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Q. ‘Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance.’ In this context suggest reforms in the
Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (10 marks)
Institutional quality in a democracy determines how successful the government machinery adheres to the principles of public service, rule of law, and social justice. One such institution is the Civil Services, which acts as a link between the Government & Citizenry and strengthens democracy.
▪️Civil service reform in the context of improving economic performance:
✅ To improve ranking in Ease of Doing business requires a complete transformation in the ease of permitting licences, approval and lowering down the red tapism.
✅ To achieve a 5 trillion economy.
✅ Rise of Economic multilateral organisation requires a seasoned diplomat.
✅ Increasing competition for more and more investment in the state, requires Smart civil servants.
▪️Reforms Suggested:
✅ As suggested by 2nd ARC, along with streamlining of code of conduct rules, there is a need to inculcate ethical underpinning in the civil servants by implementing Code of Ethics.
✅ Specialist recruitment: The growing economy has different sets of needs where a high degree of specialisation is required in every field and cannot be appointed in them every time.
✅ Strengthening meritocracy in promotion instead of seniority.
✅ Civil service accountability: Strengthening and streamlining reporting mechanisms, action on audit findings, implementation of Citizens Charter, etc.
According to Goldman Sach, Bureaucracy based on merit rather than seniority will increase GDP by 1 %. The recent policy by the government Mission Karmayogi is a great step towards the civil service reforms to enhance the quality
of civil services as an institution in the country which in future will help in achieving a higher economic growth.
'Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries'. Comment with examples. (Answer in 150 words)
Indian diaspora comprised approximately 31 million people, of which PIOs were 17 million and NRIs were 13 million, spread across 146 countries in the world.
▪️Playing a Decisive Role:
✅Transfer of knowledge resources expertise
✅Soft diplomacy- Indian diaspora played a vital role in the success of Indo-US nuclear deal.
✅ Development of S&T
▪️Economic Implications:
✅The Indus Entrepreneur and Silicon Valley Bank had brought two delegations of Venture capital companies to explore potential investment opportunities.
✅ Diaspora is major source of trade investment
✅Indian diaspora gives largest remittance contributor in the world.
▪️Institutionalising Soft Power:
✅Dr. Anupama Kizhakkeveettil, from the Southern California University of Health Sciences, who enabled the Ayurveda Day celebrations for India Foundation’s Centre for Soft Power for the first time in the University.
✅Vairamuthu Vaithilingam, who traces his roots to South Tamil Nadu, organises one of Paris’ largest Ganesh Chaturthi Festival.
✅ Shoban Saxena enables Sao Paulo’s famous street carnival, Bloco Bollywood.
▪️Influencing Foreign Policy Decision:
✅Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal is a case in point, as ethnic Indians in the United States successfully lobbied for clenching of the Nuclear-deal.
▪️Diaspora Networks:
✅Another key component of the Diaspora impact on development are ‘Diaspora networks’ seen in literature as a bridge connecting developing economy insiders, with their risk-mitigating knowledge and
connections, to outsiders in command of technical know-how and investment capital.
Today, the Indian diaspora is more prosperous than before and its involvement in India’s development is increasing. In this context, India should craft fully conduct diaspora diplomacy so as to turn diaspora potential into diaspora dividend.
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Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
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प्र. 'संस्थागत गुणवत्ता आर्थिक प्रदर्शन का एक महत्वपूर्ण चालक है।' इस संदर्भ में सुधारों का सुझाव दें
लोकतंत्र को मजबूत करने के लिए सिविल सेवा। (10 अंक)
लोकतंत्र में संस्थागत गुणवत्ता यह निर्धारित करती है कि सरकारी तंत्र सार्वजनिक सेवा, कानून के शासन और सामाजिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों का कितना सफलतापूर्वक पालन करता है। ऐसी ही एक संस्था है सिविल सेवा, जो सरकार और नागरिकों के बीच एक कड़ी के रूप में कार्य करती है और लोकतंत्र को मजबूत करती है।
▪️आर्थिक प्रदर्शन में सुधार के संदर्भ में सिविल सेवा सुधार:
✅ व्यवसाय करने में आसानी में रैंकिंग में सुधार के लिए लाइसेंस की अनुमति, अनुमोदन और लालफीताशाही को कम करने में पूर्ण परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता है।
✅5 ट्रिलियन इकोनॉमी हासिल करना।
✅ आर्थिक बहुपक्षीय संगठन के उदय के लिए एक अनुभवी राजनयिक की आवश्यकता होती है।
✅ राज्य में अधिक से अधिक निवेश के लिए बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा के लिए स्मार्ट सिविल सेवकों की आवश्यकता है।
▪️सुझावित सुधार:
✅ जैसा कि द्वितीय एआरसी द्वारा सुझाव दिया गया है, आचार संहिता नियमों को सुव्यवस्थित करने के साथ-साथ, आचार संहिता को लागू करके सिविल सेवकों में नैतिक आधार विकसित करने की आवश्यकता है।
✅ विशेषज्ञ भर्ती: बढ़ती अर्थव्यवस्था की ज़रूरतें अलग-अलग होती हैं, जहां हर क्षेत्र में उच्च स्तर की विशेषज्ञता की आवश्यकता होती है और हर बार उनमें नियुक्त नहीं किया जा सकता है।
✅ वरिष्ठता के स्थान पर पदोन्नति में योग्यता तंत्र को मजबूत करना।
✅ सिविल सेवा जवाबदेही: रिपोर्टिंग तंत्र को मजबूत और सुव्यवस्थित करना, ऑडिट निष्कर्षों पर कार्रवाई, नागरिक चार्टर का कार्यान्वयन आदि।
गोल्डमैन सैक के अनुसार, वरिष्ठता के बजाय योग्यता पर आधारित नौकरशाही सकल घरेलू उत्पाद में 1% की वृद्धि करेगी। सरकार की हालिया नीति मिशन कर्मयोगी गुणवत्ता बढ़ाने के लिए सिविल सेवा सुधारों की दिशा में एक बड़ा कदम है
देश में सिविल सेवाओं को एक ऐसी संस्था के रूप में स्थापित करना जो भविष्य में उच्च आर्थिक विकास हासिल करने में मदद करेगी।
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Title: 21st Century Colonialism: China's Quest for Empire
Read her: https://induslens.com/articles/21st-century-colonialism-chinas-quest-for-empire)
The article "21st Century Colonialism: China's Quest for Empire" on IndusLens examines China's expanding influence globally, akin to a form of modern colonialism. For UPSC aspirants, this content is particularly relevant to General Studies Paper II, which covers International Relations. The analysis of China's strategies in politics and economics can provide valuable insights into global geopolitics, an essential aspect for understanding complex international dynamics. Understanding these topics can aid in essay writing and answering questions related to global policies and their impact on India.
For a detailed reading, you can view the article directly on https://induslens.com/articles/21st-century-colonialism-chinas-quest-for-empire)
क्यू. सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम में हाल के संशोधनों से सूचना आयोग की स्वायत्तता और स्वतंत्रता पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ेगा।'' चर्चा करें।
उत्तर: सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2005 सार्वजनिक प्राधिकरणों के काम में पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही बढ़ाने के लिए बनाया गया था। अधिनियम द्वारा स्थापित सूचना आयोग अधिनियम में हाल के परिवर्तनों से प्रभावित हैं।
आरटीआई में हालिया संशोधन
✅ आरटीआई, 2005 के प्रावधान:
✅ आरटीआई में संशोधन के बाद:
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Q. Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian
Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for
issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (15 marks)
The doctrine of separation of powers implies minimal interference by one organ in the functioning of another
organ. However, recently judicial legislation has emerged as a process in which the judiciary does the duty of the legislature and formulates laws, rules and regulations. One of the mechanisms for Judicial legislation is Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
▪️Antithetical to Separation of Power:
✅ It is argued that the social and economic domain should be largely the prerogative of the other branches of government, which are better equipped to analyse, formulate, and implement complex policies, and that much of PIL is inappropriate judicial activism” or “adventurism.
✅ PIL has significantly contributed, to expand their own powers and shield themselves from scrutiny and accountability.
✅ To some, it appears as though the courts may be spending time on frivolous and ineffectual PIL cases at the expense of the real administration of justice, and choose to do so because PIL burnishes their popularity, no matter if it goes against Separation of Power.
▪️Justification of large number of Public Interest litigation:
✅ Liberal Interpretation of Locus Standi: Locus Standi means a right or capacity of an individual to approach
or appear in a court on the behalf of any person that is economically or physically incapable of appearing in a
court.
✅ Making Socio Economic Right Judicially enforceable: Even though social and economic rights have been
laid down in Part IV of the Indian constitution, the PILs aren’t legally enforceable under the constitution.
✅ Therefore, the courts have listed under the fundamental rights thus making them judicially enforceable. For example: Under Article 21 which states ‘right to life’ also inculcates the right to free legal aid, live with dignity, education, work, freedom from torture, etc.
✅ Giving voice to the voiceless: In Hussainara Khatoon case, PIL concentrated on the barbaric conditions of prisons and how the prisoners who were under trial were kept in those prisons.
✅ Raise awareness on Important question: Supreme Court in Parmanand Katara Judgement ensured action against public officials who coerce or intimidate Good Samaritans to reveal his or her name and personal details.
✅ Direct Access to Justice: In the Asiad Workers judgement case, Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labour commissioner and lower courts.
The concept of Public Interest Litigation has managed to bring out surprising results that were impossible to derive 5 decades ago. Many cases of degraded bonded labourers, blinded prisoners, exploited children, etc got relief from PILs filed by various social activists