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☑️ Join for mains Previous Year Questions Questions from 1999 - 2023 Questions will be segregated Subject/topic wise ✅Prelims PYQs @UPSC_Prelims_PYQ_MCQ ✅CSAT PYQs @UPSC_CSAT_PYQ
Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
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Q. ‘Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance.’ In this context suggest reforms in the
Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (10 marks)
Institutional quality in a democracy determines how successful the government machinery adheres to the principles of public service, rule of law, and social justice. One such institution is the Civil Services, which acts as a link between the Government & Citizenry and strengthens democracy.
▪️Civil service reform in the context of improving economic performance:
✅ To improve ranking in Ease of Doing business requires a complete transformation in the ease of permitting licences, approval and lowering down the red tapism.
✅ To achieve a 5 trillion economy.
✅ Rise of Economic multilateral organisation requires a seasoned diplomat.
✅ Increasing competition for more and more investment in the state, requires Smart civil servants.
▪️Reforms Suggested:
✅ As suggested by 2nd ARC, along with streamlining of code of conduct rules, there is a need to inculcate ethical underpinning in the civil servants by implementing Code of Ethics.
✅ Specialist recruitment: The growing economy has different sets of needs where a high degree of specialisation is required in every field and cannot be appointed in them every time.
✅ Strengthening meritocracy in promotion instead of seniority.
✅ Civil service accountability: Strengthening and streamlining reporting mechanisms, action on audit findings, implementation of Citizens Charter, etc.
According to Goldman Sach, Bureaucracy based on merit rather than seniority will increase GDP by 1 %. The recent policy by the government Mission Karmayogi is a great step towards the civil service reforms to enhance the quality
of civil services as an institution in the country which in future will help in achieving a higher economic growth.
'Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries'. Comment with examples. (Answer in 150 words)
Indian diaspora comprised approximately 31 million people, of which PIOs were 17 million and NRIs were 13 million, spread across 146 countries in the world.
▪️Playing a Decisive Role:
✅Transfer of knowledge resources expertise
✅Soft diplomacy- Indian diaspora played a vital role in the success of Indo-US nuclear deal.
✅ Development of S&T
▪️Economic Implications:
✅The Indus Entrepreneur and Silicon Valley Bank had brought two delegations of Venture capital companies to explore potential investment opportunities.
✅ Diaspora is major source of trade investment
✅Indian diaspora gives largest remittance contributor in the world.
▪️Institutionalising Soft Power:
✅Dr. Anupama Kizhakkeveettil, from the Southern California University of Health Sciences, who enabled the Ayurveda Day celebrations for India Foundation’s Centre for Soft Power for the first time in the University.
✅Vairamuthu Vaithilingam, who traces his roots to South Tamil Nadu, organises one of Paris’ largest Ganesh Chaturthi Festival.
✅ Shoban Saxena enables Sao Paulo’s famous street carnival, Bloco Bollywood.
▪️Influencing Foreign Policy Decision:
✅Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal is a case in point, as ethnic Indians in the United States successfully lobbied for clenching of the Nuclear-deal.
▪️Diaspora Networks:
✅Another key component of the Diaspora impact on development are ‘Diaspora networks’ seen in literature as a bridge connecting developing economy insiders, with their risk-mitigating knowledge and
connections, to outsiders in command of technical know-how and investment capital.
Today, the Indian diaspora is more prosperous than before and its involvement in India’s development is increasing. In this context, India should craft fully conduct diaspora diplomacy so as to turn diaspora potential into diaspora dividend.
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Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
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Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
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प्र. 'संस्थागत गुणवत्ता आर्थिक प्रदर्शन का एक महत्वपूर्ण चालक है।' इस संदर्भ में सुधारों का सुझाव दें
लोकतंत्र को मजबूत करने के लिए सिविल सेवा। (10 अंक)
लोकतंत्र में संस्थागत गुणवत्ता यह निर्धारित करती है कि सरकारी तंत्र सार्वजनिक सेवा, कानून के शासन और सामाजिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों का कितना सफलतापूर्वक पालन करता है। ऐसी ही एक संस्था है सिविल सेवा, जो सरकार और नागरिकों के बीच एक कड़ी के रूप में कार्य करती है और लोकतंत्र को मजबूत करती है।
▪️आर्थिक प्रदर्शन में सुधार के संदर्भ में सिविल सेवा सुधार:
✅ व्यवसाय करने में आसानी में रैंकिंग में सुधार के लिए लाइसेंस की अनुमति, अनुमोदन और लालफीताशाही को कम करने में पूर्ण परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता है।
✅5 ट्रिलियन इकोनॉमी हासिल करना।
✅ आर्थिक बहुपक्षीय संगठन के उदय के लिए एक अनुभवी राजनयिक की आवश्यकता होती है।
✅ राज्य में अधिक से अधिक निवेश के लिए बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा के लिए स्मार्ट सिविल सेवकों की आवश्यकता है।
▪️सुझावित सुधार:
✅ जैसा कि द्वितीय एआरसी द्वारा सुझाव दिया गया है, आचार संहिता नियमों को सुव्यवस्थित करने के साथ-साथ, आचार संहिता को लागू करके सिविल सेवकों में नैतिक आधार विकसित करने की आवश्यकता है।
✅ विशेषज्ञ भर्ती: बढ़ती अर्थव्यवस्था की ज़रूरतें अलग-अलग होती हैं, जहां हर क्षेत्र में उच्च स्तर की विशेषज्ञता की आवश्यकता होती है और हर बार उनमें नियुक्त नहीं किया जा सकता है।
✅ वरिष्ठता के स्थान पर पदोन्नति में योग्यता तंत्र को मजबूत करना।
✅ सिविल सेवा जवाबदेही: रिपोर्टिंग तंत्र को मजबूत और सुव्यवस्थित करना, ऑडिट निष्कर्षों पर कार्रवाई, नागरिक चार्टर का कार्यान्वयन आदि।
गोल्डमैन सैक के अनुसार, वरिष्ठता के बजाय योग्यता पर आधारित नौकरशाही सकल घरेलू उत्पाद में 1% की वृद्धि करेगी। सरकार की हालिया नीति मिशन कर्मयोगी गुणवत्ता बढ़ाने के लिए सिविल सेवा सुधारों की दिशा में एक बड़ा कदम है
देश में सिविल सेवाओं को एक ऐसी संस्था के रूप में स्थापित करना जो भविष्य में उच्च आर्थिक विकास हासिल करने में मदद करेगी।
Aditya Srivastava AIR 1 CSE 2023 Answer copy
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Title: 21st Century Colonialism: China's Quest for Empire
Read her: https://induslens.com/articles/21st-century-colonialism-chinas-quest-for-empire)
The article "21st Century Colonialism: China's Quest for Empire" on IndusLens examines China's expanding influence globally, akin to a form of modern colonialism. For UPSC aspirants, this content is particularly relevant to General Studies Paper II, which covers International Relations. The analysis of China's strategies in politics and economics can provide valuable insights into global geopolitics, an essential aspect for understanding complex international dynamics. Understanding these topics can aid in essay writing and answering questions related to global policies and their impact on India.
For a detailed reading, you can view the article directly on https://induslens.com/articles/21st-century-colonialism-chinas-quest-for-empire)
क्यू. सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम में हाल के संशोधनों से सूचना आयोग की स्वायत्तता और स्वतंत्रता पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ेगा।'' चर्चा करें।
उत्तर: सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2005 सार्वजनिक प्राधिकरणों के काम में पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही बढ़ाने के लिए बनाया गया था। अधिनियम द्वारा स्थापित सूचना आयोग अधिनियम में हाल के परिवर्तनों से प्रभावित हैं।
आरटीआई में हालिया संशोधन
✅ आरटीआई, 2005 के प्रावधान:
✅ आरटीआई में संशोधन के बाद: