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भटकने वाले सारे गुम नहीं हो जाते
जे.आर.आर. टोल्किन के कथन "जो भटकते हैं वे सभी खोए हुए नहीं हैं" के कई अर्थ हैं।
मेरी व्याख्याएँ:
1) घूमने से आपको नई चीजें सीखने में मदद मिल सकती है। घूमने से हमें अप्रत्याशित दृश्य, ध्वनियाँ और अनुभव मिल सकते हैं जो हमारे जीवन को समृद्ध बनाते हैं।
2) आत्म-खोज: भटकने से हमें खुद को खोजने में मदद मिल सकती है। हम नई चीजों को आजमाकर अपनी ताकत, कमजोरियों और जुनून का पता लगा सकते हैं।
3) आज़ादी: घूमना आपको सामाजिक बंधनों और अपेक्षाओं से बचने में मदद कर सकता है। घूमना हमें आज़ादी और खुद को आज़ादी दे सकता है।
4) वीरता: इस उद्धरण का तात्पर्य है कि सभी घुमक्कड़ खोए हुए नहीं हैं, बल्कि वे वीरतापूर्ण यात्रा पर हो सकते हैं। इसका तात्पर्य यह है कि भटकना एक महान लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने का एक तरीका हो सकता है, भले ही दूसरे इसे न देखें।
5) रचनात्मकता: घूमना रचनात्मकता को प्रेरित और उत्तेजित कर सकता है। जब हम घूमते हैं तो हमें नए विचार, दृष्टिकोण और उत्तेजनाएं मिल सकती हैं जो हमें प्रेरित करती हैं और नई अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान करती हैं।
"भटकने वाले सभी लोग खोए हुए नहीं होते" यह एक उद्धरण है जो अज्ञात की खोज के मूल्य को बढ़ावा देता है। चाहे हम आत्म-खोज, स्वतंत्रता, वीरता या रचनात्मकता के लिए यात्रा करें, यात्रा का अर्थ होता है।
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Q. The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples.
Desertification is the gradual degeneration of land productivity and quality caused due to climate change or anthropogenic activities. It is not the extension of deserts but a reduction in capacity of land to provide services.
▪️Desertification is caused by multiple factors like Overgrazing, groundwater exploitation, Unsustainable farming etc. Why desertification doesn't have climatic boundaries:
✅ Primarily associated with Arid regions, but increased climatic pressure has extended it to semi-arid and sub-humid regions.
✅ The northward movement of arid lands is its prominent indicator. E.g.: Southern Punjab showing conditions similar to the dry Rajasthan.
✅ Climate change has impacted rainfall duration and volume, further extending the dry regions.
✅ Land degradation is a global concern- from Canada to the Kalaharis of Africa.
✅ Climate activities like ocean currents, trade winds influence precipitation, leading to erosion either via excess (water erosion) or deficiency (wind erosion).
Desertification would lead not only to erosion of soil and productivity loss, but also economic crisis and food
security challenges. It is thus necessary for a global action to fight the menace that knows no national or climatic boundaries.
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Q. Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian
Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for
issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (15 marks)
The doctrine of separation of powers implies minimal interference by one organ in the functioning of another
organ. However, recently judicial legislation has emerged as a process in which the judiciary does the duty of the legislature and formulates laws, rules and regulations. One of the mechanisms for Judicial legislation is Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
▪️Antithetical to Separation of Power:
✅ It is argued that the social and economic domain should be largely the prerogative of the other branches of government, which are better equipped to analyse, formulate, and implement complex policies, and that much of PIL is inappropriate judicial activism” or “adventurism.
✅ PIL has significantly contributed, to expand their own powers and shield themselves from scrutiny and accountability.
✅ To some, it appears as though the courts may be spending time on frivolous and ineffectual PIL cases at the expense of the real administration of justice, and choose to do so because PIL burnishes their popularity, no matter if it goes against Separation of Power.
▪️Justification of large number of Public Interest litigation:
✅ Liberal Interpretation of Locus Standi: Locus Standi means a right or capacity of an individual to approach
or appear in a court on the behalf of any person that is economically or physically incapable of appearing in a
court.
✅ Making Socio Economic Right Judicially enforceable: Even though social and economic rights have been
laid down in Part IV of the Indian constitution, the PILs aren’t legally enforceable under the constitution.
✅ Therefore, the courts have listed under the fundamental rights thus making them judicially enforceable. For example: Under Article 21 which states ‘right to life’ also inculcates the right to free legal aid, live with dignity, education, work, freedom from torture, etc.
✅ Giving voice to the voiceless: In Hussainara Khatoon case, PIL concentrated on the barbaric conditions of prisons and how the prisoners who were under trial were kept in those prisons.
✅ Raise awareness on Important question: Supreme Court in Parmanand Katara Judgement ensured action against public officials who coerce or intimidate Good Samaritans to reveal his or her name and personal details.
✅ Direct Access to Justice: In the Asiad Workers judgement case, Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labour commissioner and lower courts.
The concept of Public Interest Litigation has managed to bring out surprising results that were impossible to derive 5 decades ago. Many cases of degraded bonded labourers, blinded prisoners, exploited children, etc got relief from PILs filed by various social activists
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Q. Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long-term implications on the national movement.
Lord Curzon served as India’s Viceroy between 1899 and 1905. He represented the peak of the imperialist tendency who largely focused around institutionalising paramountcy and checking the anti-British movement. This reactionary approach gave the national movement a mass push.
▪️The Policies of Lord Curzon:
✅ Calcutta Corporation Act,1899: Reduced the number of elected Indian members.
✅ Ancient Monuments Act, 1904: Aimed to protect the important monuments.
✅ Educational Reforms,1904: The real motive was to control the voices coming from the university, and to suppress them.
✅ Partition of Bengal: Considered as one of the major drawbacks of Curzon. Its aim was to divide Bengal into a
communal division.
✅ Agricultural Reforms: The Punjab Land Seizure Act in 1900 & The Co-operative Credit Union Act in 1904.
✅ Railways: He also abolished the railway department. He organized the Railway administration on a commercial
line with the objective of earning profit.
Foreign policies of Lord Curzon:
With Afghan: Motivated by fears of Russian expansion.
With Tibet: Curzon broke the 1890 trade relations between Tibet and British India.
With the Northwest Frontier: Curzon pursued a policy of consolidating and protecting British-occupied
territories in the North-West.
With Persia: Curzon personally visited the gulf in 1903 to protect the British interest by getting their
support.
The Implication of Lord Curzon Policy:
Positive:
Rise in Nationalist sentiments like the Swadeshi and Vande Mataram Movement.
Curzon’s anti-Indian policies helped India gain the support of the Indian diaspora.
✅ Curzon’s policies made Indians proud of their rich heritage and the inferiority complex of Indians was greatly
reduced
✅ It strengthened the nationalist feelings of the Indians, and the request for swaraj became more intense.
✅ Many factories, schools, and colleges were opened. Such gives step gave Indians the confidence to be self-reliant.
▪️Negative:
✅ It was his policy that gaves birth to the divide and rule policy in India.
✅ It led to the rise of extremism in the Indian National Congress.
Though Curzon’s courses of actions had caused a great amount of resent-ment among the Indians, yet unknowingly, it created a national awakening and religious renaissance as well.
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प्रश्न : लॉर्ड कर्जन की नीतियों और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन पर उनके दीर्घकालिक प्रभाव का मूल्यांकन करें।
लॉर्ड कर्जन 1899 से 1905 के बीच भारत के वायसराय रहे। वे साम्राज्यवादी प्रवृत्ति के शिखर का प्रतिनिधित्व करते थे, जिसका मुख्य ध्यान सर्वोच्चता को संस्थागत बनाने और ब्रिटिश विरोधी आंदोलन को रोकने पर था। इस प्रतिक्रियावादी दृष्टिकोण ने राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन को व्यापक गति दी।
▪️लॉर्ड कर्जन की नीतियाँ:
✅ कलकत्ता निगम अधिनियम, 1899: निर्वाचित भारतीय सदस्यों की संख्या कम कर दी गई।
प्राचीन स्मारक अधिनियम, 1904: इसका उद्देश्य महत्वपूर्ण स्मारकों की सुरक्षा करना था।
शैक्षिक सुधार, 1904: वास्तविक उद्देश्य विश्वविद्यालय से आने वाली आवाज़ों को नियंत्रित करना और उन्हें दबाना था।
✅ बंगाल का विभाजन: इसे कर्जन की प्रमुख कमियों में से एक माना जाता है। इसका उद्देश्य बंगाल को दो भागों में विभाजित करना था।
सांप्रदायिक विभाजन.
कृषि सुधार: 1900 में पंजाब भूमि अधिग्रहण अधिनियम और 1904 में सहकारी ऋण संघ अधिनियम।
✅ रेलवे: उन्होंने रेलवे विभाग को भी समाप्त कर दिया। उन्होंने रेलवे प्रशासन को वाणिज्यिक आधार पर संगठित किया।
लाभ कमाने के उद्देश्य से।
लॉर्ड कर्जन की विदेश नीतियाँ:
अफगान के साथ: रूसी विस्तार के भय से प्रेरित।
तिब्बत के साथ: कर्जन ने 1890 में तिब्बत और ब्रिटिश भारत के बीच व्यापार संबंध तोड़ दिए।
उत्तर-पश्चिमी सीमांत क्षेत्र के साथ: कर्जन ने ब्रिटिश कब्जे वाले क्षेत्रों को मजबूत करने और उनकी रक्षा करने की नीति अपनाई।
उत्तर-पश्चिम क्षेत्र में।
फारस के साथ: कर्जन ने ब्रिटिश हितों की रक्षा के लिए 1903 में व्यक्तिगत रूप से खाड़ी का दौरा किया।
सहायता।
लॉर्ड कर्जन नीति का निहितार्थ:
सकारात्मक:
स्वदेशी और वंदे मातरम आंदोलन जैसी राष्ट्रवादी भावनाओं का उदय।
कर्जन की भारत विरोधी नीतियों से भारत को प्रवासी भारतीयों का समर्थन प्राप्त करने में मदद मिली।
✅ कर्जन की नीतियों से भारतीयों को अपनी समृद्ध विरासत पर गर्व हुआ और भारतीयों की हीन भावना बहुत कम हुई।
कम किया हुआ
इससे भारतीयों की राष्ट्रवादी भावनाएँ और अधिक प्रबल हो गईं तथा स्वराज की माँग और तीव्र हो गई।
✅ अनेक कारखाने, स्कूल और कॉलेज खोले गए। ऐसे कदमों से भारतीयों में आत्मनिर्भर होने का आत्मविश्वास पैदा हुआ।
▪️नकारात्मक:
यह उनकी नीति थी जिसने भारत में फूट डालो और राज करो की नीति को जन्म दिया।
इससे भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस में उग्रवाद का उदय हुआ।
यद्यपि कर्जन के कार्यों ने भारतीयों में भारी आक्रोश पैदा किया था, तथापि अनजाने में ही, इसने राष्ट्रीय जागृति और धार्मिक पुनर्जागरण भी उत्पन्न कर दिया था।
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