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☑️ Join for mains Previous Year Questions Questions from 1999 - 2023 Questions will be segregated Subject/topic wise ✅Prelims PYQs @UPSC_Prelims_PYQ_MCQ ✅CSAT PYQs @UPSC_CSAT_PYQ
🔆 Examine the Reasoning Behind India’s Proposal for ‘New Orientation for a Reformed Multilateral System (NORMS)’
📍 Introduction
✅ Multilateralism is key to global governance, promoting cooperation among nations.
✅ India recently proposed NORMS to reform this system.
📍 Background on Multilateral Institutions
✅ Institutions like the United Nations (UN), World Health Organization (WHO), and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have historically guided global governance.
✅ They influence peace, health, and economic stability worldwide.
📍 Rationale Behind the NORMS Proposal
• Lack of Inclusivity and Representation
◦ UN Security Council’s permanent members remain unchanged since 1945, excluding many Global South nations (UN reports).
• Misuse of Veto Power
◦ From 1970 to 2021, US, Russia, China, UK, and France used veto over 130 times, blocking key resolutions (Atlantic Council).
• Altered Global Order
◦ COVID-19 pandemic saw countries sourcing vaccines beyond traditional suppliers (WHO reports).
• Western Dominance
◦ Western nations influence decisions, IMF loans often favor Western economic models (IMF reports).
• Procedural Issues
◦ Lack of transparency and accountability in organizations like WHO, criticized for opaque COVID-19 origin probe.
• Backlash Against Globalization
◦ Events like Brexit, trade wars, and WTO’s dispute mechanism crisis reveal rising nationalism (WTO).
📍 Need for Reformed Multilateralism
✅ Adaptation to evolving geopolitics is essential for effective collaboration.
✅ Current crises—climate change, food security, economic disparities—are multifaceted.
📍 Conclusion
✅ NORMS aims to create a more representative, effective multilateral system.
✅ Adoption can better address emerging global challenges.
Q. Since the decade of 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (15 marks)
The Indian national movement was undoubtedly one of the biggest mass movements modern societies have ever seen. However, it was the post-1920s that saw an evolution of INM and it led to a spectrum of ideas from left to right expanding its social phase which was largely educated middle-class.
▪️The views of the various ideological strands are as follows:
✅ Gandhism: Ideas based on non-violence, truth appealed to common masses and more so women.
✅ Communism: Led by M N Roy and other leaders. it focussed on freedom of labour and peasants sought to include them in the movement.
✅ Socialism: A new crop of leaders within Congress like S.C Bose, Jawahar Lal Nehru sought to broaden the idea of an equal society with the role for almost all classes.
✅ The revolutionary idea with traits of socialism: Bhagat Singh (HSRA) brought more youths
✅ Capitalism: The emergence of the indigenous capitalist class sought their restrained role in national movement through support to Congress.
✅ Islamist nationalism: New youth disenchanted with the British rule and treatment to Khalifa supported nationalism and broadening INM as seen in Muslims huge participation in NCM. But later on, it developed into an idea of a separate nation led by Jinnah.
✅ Communalism: British 'divide and rule' yielded results with communalism dividing the movement and weakening it from time to time.
✅ The idea of marginalised liberation: It developed in parallel with INM where both British and Indian elite were considered exploiter, thus a united movement by marginalised as well gaining concession from the government was approached.
It will be accurate to say that these strands did not behave exclusively in their capacities, rather they complemented and supplemented each other one way and another. It resulted in the social base to stand out as togetherness of different masses.
🔆 The partnership between the private and public sectors is crucial for the successful development of an investment model for urban infrastructure. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ Briefly define the partnership between public and private sectors.
✅ State its importance for urban infrastructure investment models.
📍 Investment Requirements
✅ Fact: Significant initial public subsidies can kick-start development. However, long-term budget commitments may threaten project delivery (source: provided content).
✅ Discussion: Explain the need for mobilizing private capital to mitigate risks associated with public funding.
📍 Convergence of Different Interests
✅ Fact: The public sector seeks to develop derelict sites while the private sector aims for new jobs and investment opportunities (source: provided content).
✅ Discussion: Illustrate how these mutual interests promote collaboration and drive urban development.
📍 Reduced Risks
✅ Fact: Risk allocation should be central in public-private collaborations, with the government ensuring policy continuity and the private sector managing operational risks (source: provided content).
✅ Discussion: Elaborate on the importance of shared risk management in ensuring project success.
📍 Sharing of Responsibility
✅ Fact: The government can handle administrative costs while the private sector enhances project efficiency and management (source: provided content).
✅ Discussion: Discuss how this division of responsibilities leads to improved project delivery.
📍 Increase in Rewards
✅ Fact: Proper planning allows for better project screening and cost-effective technology choices (source: provided content).
✅ Discussion: Highlight the private sector’s role in reducing lifecycle costs through expertise in design and construction.
📍 Complementary Objectives
✅ Fact: The public sector creates economic growth opportunities while the private sector aims for profitability (source: provided content).
✅ Discussion: Explain how aligning these objectives fosters a conducive environment for urban development.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Summarize the key points made.
✅ Reiterate the importance of public-private partnerships in achieving successful urban infrastructure investment models.
✅Canonical texts - Directly linked to Buddha's life. e.g, Tripitaka.
✅Non - canonical texts - Not linked directly to the Buddha, but commentaries, observations on canonical texts, historical information and other writings in different languages, e.g., Jataka tales.
Canonical texts
✅Tripitaka
✅Sutta pitaka - Buddha's teachings.
(Nikaya - Digha, Majjima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khudaka)
(Dhamma-sangani, Vibhanga, Dhatu-katha, Puggala-pannatti, Katha-vatthu, Yamaka, Patthana)
🔆 Social Welfare and Community Engagement in Governance
📍 Context
In Jamtara District, Faiz Ahmed Mumtaz, the District Magistrate, initiated the creation of Elder’s Clubs to combat elderly isolation. These clubs provide a space for elderly individuals to connect, share stories, and engage in activities promoting mental well-being.
📍 Social Significance
✅ These Elder’s Clubs represent an inclusive governance approach, addressing the needs of marginalized elderly communities.
✅ The renovation of dilapidated buildings into vibrant community spaces serves to combat loneliness while improving the mental health of the elderly.
✅ This program contributes to community welfare by fostering intergenerational connections and encouraging social engagement.
📍 Ethical Leadership
✅ Faiz Ahmed Mumtaz demonstrates compassionate leadership by prioritizing the well-being of seniors and tackling social isolation.
✅ This initiative embodies collaborative governance, where local residents contribute to the management of these clubs, promoting community-driven welfare.
✅ It sets an example of ethical governance, demonstrating how administrative action can bring meaningful social change.
#essay
Discuss the current major cyber threats facing India in 2025. Evaluate the effectiveness of existing government initiatives to combat these threats and suggest comprehensive strategies for strengthening India’s cybersecurity framework. (200 words)
📍 Introduction:
✅ Cybersecurity is crucial for protecting digital assets, data, and systems in an increasingly interconnected world.
✅ In 2024, the rise of cyber threats such as ransomware and phishing attacks has significantly impacted India’s digital landscape.
📍 Current Major Cyber Threats:
✅ Ransomware Attacks: Incidents like WannaCry have exposed critical sectors, causing significant financial damage.
✅ Phishing: Increasingly targeting banks, government systems, and businesses, leading to massive data theft.
✅ Cloud Security Vulnerabilities: Breaches like those in Amazon Web Services showcase risks in unprotected cloud environments.
✅ IoT Security Issues: Smart devices remain vulnerable to attacks, making homes and enterprises easy targets.
✅ Supply Chain Attacks: High-profile incidents, such as the SolarWinds hack, demonstrate the growing threat to interconnected software.
✅ Crypto Crimes: Growing thefts and fraud within the cryptocurrency market, spurring significant financial losses.
✅ Deepfake Technology: The misuse of deepfakes in politics and business is a growing concern.
✅ Shortage of Cybersecurity Professionals: A 30% shortage of trained cybersecurity experts limits response effectiveness.
✅ Honey Traps: Increasing incidents of cyber espionage targeting individuals for financial or political gain.
📍 Government Initiatives:
✅ National Cyber Security Policy and CERT-In are pivotal in setting national standards and responding to cyber threats.
✅ Cyber Surakshit Bharat has led to raising awareness but remains limited by infrastructure gaps and uncoordinated enforcement.
📍 Suggestions for Improvement:
✅ Strengthen public-private partnerships for advanced threat detection and response.
✅ Invest in digital literacy programs to raise awareness and reduce vulnerability.
✅ Implement IoT and cloud security frameworks to secure emerging technologies.
✅ Develop targeted programs to attract cybersecurity professionals to fill the talent gap.
📍 Way Forward:
✅ India must prioritize a robust cybersecurity infrastructure, integrating new technologies and strategies to combat emerging threats.
✅ A coordinated national effort is critical to fortify defenses and mitigate the growing digital threat landscape.
🔆Discuss the current major cyber threats facing India in 2025. Evaluate the effectiveness of existing government initiatives to combat these threats and suggest comprehensive strategies for strengthening India’s cybersecurity framework. (200 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ Cybersecurity is critical in the digital age, safeguarding data, infrastructure, and national security.
✅ Cyber threats in India have risen in 2024, with an increasing number of attacks targeting government, businesses, and individuals.
📍 Current Major Cyber Threats
✅ Ransomware Attacks: Notable incidents like WannaCry continue to cripple systems, demanding ransom payments.
✅ Phishing: A surge in phishing attacks targeting financial sectors and government institutions.
✅ Cloud Security Vulnerabilities: Increasing data breaches from poorly secured cloud services.
✅ IoT Security Issues: Growing vulnerabilities in connected devices, leading to cyber-attacks.
✅ Supply Chain Attacks: Exploiting third-party vulnerabilities, such as the SolarWinds breach.
✅ Crypto Crimes: The rise in thefts of cryptocurrencies, a prime target for hackers.
✅ Deepfake Technology: Used to spread misinformation, compromising trust in media.
✅ Shortage of Cybersecurity Professionals: India faces a significant talent gap in cybersecurity expertise.
✅ Honey Traps: A rise in cyber-espionage involving sexual manipulation, particularly targeting high-value individuals.
📍 Government Initiatives
✅ The National Cyber Security Policy and CERT-In have made strides in building awareness and infrastructure.
✅ Cyber Surakshit Bharat focuses on promoting cyber hygiene among small businesses.
✅ While initiatives are effective, the evolving threats require continuous adaptation and stronger enforcement.
📍 Suggestions for Improvement
✅ Strengthen cloud security and IoT standards through regulations and frameworks.
✅ Enhance digital literacy and awareness campaigns across all sectors.
✅ Foster public-private partnerships to improve threat intelligence sharing.
✅ Address the cybersecurity talent gap through education and training programs.
📍 Way Forward
✅ A coordinated approach involving government, industry, and citizens is essential to combat emerging cyber threats and build a resilient cybersecurity framework for India.
Q.Discuss the availability of natural gas hydrates in India, highlighting both the potential benefits and the challenges involved in their exploration. (200 Words)
☑️INTRODUCTION
✅What are Natural Gas Hydrates?
Crystalline compounds formed by methane and water, found in shallow sediments of the outer continental margins.
✅Relevance to India:
Significant for India’s growing energy demands, offering a future energy source.
📍Availability of Natural Gas Hydrates in India
✅Estimated Resources: 1,894 tcm, concentrated in the Eastern, Western, and Andaman offshore areas.
✅Promising Sites:
Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin and Mahanadi Basin.
✅Recent Discovery:
First producible gas hydrate deposits found in the Bay of Bengal, marking a major milestone in India’s energy exploration.
📍Potential Benefits
✅Energy Source: Methane in gas hydrates exceeds all known conventional gas reserves.
✅Cleaner Fuel: Methane combustion is twice as efficient as coal, reducing environmental pollution.
✅Seafloor Stability Research: Gas hydrate studies help understand underwater landslides and other geological risks.
📍Challenges
❌Detection Issues: Traditional seismic methods often fail to identify gas hydrates.
❌Extraction Difficulties: Gas hydrates disintegrate upon drilling, making methane recovery inefficient.
❌Geohazards: Dissociation could cause seafloor instability and underwater landslides.
❌Climate Risks: Rising ocean temperatures could release methane, worsening climate change.
☑️WAY FORWARD
✅Focus on advanced seismic technologies for better detection and mapping of deposits.
✅Develop innovative extraction techniques to ensure efficiency while minimizing environmental damage.
✅Strengthen international collaboration to adopt best practices and technologies.
✅Conduct detailed environmental impact assessments to manage risks like geohazards and methane release.
📍Conclusion
✅Gas hydrates can secure India’s energy future, but challenges in detection, extraction, and environmental risks must be addressed.
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Discuss the ethical concerns that may emerge when a foreign-funded research project carries out medical research in developing countries. (Answer in 150 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ Foreign-funded medical research plays a crucial role in global health advancements, but it raises ethical concerns due to resource disparities, governance issues, and socio-cultural differences.
📍 Ethical Concerns in Clinical Trials
✅ Lack of informed consent may lead to exploitation of vulnerable populations.
✅ Unequal distribution of risks and benefits – local communities bear risks but may not benefit from research outcomes.
✅ Example: Some trials fail to fully inform participants about potential risks (Helsinki Declaration, CIOMS Guidelines).
📍 Vulnerabilities of Local Research Teams
✅ Pressure to accept foreign research methodologies, even if ethically questionable.
✅ Example: Foreign projects offering infrastructure may influence local researchers to overlook ethical concerns (Global health research standards).
📍 Cultural & Regulatory Differences
✅ Ethical standards vary across countries, leading to inconsistent consent procedures & care standards.
✅ Example: Practices considered ethical in one country may be unacceptable elsewhere (WHO guidelines).
📍 Monitoring & Accountability Issues
✅ Weak regulatory infrastructure in developing nations increases risk of exploitation.
✅ Example: Lack of oversight can result in negligence and mismanagement (Global health monitoring systems).
📍 Benefit Sharing & Local Needs
✅ Research benefits like new drugs/treatments often do not reach local populations.
✅ Example: Research focuses on global markets without addressing local health challenges (Ethical frameworks in global health).
📍 Data Protection & Ethical Review
✅ Weak data protection laws can lead to privacy breaches & misuse of research data.
✅ Example: Lack of ethical review systems in some countries increases the risk of data exploitation (WHO guidelines).
📍 Conclusion
✅ Foreign-funded research must adhere to ethical guidelines and respect local interests.
✅ Establishing robust ethical frameworks and independent review systems is essential to protect vulnerable populations.
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Q.)Discuss the key strides in India’s defense modernization and the challenges faced in achieving self-reliance in defense production. Suggest measures to overcome these challenges.” (200 words)
✅Introduction:
India is rapidly modernizing its defense sector to achieve self-reliance in defense production under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. The focus is on indigenization of technology, reducing imports, and enhancing domestic manufacturing. However, challenges persist.
🙌🏻Key Strides in Defense Modernization:
✅ Indigenous Platforms: Development of advanced systems like the Tejas fighter jet, INS Vikrant, and BrahMos missile system. ✈️🚢
✅ Policy Reforms: Introduction of the Defense Acquisition Procedure 2020 and promotion of FDI in defense. 📜💼
✅ Start-Up Ecosystem: Launch of the iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) to foster defense startups and MSMEs. 🌟🏭
✅ Make in India: Increased focus on local production under the Strategic Partnership Model and DRDO's initiatives. 🇮🇳⚙️
Challenges in Self-Reliance:
⚠️ R&D Deficiency: India invests only 0.65% of GDP in R&D, limiting innovation in critical defense technologies. 🔬📉
⚠️ Import Dependency: Continued reliance on foreign suppliers for advanced technologies like semiconductors and stealth systems. 🛒
⚠️ Delayed Projects: Bureaucratic hurdles and inefficiencies lead to time and cost overruns in defense projects. ⏳💰
⚠️ Talent Shortage: Limited skilled workforce in emerging technologies like AI, robotics, and cyber defense. 🤖
Measures to Overcome Challenges:
✅ Increase R&D Investment: Allocate at least 2% of GDP for defense innovation and research. 📈
✅ Public-Private Partnerships: Promote collaboration between DRDO, private firms, and academia for faster results. 🤝🏢
✅ Skilling Programs: Develop a strong talent pipeline through defense-specific skilling and training initiatives. 🧑🎓⚙️
✅ Boost Domestic Manufacturing: Incentivize domestic firms to manufacture advanced weaponry and reduce imports. 🏭
Conclusion
By addressing challenges in R&D, imports, and policy delays, India can achieve its goal of self-reliance in defense production. A collaborative innovation ecosystem will not only strengthen national security but also boost the economy. 🌍✨
Do you agree that falling fertility rates provide India with a brief demographic window to achieve its socio-economic goals? What policy measures should be prioritized to harness the demographic dividend in the coming years? (Answer in 250 words)
✅ Introduction:
Agree that falling fertility rates provide India with a brief demographic window to achieve its socio-economic goals. The ongoing demographic transition presents a unique opportunity for India to leverage its growing working-age population for economic growth.
✅ Current Demographic Trends:
• Fertility Rate: India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined from 2.2 in 2015-16 to 2.0 in 2019-21 (Source: National Family Health Survey-5).
• Median Age: Rising median age from 24 years in 2011 to 29 years currently, projected to reach 36 years by 2036.
• Dependency Ratio: Expected decrease from 65% to 54% in the next decade, enhancing the productive capacity.
✅ Potential Benefits of the Demographic Window:
• Human Capital Formation: Fewer dependents enable higher investments in health, education, and skill development.
• Higher Per Capita Income: Lower fertility supports higher income per capita and capital stock per worker, aiding in poverty alleviation.
• Labor Force Participation: A growing working-age population increases labor supply, with opportunities for enhanced female participation in the workforce.
✅ Challenges Ahead:
• Unemployment Risks: Rising unemployment can lead to economic and social instability without the right policies.
• Aging Population: In the future, an aging population will reduce the working-age demographic.
✅ Policy Measures to Harness the Demographic Dividend:
• Improve Consumption Patterns: Focus on early childhood nutrition and education.
• Increase Investment in Education and Healthcare: Raise public spending, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• Resource Allocation Based on Population Census: Allocate funds to states with higher working-age populations.
• Transition in Skilling: Emphasize universal skilling and entrepreneurship to prepare for technological advancements.
• Increase Women’s Workforce Participation: Introduce tax incentives and gender budgeting to boost women’s participation, which has fallen from 34.1% in 2003-04 to 20.3% in 2019.
• Create Employment Opportunities: Promote start-ups and industries via Make in India and Start-Up India.
✅ Conclusion:
To fully leverage India’s demographic window, a comprehensive policy framework addressing education, health, skilling, and employment is essential for sustainable socio-economic growth.
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Discuss the ethical concerns that may emerge when a foreign-funded research project carries out medical research in developing countries. (Answer in 150 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ Foreign-funded medical research plays a crucial role in global health advancements, but it raises ethical concerns due to resource disparities, governance issues, and socio-cultural differences.
📍 Ethical Concerns in Clinical Trials
✅ Lack of informed consent may lead to exploitation of vulnerable populations.
✅ Unequal distribution of risks and benefits – local communities bear risks but may not benefit from research outcomes.
✅ Example: Some trials fail to fully inform participants about potential risks (Helsinki Declaration, CIOMS Guidelines).
📍 Vulnerabilities of Local Research Teams
✅ Pressure to accept foreign research methodologies, even if ethically questionable.
✅ Example: Foreign projects offering infrastructure may influence local researchers to overlook ethical concerns (Global health research standards).
📍 Cultural & Regulatory Differences
✅ Ethical standards vary across countries, leading to inconsistent consent procedures & care standards.
✅ Example: Practices considered ethical in one country may be unacceptable elsewhere (WHO guidelines).
📍 Monitoring & Accountability Issues
✅ Weak regulatory infrastructure in developing nations increases risk of exploitation.
✅ Example: Lack of oversight can result in negligence and mismanagement (Global health monitoring systems).
📍 Benefit Sharing & Local Needs
✅ Research benefits like new drugs/treatments often do not reach local populations.
✅ Example: Research focuses on global markets without addressing local health challenges (Ethical frameworks in global health).
📍 Data Protection & Ethical Review
✅ Weak data protection laws can lead to privacy breaches & misuse of research data.
✅ Example: Lack of ethical review systems in some countries increases the risk of data exploitation (WHO guidelines).
📍 Conclusion
✅ Foreign-funded research must adhere to ethical guidelines and respect local interests.
✅ Establishing robust ethical frameworks and independent review systems is essential to protect vulnerable populations.
🔆 Do you agree that falling fertility rates provide India with a brief demographic window to achieve its socio-economic goals? What policy measures should be prioritized to harness the demographic dividend in the coming years?
📍 Introduction
✅ Thesis Statement: Agree that falling fertility rates provide India with a brief demographic window to achieve socio-economic goals.
✅ Context: Mention the significance of the demographic transition in India.
📍 Current Demographic Trends
✅ Fertility Rate: India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined from 2.2 in 2015-16 to 2.0 in 2019-21 (Source: National Family Health Survey-5).
✅ Median Age: Rising median age from 24 years in 2011 to 29 years currently, projected to reach 36 years by 2036.
✅ Dependency Ratio: Expected decrease in the dependency ratio from 65% to 54% in the next decade.
📍 Potential Benefits of the Demographic Window
✅ Human Capital Formation:
◦ Fewer dependents allow for increased investment in health, education, and skills.
◦ Helps in reducing income inequality and improving job opportunities.
✅ Higher Per Capita Income:
◦ Low fertility supports higher income per capita and capital stock per worker.
◦ Contributes to achieving zero hunger and poverty.
✅ Labor Force Participation:
◦ Shift towards a working-age population increases labor supply.
◦ Lower fertility rates encourage female participation in the labor market.
📍 Challenges Ahead
✅ Unemployment Risks: Without proper policies, rising unemployment could lead to economic and social risks.
✅ Aging Population: The share of older populations will eventually rise, leading to a decrease in the working-age population.
📍 Policy Measures to Harness the Demographic Dividend
1️⃣ Improve Consumption Patterns
◦ Invest in early childhood nutrition and education to build a strong foundation for human capital.
2️⃣ Increase Investment in Education and Healthcare
◦ Raise public spending on health from around 1% of GDP, focusing on states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
3️⃣ Resource Allocation Based on Population Census
◦ Devolve more funds to states with higher working populations to nurture human capital.
4️⃣ Transition in Skilling
◦ Enhance focus on universal skilling and entrepreneurship to prepare the workforce for emerging technologies.
5️⃣ Increase Women’s Workforce Participation
◦ Implement tax incentives and gender budgeting to boost the current female labor participation rate, which dropped from 34.1% in 2003-04 to 20.3% in 2019.
6️⃣ Create Employment Opportunities
◦ Provide incentives for start-ups and large industries through initiatives like Make in India and Start-Up India.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Summarize Key Points: Reiterate the importance of leveraging the demographic window.
✅ Call to Action: Emphasize the need for comprehensive policy measures to achieve sustainable socio-economic growth.
Examine the reasoning behind India’s recent proposal for a ‘New Orientation for a Reformed Multilateral System (NORMS)’ to address contemporary geopolitical realities.(150 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ Briefly introduce the concept of multilateralism and its importance in global governance.
✅ State the recent proposal by India for a ‘New Orientation for a Reformed Multilateral System (NORMS)’.
📍 Background on Multilateral Institutions
✅ Explain the role of multilateral institutions like the United Nations, World Health Organization, and International Monetary Fund.
✅ Mention how these institutions have historically functioned and their impact on global governance.
📍 Rationale Behind the NORMS Proposal
✅ Lack of Inclusivity and Representation:
◦ Discuss how the structure of the UN Security Council (UNSC) excludes many nations, particularly from the Global South.
◦ Fact: The UNSC’s permanent members have not changed since 1945, leading to a misrepresentation of today’s geopolitical landscape (Source: UN General Assembly reports).
✅ Misuse of Veto Power:
◦ Highlight instances where veto power has led to gridlock on critical global issues.
◦ Fact: An analysis by the Atlantic Council shows that from 1970 to 2021, the U.S., Russia, China, the UK, and France wielded veto power over 130 times, often to block important resolutions (Source: Atlantic Council).
✅ Altered Global Order:
◦ Elaborate on the shift in global dynamics, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, where nations diversified their vaccine sources.
◦ Fact: Reports indicated that several countries from the Global South received vaccines primarily from sources outside traditional suppliers (Source: World Health Organization).
✅ Western Dominance:
◦ Discuss how Western countries influence multilateral decisions, often prioritizing their interests over those of developing nations.
◦ Fact: The IMF frequently imposes conditions on loans that favor Western economic frameworks (Source: IMF reports).
✅ Procedural Issues:
◦ Address the lack of transparency and accountability in established multilateral organizations.
◦ Fact: The WHO faced criticism for its opaque investigation into the origins of COVID-19 (Source: WHO statements).
✅ Backlash Against Globalization:
◦ Mention recent occurrences like Brexit and trade wars, emphasizing a trend toward nationalism.
◦ Fact: The dysfunctionality of the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism, largely due to stalled appointments, reflects a crisis in global governance (Source: WTO).
📍 Need for Reformed Multilateralism
✅ Stress the necessity of adapting to the current geopolitical landscape to foster global collaboration.
✅ Emphasize the multifaceted nature of today’s crises, including climate change, food security, and economic disparities.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Summarize the importance of the NORMS proposal in creating a representative and effective multilateral system.
✅ Highlight the potential benefits of adopting NORMS for addressing emerging global challenges.
🔆The recently introduced National Logistics Policy has the potential to not only transform India’s logistics ecosystem but also boost job creation. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ Briefly introduce the National Logistics Policy (NLP).
✅ Mention its launch date and the ministry responsible.
📍 Objectives of the NLP
✅ Explain the primary goal: reducing logistics costs from 13-14% to levels comparable with developed nations (Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry).
✅ Discuss the importance of a comprehensive policy framework for enhancing efficiency.
📍 Key Initiatives under NLP
✅ Integration of Digital Systems (IDS)
◦ Description: Integrating data from seven key departments (e.g., transport, railways).
◦ Impact: Streamlines cargo movement and reduces logistical costs.
✅ Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP)
◦ Description: Ensures real-time information exchange for smoother logistics operations.
✅ Ease of Logistics
◦ Description: Introduction of E-Logs for direct communication between businesses and government agencies.
◦ Impact: Enhances transparency and operational efficiency.
✅ System Improvement Group
◦ Description: Monitors logistics-related projects across ministries for consistent improvement.
📍 Impact on Job Creation
✅ Growth of the Sector
◦ Current workforce: The logistics sector supports over 22 million jobs (Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry).
◦ Projected impact: A 10% decrease in indirect logistics costs could lead to a growth of 5–8% in exports, creating new jobs in various fields.
✅ Multiplier Effect
◦ Discuss how improvements in logistics will benefit the manufacturing and infrastructure sectors, leading to faster job creation in related industries like cement and steel.
✅ Human Resources Development
◦ Emphasize the need for a skilling ecosystem to enhance productivity and earnings for entry-level workers in construction and infrastructure.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Summarize the transformative potential of the NLP for both the logistics ecosystem and job creation.
✅ Highlight the importance of aligning all stakeholders for effective implementation to achieve desired outcomes by 2030.
#mainsanswer
UPSC CSE (Civil Services Examination) 2025 Prelims Admit Card Out
https://upsconline.gov.in/eadmitcard/admitcard_csp_2025/admit_card.php#hhh1
UPSC Civil Services Pre Exam 2025
Important Notice
Do you agree with the claim that indecision and risk aversion are prevalent issues in Indian bureaucracy? Support your answer with logical reasoning. (150 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ Claim: Indecision and risk aversion are significant issues in Indian bureaucracy.
✅ Thesis: These issues stem from personal risks, electoral politics, lack of autonomy, and structural inefficiencies.
📍 Personal Risks and Accountability
✅ Fact: Bureaucrats face severe consequences for policy failures, impacting their reputation and career.
✅ Reasoning: Fear of consequences leads to a culture of self-preservation, where bureaucrats avoid taking risks to safeguard their careers.
📍 Impact of Electoral Politics
✅ Fact: Bureaucrats are held individually accountable for policy outcomes, conflicting with electoral interests.
✅ Reasoning: This creates reluctance to innovate, as bureaucrats prioritize compliance over effective governance.
📍 Lack of Autonomy and Over-Monitoring
✅ Fact: Bureaucrats are often over-monitored, reducing their decision-making autonomy.
✅ Reasoning: This environment stifles creativity, leading to a focus on routine tasks and exacerbating indecision.
📍 Structural Issues
✅ Fact: Large departments and hierarchical structures contribute to red-tapism and delays.
✅ Reasoning: The inability to respond quickly to pressing issues reinforces indecision.
📍 Bureaucratic Overload and Specialization
✅ Fact: Frequent transfers hinder bureaucrats’ ability to specialize, reducing efficiency.
✅ Reasoning: This overload diminishes service quality and fosters indecision due to lack of expertise.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Summary: Indecision and risk aversion in bureaucracy arise from personal, political, and structural factors.
✅ Reforms: Merit-based promotions and reducing oversight can enhance effectiveness and accountability.
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Do you agree that falling fertility rates provide India with a brief demographic window to achieve its socio-economic goals? What policy measures should be prioritized to harness the demographic dividend in the coming years? (Answer in 250 words)
🔆 Introduction
- Thesis Statement: Agree that falling fertility rates provide India with a brief demographic window to achieve socio-economic goals.
- Context: The demographic transition in India, marked by declining fertility rates, presents a significant opportunity for accelerated socio-economic growth.
📍 Body
✅ Current Demographic Trends
- Fertility Rate: India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined from 2.2 in 2015-16 to 2.0 in 2019-21 (Source: National Family Health Survey-5).
- Median Age: Rising median age from 24 years in 2011 to 29 years currently, projected to reach 36 years by 2036.
- Dependency Ratio: Expected decrease in the dependency ratio from 65% to 54% in the next decade.
✅ Potential Benefits of the Demographic Window
- Human Capital Formation: Fewer dependents allow for increased investment in health, education, and skills. Helps in reducing income inequality and improving job opportunities.
- Higher Per Capita Income: Low fertility supports higher income per capita and capital stock per worker. Contributes to achieving zero hunger and poverty.
- Labor Force Participation: Shift towards a working-age population increases labor supply. Lower fertility rates encourage female participation in the labor market.
✅ Challenges Ahead
- Unemployment Risks: Without proper policies, rising unemployment could lead to economic and social risks.
- Aging Population: The share of older populations will eventually rise, leading to a decrease in the working-age population.
📍 Policy Measures to Harness the Demographic Dividend
- Improve Consumption Patterns: Invest in early childhood nutrition and education to build a strong foundation for human capital.
- Increase Investment in Education and Healthcare: Raise public spending on health from around 1% of GDP, focusing on states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Resource Allocation Based on Population Census: Devolve more funds to states with higher working populations to nurture human capital.
- Transition in Skilling: Enhance focus on universal skilling and entrepreneurship to prepare the workforce for emerging technologies.
- Increase Women’s Workforce Participation: Implement tax incentives and gender budgeting to boost the current female labor participation rate, which dropped from 34.1% in 2003-04 to 20.3% in 2019.
- Create Employment Opportunities: Provide incentives for start-ups and large industries through initiatives like Make in India and Start-Up India.
🔆 Conclusion
- Summarize Key Points: Reiterate the importance of leveraging the demographic window.
- Call to Action: Emphasize the need for comprehensive policy measures to achieve sustainable socio-economic growth.