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1. How you will explain that medieval India temple sculpture represents the social life of those days? (150 words )
Temple is a sacred structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities. Temple is not only an abode of God, it is a symbolic representation of the various social and cultural activities.
▪️It represented social life through:
✅ Temple promoted music and dance like Bharatnatyam & Carnatic Music e.g. Vitthal Temple of Vijaynagar.
✅ The temple provided inspiration to poets who wrote Bhakti literature in local languages which helped to
strengthen the moral, spiritual values among the masses. E.g. Nayanars and Alwars.
✅ Temple was well-known for philanthropy like they maintained Dharmasalas for pilgrims; marriage in the premises of the temple, etc.
✅ The Matha were a centre of learning which played an important role in the promotion of education.
✅ Temples were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the patron. Example Rajarajeshvara temple of Tanjore built by King Rajaraja Chola shows how the names of the ruler and the god are very similar.
✅ Existence of various sects like Pattadakal temples of chalukya dynasty had Jain, Shiva and Vishnu temples.
Temples reflected the social reality and played an active role in social and cultural development of India.
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‘The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.’ Explain. (150 words )
It is rightly said the 21st century is Asian century, which is being led by China and this brings China in direct confrontation with the USA which is known for its hegemony since the end of the second world war.
▪️During the period of 1940-1990, there has been a direct confrontation with erstwhile Russia, but the competition with China is different in the sense:
✅ Ideological vs Economical War: USA and USSR were locked in ideological battle China continues to be the world’s largest supplier of rare earth, used for high-technology consumer products and military equipment, accounting for roughly 90 per cent of the world’s production and a lion’s share of the United States’ imports.
✅ Bipolar vs Multipolar world: World was Bipolar thus all the countries were forced to fall in either of the two camps, but today the world is in flux, no one knows who stands where.
✅ Pax Americana vs Indo-pacific: The 20th century was known as US dictating relations with the countries, but today with the centrality of the Indian ocean, US is looking for a partner to check China which was not the case with confrontation with the USSR.
✅ Restricted USSR vs Diversified China: USSR was restricted largely to Eurasia, while China is following Belt and Road initiative enveloping the countries from Eurasian region to African continent.
✅ Military vs Currency War: USA and USSR were locked in military race, evident in stockpiling of conventional and non-conventional weapons while China does carefully manage its currency to keep the yuan at a stable and targeted value through a host of measures, chiefly through buying and selling U.S. dollar bonds and controlling the outflow of yuan from its borders.
The war between China and the USA is very different from the times of the USSR, as it is about who will rule the coming century. The coming age will be defined by technology, not by military might, which makes the case for existential threat for the USA.
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Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
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Q. The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (Answer in 150 words)
Life Expectancy is an estimate of the average number of additional years that a person of a given age can expect to live. According to Registrar General of India, India’s life expectancy is 69.
▪️New Health Challenges:
✅Rise in Elderly Population: The Quality of Life for Elderly Index mentions that the share of elders is expected to increase from around 7.5% in 2001 and will surpass 19.5% by 2050
✅Feminisation of Ageing in rural India.
✅ Increased requirement of Geriatric Care leading to issues in social security net and rising government budgets.
✅ Challenges with Health Insurance: Less than 1% of older adults have health insurance, and ageing-related
morbidities are a grey area in terms of coverage.
✅ Changing Disease Burden: With the number of non-communicable diseases is already outgrowing infectious diseases contributing to 60% of deaths.
▪️Steps to be taken:
✅Geriatric pharmacotherapy to be included in the Undergraduate, PG and Nursing course to understand the impact of drugs on elderly.
✅ Utilise NGO like Help age India.
✅ Provide easy access to preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative services to the elderly at all levels
of health care delivery system along with specialized long-term and short-term training of health professionals.
Health education programmes using mass media, folk media and other communication channels are being promoted to reach out to the target community for promoting the concept of healthy ageing, importance of physical exercise, healthy habits, and reduction of stress.
Q. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (10 marks)
Social development plays a major role in enhancing the capacity of demographic dividend. It reduces stress on human capabilities and brings in human resource formation. In order to bring in social development, the healthcare system has to be revamped and developed.
▪️Importance of Maternal Health care:
✅ Cognitive and physical development of Infants.
✅ Disease to new-born children like sepsis, Meningitis.
✅ Different health risk like genetic conditions, STD, Hypertension
✅ Infant mortality Rate (283/1000) will be checked.
▪️Importance of Health of Elderly:
✅ Half of the elderly in India suffer from chronic disease which requires lifelong medication.
✅ With age, there is a higher chance of Immunological and psychiatry disorder.
✅ The elderly population is projected to reach 19% by 2050 and 71 % of elderly lives in Rural India.
▪️Suggestions:
✅ Geriatric pharmacotherapy to be included in the Undergraduate, PG and Nursing course to understand the impact of drugs on elderly.
✅ Utilise NGO like Help age India
✅ Nutrition, wellbeing, education and sanitation programs for maternal health.
✅ The regional inequities with regard to maternal health need to be addressed through improved surveillance and monitoring systems to enable evidence-based policy making, and efficient allocation of resources.
The SDG targets under Goal 4 can’t be achieved without addressing health issues of women and elderly. So, the key to success is awareness, implementation of programs and judicious use of resources.
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