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Q. Why there was sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid-eighteenth century? Give reasons (150 words )
Colonial India witnessed severe famine during mid-eighteenth century like The Great Bengal famine 1770; the Chalisa famine of 1783–1784; Doji bara famine of Madras 1791–1792. Apathetic behaviour of British rulers.
▪️Reasons of famine:
✅The famines were a product both of uneven rainfall and British economic and administrative policies.
✅Partial failure of crops was quite a regular occurrence.
✅Proximate causes of famine comprise localized natural disasters (a cyclone, storm surges and flooding, and rice crop disease) combined with the consequences of war.
✅East India Company (EIC) kept the famine relief as cheap as possible, with minimum cost to the colonial exchequer.
✅Colonial policies implicated include rack-renting, levies for war, free trade policies, the expansion of export agriculture, and neglect of agricultural investment.
✅Indian exports of opium, rice, wheat, indigo, jute, and cotton were a key component of the economy as well as stopping rice imports
✅ East India Company raised taxes from 10-15% to 50% in Bengal region after Treaty of Allahabad 1765.
✅ Increasing debt bondage of peasants
✅The government prioritized military and defence needs over those of famine affected.
By acknowledging moral responsibility, the government launched relief measures like Famine Code, Famine commissioner; etc. to reduce famine impact in future.
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Q. Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer. (15 Marks)
✅ Indian form of secularism is not about passive attitude towards religion but an equal treatment of all.
✅ Thus Tolerance, assimilation and pluralism is its pillars to achieve the idea of Fraternity in our Constitution.
▪️Tolerance as a key element:-
✅ Tolerance in a democratic country like India means that the country belongs to minorities as much it belongs to majority community/religion. It ensures the minority rights and prevents Authoritarianism or
Majoritarianism.
✅ The instances of various communal clashes including the Kashmiri Muslims and Pandits, Babri masjid demolition, Godhra and Muzzafarnagar riots bring in the consequences of intolerance.
✅ Further, the secularism also entails tolerance within a religion. The instances of dalit lynching, discrimination, exploitation of women in the name of religion gives instances of intolerance threatening the secular fabric of the nation. Assimilation as a
▪️key element of Secularism
✅ Indian model of secularism does not talk about assimilation, but every group can have their distinct identity, the only requirement is giving respect and promote brotherhood and enjoy the differences.
✅ Example: Muslim distributing Water bottle to kawariyas.
▪️Pluralism as a key element of secularism:
✅ Pluralism is the belief that all (or rather the aforementioned ‘two or more’) religions are “true” and that their truths are not mutually exclusive. It acknowledges the existence of all religions as equal.
✅ Secularism wants to keep religion in general, and any religion in particular, out of the public square; pluralism wants to find a place for all of the religions, and ideologies, in the public square.
✅ Both want to avoid the public square being dominated by any religion (or sect or ideology); secularism wants to achieve this result by keeping religion out of it altogether, pluralism wants to prevent it from being dominated by any one religion by allowing all an equal place at the table.
While pluralism is the end, in India, secularism as envisaged in the Preamble of our Constitution, is a means to achieve the same. A plural society and a secular one are quintessential for a thriving democracy that is as
diverse as ours.
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Q. How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis on the culture of consumption? (10 Marks)
✅The middle classes constitute a critical market for most goods and services.
✅ A sizable portion of any nation’s tax revenue is collected either directly or indirectly from this group and they are important for economic and social development via urbanization and. industrialization.
✅Middle class working in metro cities but due to heavy land cost, they are purchasing lands in Tier 2 cities. Ex:- Sonipat because of NCR Development.
✅ Work from Home has resulted into demand of goods and services in Tier 2 cities, thus opening of Pizza
outlets, Dosa corner etc.
✅ The major reason of rise in Consumption in a new middle class can be Work, Stress and Enjoyment Purposes.
✅ Start-ups find that initial costs are much
✅And Aesthetics are as important as functionality, an office should be a space where employees feel excited to step in, every day. Ex:- Nissan’s Digital Hub in Thiruvananthapuram
✅ Today the millennial does not just want to satisfy their needs, but satisfied at faster pace. Ex: - Zepto10 Minutes delivery and Amazon delivery in small towns too.
✅ Purchasing power of middle class have increased and thus shift in the pattern of consumption has been observed.
The middle class is claimed to be the ‘bird of gold’. India’s rising middle class is an engine of growth. The rising middle class is both a causal factor behind India’s improved economic and social outcomes growth, education, home ownership, and social security as well as a consequence of the rise in the middle class.
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1. How you will explain that medieval India temple sculpture represents the social life of those days? (150 words )
Temple is a sacred structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities. Temple is not only an abode of God, it is a symbolic representation of the various social and cultural activities.
▪️It represented social life through:
✅ Temple promoted music and dance like Bharatnatyam & Carnatic Music e.g. Vitthal Temple of Vijaynagar.
✅ The temple provided inspiration to poets who wrote Bhakti literature in local languages which helped to
strengthen the moral, spiritual values among the masses. E.g. Nayanars and Alwars.
✅ Temple was well-known for philanthropy like they maintained Dharmasalas for pilgrims; marriage in the premises of the temple, etc.
✅ The Matha were a centre of learning which played an important role in the promotion of education.
✅ Temples were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the patron. Example Rajarajeshvara temple of Tanjore built by King Rajaraja Chola shows how the names of the ruler and the god are very similar.
✅ Existence of various sects like Pattadakal temples of chalukya dynasty had Jain, Shiva and Vishnu temples.
Temples reflected the social reality and played an active role in social and cultural development of India.
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Q. Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (10 marks)
The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines Global public health security as “the activities required to minimise the danger and impact of acute public health events that endanger the collective health of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries.
▪️The WHO’s weak response to China’s mishandling of the COVID-19 outbreak has questioned the WHO’s credibility.
✅ The USA alleged the objections by WHO ‘to travel bans from China and termed it ‘a horrible, tragic mistake.’
✅ Since China acceded to the UN in 1971, it has periodically blocked Taiwan’s WHO membership on the grounds that the democratically governed island is part of China.
✅ It struggles to set its own priorities because many of its donors give it money earmarked for specific projects.
✅ The organisation’s Lyon-based International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) issued confusing warnings on everything from the air we breathe to the meat we eat to the phones we use.
✅ Too Many Chiefs: The WHO is unique among UN agencies because its structure includes six regional offices, each with its own director elected by regional member states. The flaws in the structure were evident in the Ebola crisis.
▪️However, WHO played an active role too like:
✅ Ensuring vital supplies reach frontline health workers
✅ Training and mobilising health workers.
✅ Helping the countries in the development of a vaccine.
✅ Important role of WHO in finding the roots of the virus in China.
✅ Coordination among nations for better information dissemination.
✅ Doing research on its genome sequencing.
WHO should bring the world’s scientists and global health professionals together to accelerate the research and development process, and develop new norms and standards to contain the spread of the coronavirus pandemic and help care for those affected.
I was asked a very important question in the Community meet yesterday- how to utilise these ideas in essays?
Very simple- Try writing an essay or two for practice (preferably PYQs).
You'll get that thought process that's needed to understand how it is to be used. You'll start reading newspapers/any other content with that lens, actively searching for examples and ideas because you know what kind of questions are asked.
The same example can be used at multiple places- it is a skill that we learn while practicing- be it for GS answers or essay writing.
PS: This is how I prepared for essay. There can be multiple methods of preparation and all could be equally correct!
My idea was to make my essay a fun piece to read. If your writing style is similar to mine, please make good use of this content.
Credit smriti Mishra AIR 4
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Q. Persian literary sources of mediaeval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment?
Persian literature gained prominence during the Delhi Sultanate primarily during the mediaeval era around 12th AD. The writings of Fariq-i-Firuz Shahi, Akbarnama and many more explored the socio-political conditions of that period.
▪️The Persian literature reflects the spirit of the age in the following ways:
1. Political structure of Mediaeval India:
a. Ziauddin Barani’s Tahrik-i- Firoz Shahi about Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
b. Akbar Nama by Abu Fazl.
c. Both described the Political unit at centre, provincial and state level along with the type of administration
during Delhi and Mughal dynasties.
2. Social Aspects: Amir Khusro reflected that:
a. Brahmins were the dominant sections among the Hindus.
b. He also mentions the exploitative nature of the Jizya Tax.
c. He reflected the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.
3. Religious Aspect:
a. Religious tolerance towards others.
b. Important festivals as means of entertainment.
c. Tuzuq-i-Jahagiri, Rihala are a few of the important sources.
Overall, these Persian sources not only talk about the Indian condition but also popularized Indian culture worldwide. For example, Dara Shikoh translated Gita and Mahabharata into Persian. They also bring different ideas to the sub-continent. The development of Hindavi and Urdu is very much influenced by the work of Amir Khusro.
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Q) Discuss the concept of 'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance' in the context of public administration and governance reforms in India. How can this principle be effectively implemented to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of government institutions and services?
(250 words, 15 marks)
📍Answer:
"Minimum Government, Maximum Governance" is a popular slogan that
encapsulates a key principle
of public administration and governance reforms in India. It emphasises the need for a lean and efficient government that focuses on its core functions while ensuring maximum effectiveness and
responsiveness in delivering public services. To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of government institutions and services in India, it could be implemented in the following ways:
✅Reducing Bureaucratic Red Tape: Streamlining
administrative processes, cutting down on unnecessary paperwork, and simplifying regulations can make it easier for citizens and businesses to interact with the government. Digitalization and automation of processes can play a significant role in achieving this goal.
🔰For example: CBDT’s efforts for face-to-face meetings with officials.
✅Focus on Core Functions: "Minimum Government" implies that the government should concentrate on its core functions, such as law enforcement, national security, infrastructure development, and social welfare.
🔰 For example: UP’s single window clearance, the Nivesh Mitra portal for investment
✅ Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborations between the government and the private sector can help achieve "Maximum Governance" by harnessing the expertise and resources of both sectors especially in sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure development.
🔰For example: Redevelopment of Jawaharlal Nehru (JLN) Stadium, Delhi
✅Decentralization: Empowering local governments and communities can enhance governance at the grassroots level. Devolving decision-making authority and financial resources to local governments can lead to better-targeted services that address the unique needs of different regions.
🔰For example: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts
✅Transparency and Accountability: A key aspect of "Maximum Governance" is ensuring transparency and accountability in government operations. Regular audits and performance evaluations can also hold government institutions accountable for their actions.
🔰For example: Right to Information Act and implementing e-governance initiatives.
🔰Social Audit in MGNREGA
✅Citizen Engagement: Encouraging citizen participation and feedback mechanisms can help make
governance more responsive to the needs of the people. Platforms for public consultations, grievance
redressal mechanisms, and citizen surveys can provide valuable insights for policy formulation and service delivery.
🔰For example: MyGov: A platform for citizen Engagement towards Good Governance
✅Capacity Building: Building the capacity of government institutions and civil servants is crucial for effective governance. Training programs, professional development, and
performance-based incentives
can enhance the skills and motivation of public servants.
🔰For example: MISSION KARMAYOGI iGOT
✅Use of Technology
🔰Initiatives like digital payments, online service portals, and data analytics can streamline service delivery and reduce corruption.
🔰e-Court, My GOV platforms, Government e marketplace (GeM), etc.
The concept of "Minimum Government, Maximum Governance" is about optimizing the role of government
in India by making it more efficient, accountable, and responsive to the needs of its citizens. Effective implementation of this principle requires a combination of policy reforms, technology adoption, and a commitment to
transparency and accountability. By pursuing these strategies, India can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its government institutions and services, ultimately improving the quality of life for its citizens and fostering economic growth and development.
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Q. Persian literary sources of mediaeval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment?
Persian literature gained prominence during the Delhi Sultanate primarily during the mediaeval era around 12th AD. The writings of Fariq-i-Firuz Shahi, Akbarnama and many more explored the socio-political conditions of that period.
▪️The Persian literature reflects the spirit of the age in the following ways:
1. Political structure of Mediaeval India:
a. Ziauddin Barani’s Tahrik-i- Firoz Shahi about Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
b. Akbar Nama by Abu Fazl.
c. Both described the Political unit at centre, provincial and state level along with the type of administration
during Delhi and Mughal dynasties.
2. Social Aspects: Amir Khusro reflected that:
a. Brahmins were the dominant sections among the Hindus.
b. He also mentions the exploitative nature of the Jizya Tax.
c. He reflected the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.
3. Religious Aspect:
a. Religious tolerance towards others.
b. Important festivals as means of entertainment.
c. Tuzuq-i-Jahagiri, Rihala are a few of the important sources.
Overall, these Persian sources not only talk about the Indian condition but also popularized Indian culture worldwide. For example, Dara Shikoh translated Gita and Mahabharata into Persian. They also bring different ideas to the sub-continent. The development of Hindavi and Urdu is very much influenced by the work of Amir Khusro.
Place in news mapping revision
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