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☑️ Join for mains Previous Year Questions Questions from 1999 - 2023 Questions will be segregated Subject/topic wise ✅Prelims PYQs @UPSC_Prelims_PYQ_MCQ ✅CSAT PYQs @UPSC_CSAT_PYQ
Q. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer. (15 Marks)
Digital education refers to the use of Digi-tech and digital-media for the purpose of education. It was considered as a new frontier of the IT revolution, whose need was exacerbated as the schools remained shut during COVID induced lockdown.
▪️Prominent Digital education initiatives include:
✅ SWAYAM prabha- digital TV channels dedicated to curriculum-based education.
✅ National Digital Library- academic textbook repository
✅ e-Pathshala- for disseminating e-resources
✅ Manodarpan Initiative: Psychological counselling for students
▪️Positive Role of Digital
🔸Education in educational sector:
✅ Continuity of learning during the lockdown and school closure days
✅ Use of tools like AI, Data Analytics to better monitor learning outcomes
✅ Interactive learning solutions via a host of graphical and digital interfaces.
✅ Breaking the transmission chain without compromising the education process.
✅ Accessibility of best teachers and resources from any corner of the country.
🔸Challenges associated with digital education:
✅ High digital divide: Urban vs rural leading to education disparity creating a vicious cycle
✅ Low affordability of smartphones and low latency internet connection.
✅ Health issues like eyesight problems, ringing of ears etc
✅ Addiction to mobile phone proves detrimental with respect to cognitive abilities.
✅ Laboratory oriented subjects suffered due to lack of access to physical laboratories.
✅ Reduction in health metrics due to reduced physical exercises, outdoor games etc.
Online education is a tool to achieve universalisation of education in accordance with Article 21 and New Education Policy 2020. However, challenges associated with it must be addressed by Government by increasing internet penetration and code on digital education, Private sector via CSR funds and civil society via monitoring.
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Q. Since the decade of 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (15 marks)
The Indian national movement was undoubtedly one of the biggest mass movements modern societies have ever seen. However, it was the post-1920s that saw an evolution of INM and it led to a spectrum of ideas from left to right expanding its social phase which was largely educated middle-class.
▪️The views of the various ideological strands are as follows:
✅ Gandhism: Ideas based on non-violence, truth appealed to common masses and more so women.
✅ Communism: Led by M N Roy and other leaders. it focussed on freedom of labour and peasants sought to include them in the movement.
✅ Socialism: A new crop of leaders within Congress like S.C Bose, Jawahar Lal Nehru sought to broaden the idea of an equal society with the role for almost all classes.
✅ The revolutionary idea with traits of socialism: Bhagat Singh (HSRA) brought more youths
✅ Capitalism: The emergence of the indigenous capitalist class sought their restrained role in national movement through support to Congress.
✅ Islamist nationalism: New youth disenchanted with the British rule and treatment to Khalifa supported nationalism and broadening INM as seen in Muslims huge participation in NCM. But later on, it developed into an idea of a separate nation led by Jinnah.
✅ Communalism: British 'divide and rule' yielded results with communalism dividing the movement and weakening it from time to time.
✅ The idea of marginalised liberation: It developed in parallel with INM where both British and Indian elite were considered exploiter, thus a united movement by marginalised as well gaining concession from the government was approached.
It will be accurate to say that these strands did not behave exclusively in their capacities, rather they complemented and supplemented each other one way and another. It resulted in the social base to stand out as togetherness of different masses.
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Q. Persian literary sources of mediaeval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment?
Persian literature gained prominence during the Delhi Sultanate primarily during the mediaeval era around 12th AD. The writings of Fariq-i-Firuz Shahi, Akbarnama and many more explored the socio-political conditions of that period.
▪️The Persian literature reflects the spirit of the age in the following ways:
1. Political structure of Mediaeval India:
a. Ziauddin Barani’s Tahrik-i- Firoz Shahi about Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
b. Akbar Nama by Abu Fazl.
c. Both described the Political unit at centre, provincial and state level along with the type of administration
during Delhi and Mughal dynasties.
2. Social Aspects: Amir Khusro reflected that:
a. Brahmins were the dominant sections among the Hindus.
b. He also mentions the exploitative nature of the Jizya Tax.
c. He reflected the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.
3. Religious Aspect:
a. Religious tolerance towards others.
b. Important festivals as means of entertainment.
c. Tuzuq-i-Jahagiri, Rihala are a few of the important sources.
Overall, these Persian sources not only talk about the Indian condition but also popularized Indian culture worldwide. For example, Dara Shikoh translated Gita and Mahabharata into Persian. They also bring different ideas to the sub-continent. The development of Hindavi and Urdu is very much influenced by the work of Amir Khusro.
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Q) Discuss the concept of 'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance' in the context of public administration and governance reforms in India. How can this principle be effectively implemented to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of government institutions and services?
(250 words, 15 marks)
📍Answer:
"Minimum Government, Maximum Governance" is a popular slogan that
encapsulates a key principle
of public administration and governance reforms in India. It emphasises the need for a lean and efficient government that focuses on its core functions while ensuring maximum effectiveness and
responsiveness in delivering public services. To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of government institutions and services in India, it could be implemented in the following ways:
✅Reducing Bureaucratic Red Tape: Streamlining
administrative processes, cutting down on unnecessary paperwork, and simplifying regulations can make it easier for citizens and businesses to interact with the government. Digitalization and automation of processes can play a significant role in achieving this goal.
🔰For example: CBDT’s efforts for face-to-face meetings with officials.
✅Focus on Core Functions: "Minimum Government" implies that the government should concentrate on its core functions, such as law enforcement, national security, infrastructure development, and social welfare.
🔰 For example: UP’s single window clearance, the Nivesh Mitra portal for investment
✅ Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborations between the government and the private sector can help achieve "Maximum Governance" by harnessing the expertise and resources of both sectors especially in sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure development.
🔰For example: Redevelopment of Jawaharlal Nehru (JLN) Stadium, Delhi
✅Decentralization: Empowering local governments and communities can enhance governance at the grassroots level. Devolving decision-making authority and financial resources to local governments can lead to better-targeted services that address the unique needs of different regions.
🔰For example: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts
✅Transparency and Accountability: A key aspect of "Maximum Governance" is ensuring transparency and accountability in government operations. Regular audits and performance evaluations can also hold government institutions accountable for their actions.
🔰For example: Right to Information Act and implementing e-governance initiatives.
🔰Social Audit in MGNREGA
✅Citizen Engagement: Encouraging citizen participation and feedback mechanisms can help make
governance more responsive to the needs of the people. Platforms for public consultations, grievance
redressal mechanisms, and citizen surveys can provide valuable insights for policy formulation and service delivery.
🔰For example: MyGov: A platform for citizen Engagement towards Good Governance
✅Capacity Building: Building the capacity of government institutions and civil servants is crucial for effective governance. Training programs, professional development, and
performance-based incentives
can enhance the skills and motivation of public servants.
🔰For example: MISSION KARMAYOGI iGOT
✅Use of Technology
🔰Initiatives like digital payments, online service portals, and data analytics can streamline service delivery and reduce corruption.
🔰e-Court, My GOV platforms, Government e marketplace (GeM), etc.
The concept of "Minimum Government, Maximum Governance" is about optimizing the role of government
in India by making it more efficient, accountable, and responsive to the needs of its citizens. Effective implementation of this principle requires a combination of policy reforms, technology adoption, and a commitment to
transparency and accountability. By pursuing these strategies, India can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its government institutions and services, ultimately improving the quality of life for its citizens and fostering economic growth and development.
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