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Trend of Female Labour Force Participation in India
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Q. Highlight the Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art (10 marks)
✅ The Gandhara School of art shows Buddha in the symbolic form, not a human form. It was developed between the 1st century BCE and the 7th century CE during Kushan rule, of which Gandhara sculpture was an important part, depicting sculpture of Buddha.
✅The central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art:
▪️Greek Influence:
✅ Hellenistic features like curly hairs, moustaches on face.
✅ Vajrapani protector image.
✅ Muscular body.
✅ Coins with Greek script.
✅ Draperies covering both shoulders.
✅ Stucco plastering.
▪️Roman influence:
✅ Buddha is sometimes presented in Roman motifs like Triton.
✅ Buddha of Gandhara sometimes through a wine scroll.
✅ Buddha in human form is inspired by Roman tradition.
✅ The outer rope of Buddha of Gandhara like Kaya resembles Roman gods.
▪️Central Asian Influence:
✅ Bluish Schist used in Gandhara Art.
✅ Disc shaped halo around the Buddha head.
✅ Buddha presented in human form.
✅ Kharosthi letters on Buddhist inscriptions in Gandhara.
The above influences can be well justified because of the strategic location of Gandhara school. Thus, in this regard it can be claimed that the art that flourished in the Gandhara valleys was a blend of different cultures.
European Travellers in Medieval India
Question: European travellers' accounts in the medieval period have played an important role in shaping our understanding of the empires and people of that period in India. Comment. (Answer in 250 words)
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Q. ‘The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government.’ Discuss. (10 marks)
Fourth Industrial Revolution includes development of new digital technologies that has improved the functioning of society. Components include Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Machine Learning etc that have been a recent phenomenon.
▪️Role of fourth industrial revolution in integrating e-governance
✅ Easier access to services: Through digital revolution and technology improvement, access to government services has become easier. Latest technology such as cloud computing have improved connectivity issues that had been plaguing digital governance.
✅ Better policy measures: New technology such as Big Data, Data Mining etc has capacity to identify useful aspects from large datasets. This will allow policy makers to make clear distinction between what is useful for the future. This ensures better policy measures.
✅ Faster resolution of grievances: Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have helped in evolution of new grievance resolution techniques such as bots. This has led to faster reduction in public issues.
✅ Transparency: Technology growth has created new opportunities for improving transparency in governance. This includes monitoring misgovernance such as corruption or favouritism.
However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is facing different challenges like: Poor Internet Connectivity, Digital illiteracy and Issue of security and Privacy . The World Economic Forum has launched a Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) in India.
Government along with other stakeholders should cooperate effectively to use this opportunity to enhance e-governance under the umbrella of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
:Critically assess the relevance of John Rawls's theory of social justice in the context of India.
✅Original Position and Veil of Ignorance:
Rawls introduces the concept of the "original position," a hypothetical scenario where individuals, under a "veil of ignorance," design the principles of justice without knowledge of their own socio-economic status, talents, or personal attributes.
This thought experiment is intended to ensure that the principles chosen are fair and impartial, as individuals would make decisions that protect their interests regardless of their eventual position in society.
Two Principles of Justice:
Equal Basic Liberties: The first principle asserts that each person should have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for others. This includes freedoms such as speech, assembly, and religion.
Difference Principle: The second principle allows for social and economic inequalities only if they are arranged to benefit the least advantaged members of society. This principle seeks to balance the need for economic efficiency and individual freedoms with the goal of improving the welfare of the most disadvantaged.
Justice as Fairness:
Rawls terms his approach "justice as fairness." He argues that a just society is one where social and economic inequalities are structured in a way that they benefit everyone, particularly those who are less fortunate.
The theory emphasizes the importance of fairness and equity in designing social institutions and policies.
Relevance to the Indian Context :
Affirmative Action and Reservations :
India has implemented reservation policies to improve access to education and employment for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
These policies align with Rawls's difference principle, which allows for inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged.
Economic Development Programs :
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provides a legal guarantee for at least 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.
This program reflects the difference principle by aiming to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor, who are among the least advantaged in India.
Social Welfare Schemes
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a government scheme aimed at providing affordable housing to the economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income groups (LIG) in urban areas.
Health Care Initiatives :
The Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) provides health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary hospitalization.
This health care initiative aligns with Rawls’s principles by improving access to essential health services for low-income families, who are often the least advantaged.
Education Reforms
The RTE Act mandates free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years and aims to improve educational access for marginalized groups.
This act is in line with Rawls’s principle of equal basic liberties, as it ensures that all children, regardless of their socio-economic background, have the right to education.
Criticism and Challenges :
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Evaluate how heat stress affects labor productivity and economic output in India, particularly in vulnerable sectors like agriculture and construction.(250 words).
Answer
Introduction:
India's labor productivity faces significant challenges due to heat stress, particularly affecting outdoor workers in sectors like agriculture, construction, and mining. As temperatures rise, the impact on worker efficiency becomes pronounced.
Impact of Heat Stress on Labor Productivity:
- Outdoor Workers: A substantial portion of India's workforce engages in physically demanding outdoor jobs. These include agricultural laborers toiling in fields, construction workers erecting buildings, and miners extracting resources.
- Heatwaves and Vulnerability: Heatwaves are increasingly common, especially in tropical regions. Rising temperatures exacerbate heat stress, leading to reduced productivity.
- Productivity Decline: For every degree Celsius rise above 27°C, labor productivity decreases by 2-4%². Heat stress affects physical endurance, concentration, and overall work capacity.
- Humidity and Irrigation: Increased irrigation contributes to higher humidity levels, intensifying heat stress. Humid conditions make it harder for workers to dissipate body heat, further impacting productivity.
- Air Pollution: Air pollution, prevalent in many Indian cities, reflects some heat and helps regulate temperatures. However, it doesn't fully offset the adverse effects of heat stress.
Economic Implications:
- Agriculture: Farming relies heavily on manual labor. Crop cultivation, harvesting, and other tasks occur outdoors. Heat stress reduces the efficiency of agricultural workers, affecting crop yields and overall production.
- Construction: Construction sites involve physically demanding work, often in direct sunlight. Heat stress leads to fatigue, dehydration, and decreased output. Construction projects face delays and cost overruns due to reduced productivity.
-Mining and Quarrying: Extractive industries, including mining and quarrying, require strenuous labor. Heat stress impacts miners' ability to extract resources efficiently, affecting economic output.
- Manufacturing: Factory workers, especially in non-air-conditioned environments, experience reduced productivity during heatwaves. Assembly lines slow down, affecting production targets.
Adaptation Strategies:
- Mechanization: Increasing mechanization can mitigate heat stress effects. Automated equipment reduces reliance on manual labor, enhancing productivity.
- Optimistic Scenarios: Favorable socio-economic development, coupled with technological advancements, may alleviate some negative impacts of heat stress.
Conclusion:
Heat stress poses a real threat to India's labor productivity across vulnerable sectors. As temperatures rise, addressing this challenge becomes crucial for sustaining economic growth and ensuring worker well-being. The interplay between climate change, labor productivity, and adaptation strategies demands urgent attention from policymakers and industry stakeholders.
Investigate the eco-friendly measures implemented by the organizers of the 2024 Paris Olympics. How can these measures provide a blueprint for future international events? (250 words)
Paris 2024 Olympics: A Sustainable Blueprint for Global Events
Introduction:
The 2024 Paris Olympics are pioneering sustainability, setting new standards for international sporting events. By reducing environmental impact and maximizing social and economic benefits, Paris 2024 exemplifies responsible hosting.
1. Emissions Reduction:
- Paris 2024 aims to cut its carbon footprint by 50% compared to London 2012 and Rio 2016 averages. This commitment aligns with the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
- The event accounts for all carbon emissions (scopes 1, 2, and 3), including direct, indirect, and spectator travel emissions.
2. Venue Strategy: Existing and Temporary Venues:
- Paris 2024 prioritizes existing or temporary venues, constituting 95% of the total. This approach minimizes new construction and aligns with the IOC's recommendation.
- Iconic venues like the Stade de France and the Saint-Quentin Velodrome are either existing or temporarily assembled structures, designed for future reuse.
3. Sustainable Venue Examples:
- Aquatics Centre:
- Features a 4,680 sq. meter solar panel roof, providing 20% of its electricity needs.
- Seats are made from recycled plastic bottle caps.
- Bio-sourced materials like French wood are used for the frame.
- Concave roof design naturally heats the air and reduces heating requirements.
- Outdoor air filtration minimizes environmental impact.
- Planted trees create green spaces and attract wildlife.
-Olympic Village:
- Constructed with a 30% reduction in carbon compared to typical French buildings.
- Geothermal and solar energy power the Athlete's Village.
- Plant-based food options are prioritized.
4. Circular Economy and Responsible Digital Technology:
- Paris 2024 embraces circular economy principles, emphasizing reuse and minimizing waste.
- Responsible digital technology ensures efficient operations without compromising sustainability.
Conclusion:
The Paris 2024 Olympics demonstrate that hosting global events need not come at the expense of the environment. By adopting renewable energy, sustainable venues, and innovative practices, Paris sets a precedent for future international gatherings.
What steps were introduced in the 2024 Budget to improve the flexibility, resilience, and cleanliness of India’s power grid?In what ways will these initiatives promote sustainable economic growth and create employment opportunities in the clean energy sector? (250 words)
The key steps introduced in the 2024 Budget to enhance India's power grid flexibility, resilience, and cleanliness. These initiatives are crucial for sustainable economic growth and job creation in the clean energy sector.
1. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI):
- Objective: Promote formalization and financial inclusion.
- Impact: Strengthening the financial sector and widening the tax base via GST.
- Economic Growth: DPI facilitates seamless transactions, encouraging investment and economic activity.
2. Clean Energy Initiatives:
- Viability Gap Funding for Wind Energy:
- Objective: Encourage wind energy projects.
- Impact: Boost clean energy capacity, reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Coal Gasification and Liquefaction Capacity:
- Objective: Develop alternative fuel sources.
- Impact: Reducing reliance on conventional coal, promoting cleaner energy.
Phased Mandatory Blending:
- Objective: Blend CNG, PNG, and compressed biogas.
- Impact: Enhance clean fuel adoption, reduce emissions.
Biomass Aggregation Machinery:
- Objective: Facilitate biomass procurement.
- Impact: Boost rural employment, promote sustainable energy.
Rooftop Solarization:
- Objective: Enable households to access free solar electricity.
-Impact: Job creation, reduced energy bills for citizens.
E-Buses and E-Vehicles:
- Objective: Promote electric mobility.
- Impact: Employment in manufacturing, charging infrastructure.
Bio-Manufacturing and Bio-Foundry:
- Objective: Support eco-friendly alternatives.
-Impact: Job opportunities in biomanufacturing sector.
3. Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity Expansion:
- Objective: Increase non-fossil fuel electricity capacity.
- Impact: Reduced carbon footprint, cleaner environment.
LPG Connections and LED Distribution:
- Objective: Enhance access to clean cooking fuel and energy-efficient lighting.
- Impact: Improved health, energy savings, and employment in distribution.
In conclusion, these budgetary measures strengthen India's power infrastructure, promote clean energy adoption, and create employment opportunities, aligning with sustainable economic growth goals.
Examine the impact of regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms on the safety of educational institutions in urban areas. What measures can be taken to enhance these systems and prevent future incidents?
Enhancing Safety in Urban Educational Institutions: Regulatory Frameworks and Enforcement Measures
Introduction:
Ensuring the safety of educational institutions in urban areas is crucial for fostering a conducive learning environment. Regulatory frameworks and effective enforcement mechanisms play a pivotal role in achieving this goal.
Impact of Regulatory Frameworks and Enforcement Mechanisms:
1. Legal and Regulatory Backbone:
- Access to Public Information (ATI) Laws: These laws form the backbone of open government initiatives. They facilitate both proactive and reactive disclosure of information and data.
- Compliance Requirements: Regulatory frameworks set standards for safety protocols, infrastructure, and emergency preparedness in educational institutions.
- Inspections: Regular inspections ensure adherence to safety norms and identify gaps.
2. Challenges and Impact:
- Inadequate Implementation: Despite robust regulations, enforcement gaps exist due to resource constraints, corruption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies.
- Lack of Awareness:Some institutions may not fully understand safety requirements or prioritize compliance.
- Urban Context: Urban institutions face unique challenges such as overcrowding, traffic hazards, and crime risks.
3. Measures to Enhance Safety:
Strengthening Enforcement:
- Training and Capacity Building: Equip regulatory bodies with the skills to conduct effective inspections and enforce safety norms.
- Transparency: Publicly report inspection findings and compliance status to encourage accountability.
- Collaboration: Involve local authorities, police, and community members in safety assessments.
Promoting Awareness:
- Campaigns: Educate institutions, students, and parents about safety protocols.
- Emergency Drills: Regularly practice evacuation procedures and response to threats.
Infrastructure Upgrades:
- Fire Safety:Install fire alarms, extinguishers, and conduct fire drills.
- Security Measures: Implement access control, surveillance, and secure perimeters.
- Structural Integrity: Regularly assess buildings for safety risks.
Crisis Management Plans:
- Protocols:Develop clear procedures for emergencies, including natural disasters, violence, and health crises.
- Communication: Establish communication channels with parents, emergency services, and neighboring institutions.
Conclusion:
Effective regulatory frameworks and rigorous enforcement are essential for safeguarding urban educational institutions. By addressing implementation challenges and prioritizing safety measures, we can create secure learning environments for our students and prevent future incidents.
Que. Indian Union is predominantly a unitary state with certain federal characteristics, rather than a federal state with predominant unitary features. Contextually enumerate unitary and federal features of Indian Constitution.
Answer: Article 1 of the Indian Constitution describes India as a ‘Union of States,’ rather than a ‘Federation of States,’ indicating its unique political structure. This distinction sets the stage for examining the nature of the Indian political system and the extent to which it leans towards a unitary state with federal characteristics or a federal state with predominant unitary features.
Unitary state with certain federal characteristics:
✅ Dual Polity: The Indian Union exhibits a dual polity, where both the central government and state governments possess independent authority.
✅ Written Constitution: The Constitution of India is a written document that delineates the powers and functions of the central and state governments.
✅ Division of Powers: The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution outlines the distribution of powers between
the centre and the states through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
✅ Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, providing a framework for governance and protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens.
✅ Rigid Constitution: The Constitution can only be amended through specific federal provisions, ensuring a
certain level of stability and permanence.
✅ Independent Judiciary: The judiciary acts as an impartial arbiter and interprets the Constitution to resolve disputes between the centre and the states.
✅ Bicameralism: The Indian Parliament consists of two houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, representing the interests of both the states and the centre.
Predominant unitary features of Indian Constitution:
✅ Strong Centre: The centre holds significant power and authority over certain subjects such as Defence, Citizenship etc.
✅ Union List and Residuary Power: The Union List contains more subjects compared to the State List, and the residuary power lies with the central government.
✅ Article 3: The Constitution provides for the alteration of state boundaries, indicating that states are not inviolable entities.
✅ Single Constitution: Both the centre and the states operate under a single constitution.
✅ Flexible Amending Procedure: The Constitution allows for a relatively easier process of amending most
provisions.
✅ Unequal Representation: States are not equally represented in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament.
✅ Emergency Provisions: Articles 352, 356, and 360 empower the centre to take control of the states under
certain circumstances.
The Indian Union has more unitary features compared to federal features. However, this does not violate the basic federal principle of a dual polity.
✅ The centralizing tendency is considered an exception rather than a norm, as affirmed by the Supreme Court in the SR Bommai case.
✅ The Indian federalism model promotes a cooperative and competitive approach.
🔸Initiatives like GST and the inter-state council showcase this cooperative and competitive federalism. This unique federal structure allows states to freely share revenue, ideas, and power with the center.
In conclusion, the Indian Union can be characterized as a unitary state with subsidiary federal features. The Indian federalism model strikes a balance between centralism and regional autonomy, fostering cooperative and competitive federalism in a way that is distinctively Indian.#GS2
"Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission". Discuss.
(Answer in 150 words)
Recently, some of the sections of RTI like section 13, 16, 27 has been amended, which has the potential to impact the autonomy of the Information commission.
▪️Amendments done:
✅Term of Information Commissioners: The amendment states that the central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs.
✅Determination of salary: The amendment seeks an amendment to state that the salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government.
✅Deductions in salary: The Act states that at the time of the appointment of the CIC and ICs (at the central and state level), if they are receiving pension or any other retirement benefits for previous government service, their salaries will be reduced by an amount equal to the pension.
▪️Impact of such amendment on Autonomy and Independence of the Information Commission:
✅Dismantling of Transparency architecture.
✅ It has been criticised as an RTI elimination bill.
✅It shifts loyalty to the government from the public.
✅The CIC and IC deal with huge vested interest especially in senior bureaucracy, thus the amendment will impinge the working of commission.
✅Doctrine of checks and balances will be impacted.
It is a high time to understand that RTI is enacted not only to subserve but also to ensure freedom of speech, thus implement the recommendation of 2nd ARC - Setting the selection committee comprising of PM, LoP, CJI for the appointment of CIC, rather than destroy the independence of the commission.
Que. Recent amendments to the Right to information act will have a profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the information commission". Discuss.
Answer : The Right to Information Act, 2005 was enacted to enhance transparency and accountability in the work of public authorities. The information commissions established by the act are impacted by the recent changes to the act.
Recent amendments to the RTI
✅Provisions of RTI, 2005 :
✅Post-amendment to RTI :
Q. The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate. (10 marks)
✅The year 1857 was a watershed one in the history of India. Though the revolt of 1857 is considered as the first major resentment against British rule, it is also believed to be the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule.
✅ Civil Revolts before the 1857 uprising: These were the first group of people who revolted against Britishers to secure their traditional and customary rights. Example: Sanyasi revolt (1763-1800), Revolt in Midnapore and Dhalbhum (1766-74) Revolt of Moamarias (1769-99)
✅Tribal Revolts before the 1857 uprising: The resentment of tribal against Britishers was mainly due to imposition of forest rights Act, forceful conversion of tribals by Christian missionaries. Examples: Chuar uprising, Khond uprising, Santhal uprising etc.
✅ Peasant Revolts before the 1857 uprising: The common provoking cause of resentment of the peasants were vague demand of land revenue, oppression of officials and frequent occurrence of drought and famine. Example: Pagal panthis of Bengal, Faraizi revolt, Mopillah uprising etc.
✅ Revolts by the Princely States: Britishers were annexing the princely states by using diplomacy of subsidiary alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. Example: Jhansi in 1852.
It can be said that these rebellions-which were localised in nature, lacking of efficient leadership and influenced by backward looking ideology were suppressed by Britishers with use of force but still they established a culture of resistance among natives and eventually prepared the way for the 1857 revolt.
Q. Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian
Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for
issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (15 marks)
The doctrine of separation of powers implies minimal interference by one organ in the functioning of another
organ. However, recently judicial legislation has emerged as a process in which the judiciary does the duty of the legislature and formulates laws, rules and regulations. One of the mechanisms for Judicial legislation is Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
▪️Antithetical to Separation of Power:
✅ It is argued that the social and economic domain should be largely the prerogative of the other branches of government, which are better equipped to analyse, formulate, and implement complex policies, and that much of PIL is inappropriate judicial activism” or “adventurism.
✅ PIL has significantly contributed, to expand their own powers and shield themselves from scrutiny and accountability.
✅ To some, it appears as though the courts may be spending time on frivolous and ineffectual PIL cases at the expense of the real administration of justice, and choose to do so because PIL burnishes their popularity, no matter if it goes against Separation of Power.
▪️Justification of large number of Public Interest litigation:
✅ Liberal Interpretation of Locus Standi: Locus Standi means a right or capacity of an individual to approach
or appear in a court on the behalf of any person that is economically or physically incapable of appearing in a
court.
✅ Making Socio Economic Right Judicially enforceable: Even though social and economic rights have been
laid down in Part IV of the Indian constitution, the PILs aren’t legally enforceable under the constitution.
✅ Therefore, the courts have listed under the fundamental rights thus making them judicially enforceable. For example: Under Article 21 which states ‘right to life’ also inculcates the right to free legal aid, live with dignity, education, work, freedom from torture, etc.
✅ Giving voice to the voiceless: In Hussainara Khatoon case, PIL concentrated on the barbaric conditions of prisons and how the prisoners who were under trial were kept in those prisons.
✅ Raise awareness on Important question: Supreme Court in Parmanand Katara Judgement ensured action against public officials who coerce or intimidate Good Samaritans to reveal his or her name and personal details.
✅ Direct Access to Justice: In the Asiad Workers judgement case, Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labour commissioner and lower courts.
The concept of Public Interest Litigation has managed to bring out surprising results that were impossible to derive 5 decades ago. Many cases of degraded bonded labourers, blinded prisoners, exploited children, etc got relief from PILs filed by various social activists
Extreme Rainfall Events in India in recent times
Question: Identify the reasons behind increasing number of extreme rainfall events throughout India in recent times. Assess their socio-economic impact. (Answer in 150 words)
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Reservation Policies:
Despite their intent, reservation policies sometimes face criticism for perpetuating identity-based politics and not fully addressing the needs of the most disadvantaged.
Economic Development Programs:
Programs like MNREGA may face issues of inefficiency, corruption, and insufficient coverage, which can undermine their effectiveness in improving the conditions of the least advantaged.
Social Welfare Schemes:
Implementation challenges, including bureaucratic inefficiencies and inadequate infrastructure, can affect the reach and impact of schemes like PMAY and Ayushman Bharat.
Idealized Nature: While the veil of ignorance and the original position provide a thought-provoking framework for considering principles of justice, these concepts face significant criticisms for their abstract nature, assumptions about rationality, neglect of power dynamics, and challenges in practical application.
Conclusion
While Rawls’s theory may not fully capture the complexities of the Indian context, it still provides valuable insights. Adapting Rawlsian principles to address specific socio-economic and cultural issues in India, and integrating them with other relevant theories, such as Amartya Sen’s capability approach, could enhance their applicability.
As creativity, ingenuity and innovation are second nature to humans, despite all the challenges talent always finds its way. Prince Siddhartha was shielded from all misery inside the confines of his palace. It took a single incident for him to question everything he had learnt so far and he renounced everything for the search of truth. His journey of self-discovery and becoming Buddha is still guiding us today.
Swami Vivekananda gave the slogan for the youth to:
“Arise, awake and stop not until your goal is reached”.
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Q) Discuss the concept of 'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance' in the context of public administration and governance reforms in India. How can this principle be effectively implemented to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of government institutions and services?
(250 words, 15 marks)
📍Answer:
"Minimum Government, Maximum Governance" is a popular slogan that
encapsulates a key principle
of public administration and governance reforms in India. It emphasises the need for a lean and efficient government that focuses on its core functions while ensuring maximum effectiveness and
responsiveness in delivering public services. To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of government institutions and services in India, it could be implemented in the following ways:
✅Reducing Bureaucratic Red Tape: Streamlining
administrative processes, cutting down on unnecessary paperwork, and simplifying regulations can make it easier for citizens and businesses to interact with the government. Digitalization and automation of processes can play a significant role in achieving this goal.
🔰For example: CBDT’s efforts for face-to-face meetings with officials.
✅Focus on Core Functions: "Minimum Government" implies that the government should concentrate on its core functions, such as law enforcement, national security, infrastructure development, and social welfare.
🔰 For example: UP’s single window clearance, the Nivesh Mitra portal for investment
✅ Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborations between the government and the private sector can help achieve "Maximum Governance" by harnessing the expertise and resources of both sectors especially in sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure development.
🔰For example: Redevelopment of Jawaharlal Nehru (JLN) Stadium, Delhi
✅Decentralization: Empowering local governments and communities can enhance governance at the grassroots level. Devolving decision-making authority and financial resources to local governments can lead to better-targeted services that address the unique needs of different regions.
🔰For example: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts
✅Transparency and Accountability: A key aspect of "Maximum Governance" is ensuring transparency and accountability in government operations. Regular audits and performance evaluations can also hold government institutions accountable for their actions.
🔰For example: Right to Information Act and implementing e-governance initiatives.
🔰Social Audit in MGNREGA
✅Citizen Engagement: Encouraging citizen participation and feedback mechanisms can help make
governance more responsive to the needs of the people. Platforms for public consultations, grievance
redressal mechanisms, and citizen surveys can provide valuable insights for policy formulation and service delivery.
🔰For example: MyGov: A platform for citizen Engagement towards Good Governance
✅Capacity Building: Building the capacity of government institutions and civil servants is crucial for effective governance. Training programs, professional development, and
performance-based incentives
can enhance the skills and motivation of public servants.
🔰For example: MISSION KARMAYOGI iGOT
✅Use of Technology
🔰Initiatives like digital payments, online service portals, and data analytics can streamline service delivery and reduce corruption.
🔰e-Court, My GOV platforms, Government e marketplace (GeM), etc.
The concept of "Minimum Government, Maximum Governance" is about optimizing the role of government
in India by making it more efficient, accountable, and responsive to the needs of its citizens. Effective implementation of this principle requires a combination of policy reforms, technology adoption, and a commitment to
transparency and accountability. By pursuing these strategies, India can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its government institutions and services, ultimately improving the quality of life for its citizens and fostering economic growth and development.
Examine the historical development and legal structure of the reservation system in India. Emphasize the suggestions made by the Mandal Commission and their effects on reservation policies. (250 words).
Answer1:
Introduction:
Reservations in India have a rich historical context, evolving over time to address social and economic disparities. The reservation system aims to uplift marginalized communities by providing them with opportunities in education, employment, and political representation.
Historical Development:
- British India and Princely Kingdoms: In the late nineteenth century, India was divided into British India and numerous princely kingdoms. Some progressive states prioritized education, industry, and national unity. However, attention shifted to minorities and impoverished sections in South and Western India.
- Constitutional Goals: India's Constitution sought to ensure equality, brotherhood, and individual dignity. Recognizing that existing provisions weren't sufficient, Article 334 initially reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in legislatures. Subsequent amendments extended this reservation until 2010.
- Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST) Quotas: The reservation policy extended to SCs and STs in government jobs and educational institutions. This aimed to address their underrepresentation.
-Other Backward Classes (OBCs): However, OBCs needed similar support. The Mandal Commission was established to address their concerns comprehensively.
The Mandal Commission:
- Formation and Objectives: The Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commission) was set up in 1979. Its primary duty was to address OBC issues.
-Criteria for Backward Classes: The Commission systematically identified backward classes based on criteria such as social perception, manual labor dependence, and below-average family assets.
Recommendations:
-27% Reservation: The Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservation for OBCs in public sector and government jobs.
-Promotions: OBCs should also receive 27% reservation at all levels of promotions.
-Carry Forward: Unfilled quota vacancies should be carried forward for up to three years.
-Impact:The Mandal Commission played a vital role in recognizing backward classes and framing affirmative action policies. It aimed to bridge socio-economic gaps and promote inclusivity.
Conclusion:
The reservation system, shaped by historical developments and the Mandal Commission's recommendations, remains a critical tool for social justice in India. While controversies persist, its impact on marginalized communities cannot be overlooked.
Analyze the reasons behind landslides in India, considering both natural and human-induced elements. How do these factors differ across various parts of the country?(250 words)
Landslides in India: Causes, Types, and Mitigation
Introduction:
Recently Many human lives,flora-fauna losses in Wayanad's landslides. This gives a painful attentive experience for heavy loss. Landslides, gravitational movements of rock masses on slopes, pose significant risks across India. Understanding their causes is crucial for preventive measures.
1.Natural Causes:
- Heavy Rainfall and Earthquakes: Over 40% of the Kumaon Himalayan region is landslide-prone due to earthquakes. Heavy rainfall also triggers landslides, as seen in Maharashtra's Talai village in 2021.
- Snow Melting and Undercutting: Snowmelt and flooding weaken slopes, leading to landslides.
- Geological Factors: Soil types and rock formations play a role, but these remain relatively constant.
2. Human-Induced Factors:
- Deforestation: Indiscriminate tree cutting reduces soil stability. The Himalayan region, with increased deforestation, faces heightened landslide risk.
- Shifting Cultivation: Burning forests for cultivation damages topsoil, making hilly regions vulnerable.
- Mining and Quarrying: Removal of vegetation cover and soil gravel lowers groundwater retention capacity, increasing landslide risk.
- Urbanization: Intensive construction and road projects reduce vegetation cover, contributing to landslides. Dharamshala exemplifies this trend.
3. Regional Variations:
- Western Ghats: Deforestation and heavy rainfall contribute to landslides in states like Maharashtra and Konkan.
- Himalayas: Earthquakes and snowmelt impact this region.
- Southern India: Urbanization and deforestation affect areas like Dharamshala.
Mitigation Measures:
- Afforestation: Increase forest cover to stabilize slopes.
- Catchment Area Management: Store excess water to reduce flash floods and recharge groundwater.
- Urban Planning: Regulate construction to preserve vegetation.
- Early Warning Systems: Monitor ground conditions for timely alerts.
Conclusion:
Balancing development with environmental conservation is essential to mitigate landslide risks. Collaborative efforts can safeguard lives and property in landslide-prone regions.
Analyze the impact of India’s support during Bangladesh’s liberation war on their current bilateral relations, assess the ongoing challenges affecting this relationship, and suggest a way forward. (250 words)
India-Bangladesh Relations:
The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 marked a pivotal moment in the relationship between India and Bangladesh.
1. Historical Context:
- Liberation War Support: India played a crucial role in providing military assistance and sheltering millions of Bangladeshi refugees during the Liberation War. This historical event laid the foundation for a close relationship between the two countries.
- Formation of Bangladesh: The brutal Pakistani military campaign against the Bangali population led to the breakup of Pakistan and the birth of independent Bangladesh, aided significantly by India's armed forces.
2. Challenges and Ongoing Issues:
- Border Disputes: Despite shared cultural ties, border disputes have strained relations. The enclaves issue, enclaves exchange, and the Teesta River water-sharing dispute remain unresolved.
- Trade and Connectivity: Enhancing trade and connectivity between the two nations is essential. Addressing infrastructural gaps and simplifying cross-border movement can foster economic cooperation.
- Security Concerns: Both countries face common security challenges, including terrorism and transnational crime. Collaborative efforts are crucial to combat these threats.
3. Way Forward:
- Economic Integration: Strengthening economic ties through trade facilitation, investment, and joint infrastructure projects can promote mutual prosperity.
- People-to-People Contacts: Encouraging cultural exchanges, educational collaborations, and tourism can deepen understanding and goodwill.
- Climate Cooperation: Given climate change's impact on both nations, joint efforts in disaster management, water resource management, and climate adaptation are vital.
- Regional Cooperation: Active participation in regional forums (like BIMSTEC and SAARC) can enhance cooperation beyond bilateral relations.
In conclusion, acknowledging the historical bond forged during the Liberation War, addressing challenges, and fostering cooperation across various domains will pave the way for a stronger India-Bangladesh relationship.
Analyze the importance of the recent Supreme Court decision on caste sub-classification in India. How does this judgment address past injustices and promote fair distribution of benefits among disadvantaged groups?
Introduction
In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court reframed the operation of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) quotas for the first time since their inception in the Indian Constitution. The decision allows states to create sub-classifications within the SC and ST categories, aiming to provide wider protections to the most backward communities within these groups.
Background:
- Article 341 of the Constitution empowers the President to list SC "castes, races, or tribes" that suffered historical untouchability.
- SC groups collectively receive 15% reservation in education and public employment.
- Some SC groups have been underrepresented compared to others, leading to attempts by states to extend additional protection to these marginalized communities.
Key Points:
1. Sub-Classification Permission:
- The recent ruling permits states to create sub-classifications within the SC and ST categories.
- These sub-classifications allow for fixed sub-quotas, addressing the specific needs of the most backward communities.
- This overturns the 2004 decision in E V Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh, which considered the SC/ST list as a "homogenous group" that couldn't be further divided.
2. Addressing Past Injustices:
- Historically, certain SC communities faced greater discrimination and exclusion than others.
- Sub-classification acknowledges these disparities and aims to rectify past injustices by ensuring targeted benefits for the most vulnerable groups.
3. Promoting Fair Distribution:
- By allowing sub-quotas, the judgment ensures fairer distribution of reservation benefits.
- States can tailor policies to uplift specific sub-groups, ensuring that benefits reach those who need them the most.
4. Legal Context:
- The 2004 ruling had held that sub-classifying SCs violated the right to equality under Article 14.
- However, the recent judgment recognizes the need for nuanced approaches to address varying levels of disadvantage within the SC and ST communities.
Conclusion:
The Supreme Court's decision on caste sub-classification marks a significant step toward social justice. It acknowledges historical inequities, empowers states to address them, and promotes a more targeted distribution of benefits. By allowing sub-quotas, the judgment strives to create a fairer and more inclusive society.
Hello Everyone
I hope you all are doing well.
Last some days are very traumatic and stressful for all of us because of the tragic incident in ORN.
I hope you all are now in position to revive your study schedule.
From tomorrow, we are starting mains answer writing program again.
This program is different from other years as we are focusing on answer writing practice only for beginners, veterans, etc.
For questions, I'll post by tomorrow morning. you can read related current affairs editorial and write answer within time limit. I'll post my answer in evening. And also if you have any query related to that question then you can ask me, I'll reply daily by evening.
Thank you...
Que . “Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory
in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer: To uphold the value of social justice and to address the many problems faced by vulnerable sections like women, elderly, minorities, tribals, LGBTQ+ etc. government launches various targeted welfare schemes for them.
For example, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana for girlchild, Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana for elderly etc.
Development and welfare schemes for vulnerable sections- discriminatory in nature:
✅ Targeted Approach: Since these schemes are targeted towards a particular section, they exclude other vulnerable sections who may also require special care.
🔸 For example, Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana provides financial assistance to tribal women which can also be made available to women from general category.
✅ Stigmatisation: By singling out certain groups for assistance, welfare programs can unintentionally stigmatize those groups, perpetuating stereotypes and biases.
🔸 For example, MoW&CD scheme to provide critical care and support to pregnant minor victims of sexual assault
✅ Limited resources: Prioritizing certain vulnerable groups can inadvertently discriminate against others who may also be in need but do not meet the specific criteria.
🔸 For example, Scheme of Girls & Boys Hostels for STs and SCs may deviate attention from other poorer sections who may also require Hostel facilities.
✅ Top-down approach: these schemes are formed at the top level without involvement of the vulnerable section. They may lack a detailed idea of the exact needs and requirements of the vulnerable sections.
✅ Exclusion Errors: Targeted schemes can sometimes result in exclusion errors, where deserving individuals or communities are left out due to inefficiencies.
Development and Welfare schemes promoting positive discrimination:
✅ Achieve equity: The development and welfare schemes recognize that different groups may have different needs and require targeted assistance to achieve equal access to resources and opportunities.
🔸 For example, Standup India scheme to make loans easily available for SCs, STs and women.
✅ Efficiency: Targeting vulnerable groups can be more efficient in terms of resource allocation as the limited resources are directed to those who need them the most.
🔸 For example, distribution of iron-fortified rice to adivasis.
✅ Human Rights and Social Justice: Providing assistance to vulnerable groups can be seen as a way to rectify historical injustices and promote social justice.
✅ Inclusive growth: Welfare schemes promote inclusive growth by providing a safety net that reduces inequality and poverty, enabling marginalized populations to participate more fully in the economy.
🔸For example, schemes like Nai Roshni and Nai Udaan for minorities.
Thus, the welfare schemes may seem discriminatory but if implemented properly, they can help address historical wrongs and promote social equality. Emphasis should be laid on better targeting, avoiding exclusion errors and participatory design of the schemes.
#GS2
#socialjustice
Q) Discuss the potential and challenges associated with air transport in India? 10MM
UNEP foresight report 2024 : navigating new horizons
-- report urges the world to address emerging challenges that could disrupt planetary health.
--- 8 critical global shifts with 18 signals of change accelerating the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution
--- no progress in UN SDG goals such as 85% targets are off track, 37% no progress or regressed, 60% environmental indicators deteriorated .
--- rapidly changing relationship between human and environment led to 90% of land affected by human (2050), temperature rise between 2.1-3.9 ° celcius by 2100
--- scarcity and competition for critical resources
---- AI , digital transformation and technology and it's implications
--- new era of conflicts
--- mass forced displacement 120 million people
---- widening inequalities: 10% hold 75% of wealth
---- misinformation, declining trust and polarization: fake news makes it harder to implement policies .
Recommendations by UNEP
-- strengthen and broadening stakeholders engagement
-- ensure young people in decision making
---- redefining progress beyond GDP
--- community empowerment
----- data driven decision making
---- sustainable prosperity
Q. Persian literary sources of mediaeval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment?
Persian literature gained prominence during the Delhi Sultanate primarily during the mediaeval era around 12th AD. The writings of Fariq-i-Firuz Shahi, Akbarnama and many more explored the socio-political conditions of that period.
▪️The Persian literature reflects the spirit of the age in the following ways:
1. Political structure of Mediaeval India:
a. Ziauddin Barani’s Tahrik-i- Firoz Shahi about Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
b. Akbar Nama by Abu Fazl.
c. Both described the Political unit at centre, provincial and state level along with the type of administration
during Delhi and Mughal dynasties.
2. Social Aspects: Amir Khusro reflected that:
a. Brahmins were the dominant sections among the Hindus.
b. He also mentions the exploitative nature of the Jizya Tax.
c. He reflected the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.
3. Religious Aspect:
a. Religious tolerance towards others.
b. Important festivals as means of entertainment.
c. Tuzuq-i-Jahagiri, Rihala are a few of the important sources.
Overall, these Persian sources not only talk about the Indian condition but also popularized Indian culture worldwide. For example, Dara Shikoh translated Gita and Mahabharata into Persian. They also bring different ideas to the sub-continent. The development of Hindavi and Urdu is very much influenced by the work of Amir Khusro.
Q. ‘The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government.’ Discuss. (10 marks)
Fourth Industrial Revolution includes development of new digital technologies that has improved the functioning of society. Components include Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Machine Learning etc that have been a recent phenomenon.
▪️Role of fourth industrial revolution in integrating e-governance
✅ Easier access to services: Through digital revolution and technology improvement, access to government services has become easier. Latest technology such as cloud computing have improved connectivity issues that had been plaguing digital governance.
✅ Better policy measures: New technology such as Big Data, Data Mining etc has capacity to identify useful aspects from large datasets. This will allow policy makers to make clear distinction between what is useful for the future. This ensures better policy measures.
✅ Faster resolution of grievances: Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have helped in evolution of new grievance resolution techniques such as bots. This has led to faster reduction in public issues.
✅ Transparency: Technology growth has created new opportunities for improving transparency in governance. This includes monitoring misgovernance such as corruption or favouritism.
However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is facing different challenges like: Poor Internet Connectivity, Digital illiteracy and Issue of security and Privacy . The World Economic Forum has launched a Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) in India.
Government along with other stakeholders should cooperate effectively to use this opportunity to enhance e-governance under the umbrella of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.