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Today's Daily Quiz questions for UPSC Prelims 2024.
Average score: 10/20.
Solve: https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1087
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Top 500 important questions for UPSC Prelims Exam 2024:
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Q. Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work from Home’ on family relationship. (150 words )
The ‘Work from Home’ concept is a breakthrough in the traditional characteristics of work. Maintaining the productivity levels as well as ensuring safety is the ‘Work from home’ model.
▪️WFH have a widespread impact on family relationships:
🔸Positive Impact:
✅ Time saved in commuting can be spent qualitatively with family. More over work can be scheduled accordingly.
✅ WFH improved family relationships through proper adaptive processes, and the relations were moderated by the education level and age of individuals.
✅ Increased work expectations and distractions, reduce communications with family and ultimately impacts the mental and physical health.
✅ Blurred work-life boundaries can make it difficult to detach mentally from work which can increase stress and anxiety.
✅ More time to children reduces the friction between child and father.
🔸Negative Impact:
✅ Domestic violence – The WHO report showed a general trend of increase in sexual violence and intimate partner violence rates whenever there was an occurrence of disaster shadow pandemic.
✅ Salary cut in some organization has made depressing environment at home, resulting into loss of emotional intelligence.
✅ Work load on women member have increased, which made her more irritating and frustrating.
Communication and boundaries aren’t just meant for remote employees – these precedents set up a model for how relationships work in the future, and shape how they become in coming years.
Q. Explain the significance and analyze the scope of judicial review in India.(150 words)
Answer:
Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to examine the constitutionality of a law or executive orders of both the Centre and State governments. If the court arrives at the conclusion that the law is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution, such a law is declared as unconstitutional. Though the term ‘Judicial Review’ is nowhere mentioned in the constitution, the principle of judicial review is encompassed in Article 13. The Article provides that the law to be made should be in consonance with the norms laid down in the Constitution of India.
✅✅Significance of Judicial Review in India:
✴️• Upholds the supremacy of the Constitution: In India, it is the Constitution that is supreme.The law to be valid, must be in conformity with the Constitutional provisions. Thus, judicial review controls arbitrary or unjust acts taken on behalf of the Executive and the Legislature.
✴️Protects the Fundamental Rights of the citizens: The power of judicial review guarantees that the rights accorded by the Constitution are not contravened.
✴️Maintains federal equilibrium: The power of judicial review allows the Judiciary to invalidate a law if it is inconsistent with the distribution of powers laid down by the Constitution.
✴️ Provides checks and balance: Judicial review is a tool to keep a check on the public bodies and render their accountability if their decisions go beyond their Constitutional authority.
✴️ Upholds Rule of Law: Judicial review upholds the rule of law. It ensures that the administrative decisions are taken rationally, in accordance with a fair procedure and within the powers conferred by the Parliament.
✅✅Scope of Judicial Review in India:
The Constitutional validity of a legislative enactment or an executive order can be challenged in the Supreme Court or the High Courts on the following grounds:
✴️ If it infringes the Fundamental Rights of citizens.
✴️If it is outside the competence of the authority which has framed it.
✴️If it is repugnant to the provisions of the Constitution.
The Indian Constitution provides for the ‘procedure established by law’ and not ‘due process of law’ as in the USA. Under the ‘procedure established by law, the Supreme Court, while determining the constitutionality of a law, examines only whether the law has been validly enacted. It is not expected to go into its reasonability, suitability on policy implications etc. as followed under ‘due process of law’.
However, the scope of judicial review was expanded in the Maneka Gandhi case (1978), where the Supreme Court observed that ‘procedure established by law’ does not mean any arbitrary procedure laid down by the Parliament, but must be interpreted in the lines of the ‘due process’.
In this context, it can be said that India has attempted to strike a balance between judicial and Parliamentary supremacy.
Que. Analyse the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region and religion. (15 Marks)
Answer: A sect is a group of people who break away from a larger, established religious denomination because of a set of beliefs that differ in some key ways. While many views and practices of a sect will overlap with those of the larger group, other beliefs will be distinct enough to warrant a schism, or division between the groups.
Salience of sect Vis a Vis Religion:
✅ Sects tend to draw disproportionately from the underprivileged elements of society,
✅ They often decry liberal trends in denominational development and advocating a return to true religion.
Adding Diversity:
✅ Radhasoami sect does not prefer temple practice though they all belong to Hindu religion.
✅ Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, different sects believe in Lord Vaishanva, Shiva, and Shakti.
✅ In Islam Sunni and Shia are two different sects following different authority.
✅ Lingayat following Shiva as their deity only.
Salience of sect vis a vis Region:
✅ Jainism:- Svetambara in South and Digambar in North
✅ Buddhism:- Theravada in Ladakh, Sikkim
✅ The Kalamukhas are a Hindu sect that worships Rudra-Shiva. The Kalamukhas were so named because they defaced their faces with black marks and symbols. Found in Karanatka region.
✅ Pashupati Cult: It is Western India's oldest and most influential sect dedicated to the god Siva. The sect's founder was Lakulisa who felt that God's mercy was required for redemption.
Salience of sect Vis a vis caste:
✅ Due to alienation, most of the Schedule tribes have started following Buddhism, Even BR Ambedkar made a call for it.
✅ Schedule caste because of discrimination considers their local deity as main God.
✅ For Santhal Tribes, Saridharam is their personal religion and Sarna religion is the religion of the Munda and Oraon tribe of India.
✅ Brahmins in UP – Kanyakubj, Gaud, Saraswat, Maithil, and Utkal. Each of these is further subdivided, arranged in a hierarchy primarily based on claims to ritual purity but also on other social determinants.
✅ Rajput’s are divided into 3 Category, they are Suryavansi, Agnivansi and Chandravansi.
The sect, with its close community of human beings and its new values which give meaning to life, offers a way
out of anomie to many who have been disorganized in the impersonal milieu of the modern city.
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प्रश्न) भारत में लोक प्रशासन और शासन सुधारों के संदर्भ में 'न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन' की अवधारणा पर चर्चा करें। सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए इस सिद्धांत को प्रभावी ढंग से कैसे लागू किया जा सकता है?
(250 शब्द, 15 अंक)
📍उत्तर:
"न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन" एक लोकप्रिय नारा है
एक प्रमुख सिद्धांत को समाहित करता है
भारत में सार्वजनिक प्रशासन और शासन सुधार। यह एक दुबली और कुशल सरकार की आवश्यकता पर जोर देती है जो अधिकतम प्रभावशीलता सुनिश्चित करते हुए अपने मुख्य कार्यों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती है
सार्वजनिक सेवाएं प्रदान करने में जवाबदेही। भारत में सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए इसे निम्नलिखित तरीकों से लागू किया जा सकता है:
✅नौकरशाही लालफीताशाही को कम करना: सुव्यवस्थित करना
प्रशासनिक प्रक्रियाएं, अनावश्यक कागजी कार्रवाई में कटौती और नियमों को सरल बनाने से नागरिकों और व्यवसायों के लिए सरकार के साथ बातचीत करना आसान हो सकता है। प्रक्रियाओं का डिजिटलीकरण और स्वचालन इस लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: अधिकारियों के साथ आमने-सामने बैठक के लिए सीबीडीटी के प्रयास।
✅मुख्य कार्यों पर ध्यान दें: "न्यूनतम सरकार" का तात्पर्य है कि सरकार को अपने मुख्य कार्यों, जैसे कानून प्रवर्तन, राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा, बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास और सामाजिक कल्याण पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: यूपी का सिंगल विंडो क्लीयरेंस, निवेश के लिए निवेश मित्र पोर्टल
✅ सार्वजनिक-निजी भागीदारी (पीपीपी): सरकार और निजी क्षेत्र के बीच सहयोग विशेष रूप से स्वास्थ्य देखभाल, शिक्षा और बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास जैसे क्षेत्रों में दोनों क्षेत्रों की विशेषज्ञता और संसाधनों का उपयोग करके "अधिकतम शासन" प्राप्त करने में मदद कर सकता है।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: जवाहरलाल नेहरू (जेएलएन) स्टेडियम, दिल्ली का पुनर्विकास
✅विकेंद्रीकरण: स्थानीय सरकारों और समुदायों को सशक्त बनाने से जमीनी स्तर पर शासन को बढ़ाया जा सकता है। स्थानीय सरकारों को निर्णय लेने का अधिकार और वित्तीय संसाधन सौंपने से बेहतर-लक्षित सेवाएं प्राप्त हो सकती हैं जो विभिन्न क्षेत्रों की विशिष्ट आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करती हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: 73वां और 74वां संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियम
✅पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही: "अधिकतम शासन" का एक प्रमुख पहलू सरकारी कार्यों में पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित करना है। नियमित ऑडिट और प्रदर्शन मूल्यांकन भी सरकारी संस्थानों को उनके कार्यों के लिए जवाबदेह बना सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम और ई-गवर्नेंस पहल को लागू करना।
🔰मनरेगा में सामाजिक अंकेक्षण
✅नागरिक सहभागिता: नागरिक भागीदारी और फीडबैक तंत्र को प्रोत्साहित करने से मदद मिल सकती है
प्रशासन लोगों की जरूरतों के प्रति अधिक संवेदनशील है। सार्वजनिक परामर्श, शिकायत के लिए मंच
निवारण तंत्र और नागरिक सर्वेक्षण नीति निर्माण और सेवा वितरण के लिए मूल्यवान अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान कर सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: MyGov: सुशासन की दिशा में नागरिकों की भागीदारी के लिए एक मंच
✅क्षमता निर्माण: प्रभावी शासन के लिए सरकारी संस्थानों और सिविल सेवकों की क्षमता का निर्माण महत्वपूर्ण है। प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम, व्यावसायिक विकास, और
प्रदर्शन-आधारित प्रोत्साहन
लोक सेवकों के कौशल और प्रेरणा को बढ़ा सकते हैं।
🔰उदाहरण के लिए: मिशन कर्मयोगी आईजीओटी
✅प्रौद्योगिकी का उपयोग
🔰डिजिटल भुगतान, ऑनलाइन सेवा पोर्टल और डेटा एनालिटिक्स जैसी पहल सेवा वितरण को सुव्यवस्थित कर सकती हैं और भ्रष्टाचार को कम कर सकती हैं।
🔰ई-कोर्ट, माई जीओवी प्लेटफॉर्म, गवर्नमेंट ई मार्केटप्लेस (जीईएम), आदि।
"न्यूनतम सरकार, अधिकतम शासन" की अवधारणा सरकार की भूमिका को अनुकूलित करने के बारे में है
भारत में इसे अपने नागरिकों की जरूरतों के प्रति अधिक कुशल, जवाबदेह और उत्तरदायी बनाकर। इस सिद्धांत के प्रभावी कार्यान्वयन के लिए नीतिगत सुधारों, प्रौद्योगिकी को अपनाने और प्रतिबद्धता के संयोजन की आवश्यकता है
पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही. इन रणनीतियों को अपनाकर, भारत अपने सरकारी संस्थानों और सेवाओं की दक्षता और प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ा सकता है, अंततः अपने नागरिकों के लिए जीवन की गुणवत्ता में सुधार कर सकता है और आर्थिक वृद्धि और विकास को बढ़ावा दे सकता है।
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Que. “While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of state
autonomy.” Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15 marks
Answer: India opted for federal structure of the government, after independence. Our federalism is tilted towards centre to maintain unity and integrity of India. National parties favours Centralisation:
✅ Easy to govern
✅ Ideological base is wide.
✅ Considers Regional aspiration as disintegrating force.
✅ Understand the issue of National security comprehensively.
✅ Represents the wider presence of different sections in the party itself.
✅ Delays the international negotiation and hampers Bilateral relation.
Ex:- Teesta issue.
▪️State Parties Favours Decentralisation:
✅ Appoint of Governors and misuse of Article 356
✅ Emergency powers with centre
✅ Dependence of the states on the centre for financial assistance
✅ Appoint of Governors.
✅ Residuary power with centre.
Commissions’ setup by regional parties to review federal structure:
✅ Rajmannar Commission, 1969: demanded readjustment of the VII schedule and residuary power to the states.
✅ Anandpur Sahib Resolution, 1973: It demanded greater autonomy for the States seeking Centre’s authority to be confined to only :
🔸Defence,
🔸Foreign relation,
🔸Communications,
🔸Railways, and
🔸Currency.
Commissions’ setup by National parties to review federal structure:
✅ Sarkaria commission recommended status quo in the Centre-State relations, especially in the areas, relating to legislative matters, the role of Governors, and the use of Article 356.
✅ M.M Punchi 2007, suggested reforms to address the issue of states.
In this situation we can say that if there is a demand for greater state autonomy, creates instability in the government
and developmental works will be affected. However genuine autonomy to states with necessary centralization factor is the way for political progress.
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Q.Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture. (15 Marks)
Answer: Animals played a very significant role in early Indian art and iconography. Among the elements in nature, animal portrayals received greater attention. Among animals lion and bull received much attention in mythology, art and architecture.
Significance of the lion figure:
✅ From the primitive era, the lion is considered as the symbol of strength and power and worshipped through all ages in India as a symbol of royalty, leadership and protection as well as of wisdom and pride.
✅ Lions symbolically have played significant roles in magic, as deities or close association with deities.
✅ The lion symbolism and its cultural depictions can be found in Hindu and Buddhist art of India and Southeast Asia.
✅ Narasimha ("man-lion"), Narasinga, is described as an incarnation (Avatara) of Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism.
✅ Lions are also found in Buddhist symbolism. Lion pillars (Sarnath Lion capital, Sanchi Lion capital) erected
by Ashoka show lions and the chakra emblem.
✅In Buddhist architecture, lion figure were used as protectors of Dharma and symbolic of the Bodhisattvas.
Significance of the bull figures:
✅ The Bull is associated with a number of divinities but, primarily, its association with Siva in Hindu religion, Adinatha in Jaina religion and its relation with the Buddha Sakyamuni. It was a secular symbol.
✅ Nandi is the sacred bull of the Hindu god Shiva. Nandi is Shiva’s animal form, his means of transportation, and his most ardent worshiper.
✅ The white colour of the bull symbolizes purity and justice.
✅ Nandi is also believed to promote fertility, its relation to the fertility cult and its usefulness as a domesticated animal as reflected in ancient Indian art.
✅ During Indus valley civilization bull was presented in stone, clay, metal, seals and terracottas.
✅ In Ashoka pillar, the figure of bull was embossed on their capital or found relieved on abacus.
✅ During Gupta period, it became an established religious symbol.
✅ Chola’s constructed sacred bull of shiva (nandi) in various temples.
Thus, In Indian mythology, art and architecture animal not only represents just nature element but also religious, cultural and social significance.
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