोलर प्लांट, आईएसए आदि जैसी कई पहलों और नीतियों के साथ सौर ऊर्जा बाजार को आगे बढ़ाया है।
अपने कम कार्बन पदचिह्न के साथ सौर ऊर्जा पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोतों का एक संभावित विकल्प हो सकती है और सीओपी 26, ग्लासगो में आईएनडीसी और पंचामृत प्रस्तावों के तहत भारत की प्रतिबद्धताओं को पूरा करने में मदद करेगी।
Q. What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made
effective and transparent? [150 Words]
The concept of Public Distribution System (PDS) in the country evolved during the 2nd World War (1942) due to the shortage of food grains. PDS has evolved as a system of management of scarcity and for distribution of food grains at affordable prices. PDS is incremental in nature and is not intended to make available the entire requirement of any of the commodities distributed under it.
▪️The PDS faces certain challenges mentioned below:
✅Most of the states distribute only wheat and rice under PDS resulting in deficiency of nutrients among poor
✅ The food grains distributed under PDS lacks in quality
✅Inadequate storage capacity with FCI leads to wastage of food grains
✅Centralized procurement leads to transport of food grains from surplus states to deficit states leading to
wastage of Govt.’s resources
✅FCI’s procurement of only wheat and rice has distorted the cropping pattern
▪️Taking a cue from the recommendations of the Shanta Kumar Committee, it can be made more effective and transparent in the following ways:
✅FCI should hand over the procurement operations to states
✅The coverage of beneficiaries should be brought down from the present 67% to 40%
✅FCI should outsource its stocking operations to private sector and other agencies
✅ Liquidation of stocks should automatically kick-in when FCI is faced with surplus stocks than buffer norms
✅ End to end computerization of the entire food management system, starting from procurement from farmers, to stocking, movement and finally distribution through TPDS
It’s time to introduce DBT in procurement and distribution of food grains and FCI should keep only a minimum level of buffer stock for food security purpose.
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Today's Daily Quiz questions for UPSC Prelims 2024.
Average score: 10/20.
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Q. ‘The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government.’ Discuss. (10 marks)
Fourth Industrial Revolution includes development of new digital technologies that has improved the functioning of society. Components include Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Machine Learning etc that have been a recent phenomenon.
▪️Role of fourth industrial revolution in integrating e-governance
✅ Easier access to services: Through digital revolution and technology improvement, access to government services has become easier. Latest technology such as cloud computing have improved connectivity issues that had been plaguing digital governance.
✅ Better policy measures: New technology such as Big Data, Data Mining etc has capacity to identify useful aspects from large datasets. This will allow policy makers to make clear distinction between what is useful for the future. This ensures better policy measures.
✅ Faster resolution of grievances: Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have helped in evolution of new grievance resolution techniques such as bots. This has led to faster reduction in public issues.
✅ Transparency: Technology growth has created new opportunities for improving transparency in governance. This includes monitoring misgovernance such as corruption or favouritism.
However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is facing different challenges like: Poor Internet Connectivity, Digital illiteracy and Issue of security and Privacy . The World Economic Forum has launched a Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) in India.
Government along with other stakeholders should cooperate effectively to use this opportunity to enhance e-governance under the umbrella of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
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Q. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer. (15 Marks)
Digital education refers to the use of Digi-tech and digital-media for the purpose of education. It was considered as a new frontier of the IT revolution, whose need was exacerbated as the schools remained shut during COVID induced lockdown.
▪️Prominent Digital education initiatives include:
✅ SWAYAM prabha- digital TV channels dedicated to curriculum-based education.
✅ National Digital Library- academic textbook repository
✅ e-Pathshala- for disseminating e-resources
✅ Manodarpan Initiative: Psychological counselling for students
▪️Positive Role of Digital
🔸Education in educational sector:
✅ Continuity of learning during the lockdown and school closure days
✅ Use of tools like AI, Data Analytics to better monitor learning outcomes
✅ Interactive learning solutions via a host of graphical and digital interfaces.
✅ Breaking the transmission chain without compromising the education process.
✅ Accessibility of best teachers and resources from any corner of the country.
🔸Challenges associated with digital education:
✅ High digital divide: Urban vs rural leading to education disparity creating a vicious cycle
✅ Low affordability of smartphones and low latency internet connection.
✅ Health issues like eyesight problems, ringing of ears etc
✅ Addiction to mobile phone proves detrimental with respect to cognitive abilities.
✅ Laboratory oriented subjects suffered due to lack of access to physical laboratories.
✅ Reduction in health metrics due to reduced physical exercises, outdoor games etc.
Online education is a tool to achieve universalisation of education in accordance with Article 21 and New Education Policy 2020. However, challenges associated with it must be addressed by Government by increasing internet penetration and code on digital education, Private sector via CSR funds and civil society via monitoring.
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Today's Daily Quiz questions for UPSC Prelims 2024.
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प्रश्न) भारत में लोक प्रशासन और शासन सुधारों के संदर्भ में 'न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन' की अवधारणा पर चर्चा करें। सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए इस सिद्धांत को प्रभावी ढंग से कैसे लागू किया जा सकता है?
(250 शब्द, 15 अंक)
📍उत्तर:
"न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन" एक लोकप्रिय नारा है
एक प्रमुख सिद्धांत को समाहित करता है
भारत में सार्वजनिक प्रशासन और शासन सुधार। यह एक दुबली और कुशल सरकार की आवश्यकता पर जोर देती है जो अधिकतम प्रभावशीलता सुनिश्चित करते हुए अपने मुख्य कार्यों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती है
सार्वजनिक सेवाएं प्रदान करने में जवाबदेही। भारत में सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए इसे निम्नलिखित तरीकों से लागू किया जा सकता है:
✅नौकरशाही लालफीताशाही को कम करना: सुव्यवस्थित करना
प्रशासनिक प्रक्रियाएं, अनावश्यक कागजी कार्रवाई में कटौती और नियमों को सरल बनाने से नागरिकों और व्यवसायों के लिए सरकार के साथ बातचीत करना आसान हो सकता है। प्रक्रियाओं का डिजिटलीकरण और स्वचालन इस लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: अधिकारियों के साथ आमने-सामने बैठक के लिए सीबीडीटी के प्रयास।
✅मुख्य कार्यों पर ध्यान दें: "न्यूनतम सरकार" का तात्पर्य है कि सरकार को अपने मुख्य कार्यों, जैसे कानून प्रवर्तन, राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा, बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास और सामाजिक कल्याण पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: यूपी का सिंगल विंडो क्लीयरेंस, निवेश के लिए निवेश मित्र पोर्टल
✅ सार्वजनिक-निजी भागीदारी (पीपीपी): सरकार और निजी क्षेत्र के बीच सहयोग विशेष रूप से स्वास्थ्य देखभाल, शिक्षा और बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास जैसे क्षेत्रों में दोनों क्षेत्रों की विशेषज्ञता और संसाधनों का उपयोग करके "अधिकतम शासन" प्राप्त करने में मदद कर सकता है।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: जवाहरलाल नेहरू (जेएलएन) स्टेडियम, दिल्ली का पुनर्विकास
✅विकेंद्रीकरण: स्थानीय सरकारों और समुदायों को सशक्त बनाने से जमीनी स्तर पर शासन को बढ़ाया जा सकता है। स्थानीय सरकारों को निर्णय लेने का अधिकार और वित्तीय संसाधन सौंपने से बेहतर-लक्षित सेवाएं प्राप्त हो सकती हैं जो विभिन्न क्षेत्रों की विशिष्ट आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करती हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: 73वां और 74वां संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियम
✅पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही: "अधिकतम शासन" का एक प्रमुख पहलू सरकारी कार्यों में पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित करना है। नियमित ऑडिट और प्रदर्शन मूल्यांकन भी सरकारी संस्थानों को उनके कार्यों के लिए जवाबदेह बना सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम और ई-गवर्नेंस पहल को लागू करना।
🔰मनरेगा में सामाजिक अंकेक्षण
✅नागरिक सहभागिता: नागरिक भागीदारी और फीडबैक तंत्र को प्रोत्साहित करने से मदद मिल सकती है
प्रशासन लोगों की जरूरतों के प्रति अधिक संवेदनशील है। सार्वजनिक परामर्श, शिकायत के लिए मंच
निवारण तंत्र और नागरिक सर्वेक्षण नीति निर्माण और सेवा वितरण के लिए मूल्यवान अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान कर सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: MyGov: सुशासन की दिशा में नागरिकों की भागीदारी के लिए एक मंच
✅क्षमता निर्माण: प्रभावी शासन के लिए सरकारी संस्थानों और सिविल सेवकों की क्षमता का निर्माण महत्वपूर्ण है। प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम, व्यावसायिक विकास, और
प्रदर्शन-आधारित प्रोत्साहन
लोक सेवकों के कौशल और प्रेरणा को बढ़ा सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: मिशन कर्मयोगी आईजीओटी
✅प्रौद्योगिकी का उपयोग
🔰डिजिटल भुगतान, ऑनलाइन सेवा पोर्टल और डेटा एनालिटिक्स जैसी पहल सेवा वितरण को सुव्यवस्थित कर सकती हैं और भ्रष्टाचार को कम कर सकती हैं।
🔰ई-कोर्ट, माई जीओवी प्लेटफॉर्म, गवर्नमेंट ई मार्केटप्लेस (जीईएम), आदि।
"न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन" की अवधारणा सरकार की भूमिका को अनुकूलित करने के बारे में है
भारत में इसे अपने नागरिकों की जरूरतों के प्रति अधिक कुशल, जवाबदेह और उत्तरदायी बनाकर। इस सिद्धांत के प्रभावी कार्यान्वयन के लिए नीतिगत सुधारों, प्रौद्योगिकी को अपनाने और प्रतिबद्धता के संयोजन की आवश्यकता है
पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही. इन रणनीतियों को अपनाकर, भारत अपने सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ा सकता है, अंततः अपने नागरिकों के लिए जीवन की गुणवत्ता में सुधार कर सकता है और आर्थिक वृद्धि और विकास को बढ़ावा दे सकता है।