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Subject: Physical Geography of India and World
Topic: Climatology - Atmosphere , Weather, Monsoon, Cyclones, Anti-Cyclones, Winds, Precipitation
Q.How does the cryosphere affect global climate? 150 10 (2017)
Q.What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia? 250 15 (2017)
Q.Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in macro-climatic changes. 200 12.5 (2016)
Q.How far do you agree that the behaviour of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscape? Discuss. 200 12.5 (2015 )
Q.Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the El-Nino effect. Do you agree? 200 12.5 (2014 )
Q.Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Why? 200 12.5 (2014)
Q.The recent cyclone on the east coast of India was called ‘Phailin’. How are the tropical cyclones named across the world? Elaborate. 100 12.5 (2013)
Q.The winter rains in North India are largely related to Jet Streams and Western Disturbances. Bring about the relationship. 150 10 (2008)
Q.Explain how the Himalayan and the Tibetan highlands play an important role in the development of the South West monsoon. 150 10 (2007)
Q.Discuss the distribution of winds and rainfall over India in the summer monsoon season. 150 10 (2002)
Q. Explain the causes of the Indian Monsoon. 150 10 (2001)
Q.Discuss the origin of Monsoon in India. 150 10 (1997)
Q.What is ‘intensity of rainfall’ Discuss its importance to Indian farmers? 150 10 (1995)
Q.Which part of India receives more rainfall from the northeast monsoon than from the southwest monsoon? Explain why it is so? 150 10 (1994)
Q. What is the basis of monsoon forecasts now prepared by the Indian Meteorological Department, which have been reasonably correct for the last three successive years? 250 15 (1991)
Q. How has modern technology contributed to a better forecasting of weather? Mention the particular efforts made in India in this regard. 150 10 (1989)
Q.What is El Nino? How is it relevant to India? 150 10 (1988)
Q.Monsoon is known to be the energy released by the sea”. Explain how does this energy helps the entire economic system of the country. In what ways the country can be prepared to fight the vagaries of the monsoon. 150 ( 1982)
Q.Unlike most other parts of the country, why is the Tamil Nadu coast wettest in November -December and not in July-August? 150 (1981)
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Topic: Geomorphology - Oceans, Islands, Coral Reefs
Q.How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and coastal environment? Give suitable examples? 250 15
( 2019 )
Q. Assess the impact of global warming on coral life system with examples. 150 10 ( 2019)
Q. Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multi-dimensional effects. 250 15 ( 2017)
Q. Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they influence regional climates, fishing and navigation? 200 12.5 ( 2015)
Q. Explain the formation of thousands of islands in Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos. 200 12.5 ( 2014)
Q. How do the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep differ in the geological evolution and topographical conditions? 150 10 ( 1998)
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Topic: Geomorphology - Landforms (Evolution, Running water, Glaciation, Desert and Arid, Limestone and Chalk, Coastal)
Q.The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. 150 word 10 mark (2020 )
Q. How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far reaching impact on the water resources of India? 150 word 10 mark ( 2020)
Q. How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? 250 word 12 mark ( 2019)
Q.Why are the world’s fold mountain systems located along the margins of continents? Bring out the association between the global distribution of fold mountains and the earthquakes and volcanoes. 200 12.5 ( 2014 )
Q. Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. 200 12.5 ( 2018)
Q.Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 200-300 N latitudes and on the western sides of the continents. Why? 200 12.5 ( 2013)
Q.Why are the Aravalli’s called a divide between Mewar and Marwar? 150 10 ( 2004)
Q.What do you understand by Deccan Trap? Describe its characteristics. 150 10 ( 1995)
Q. Where do we find large dessert areas in India? What steps have been taken by the Government for their development? 150 10 ( 1985)
Q.Name the main physiographic divisions of India and give the salient features of each division. 150 10 ( 1984)
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✅ It generated a new power which gave birth to a new civilization. The declaration of human rights emphasise that sovereignty lies with the people and law is an expression of their will.
✅ It kicked a number of movements where people demanded not only political freedom but also right to property and freedom of expression.
✅ The revolution aroused the spirit of political, social and economic equality like women claimed equal rights with men.
✅ The impact of the French Revolution can be summed up, in the words of T. Kolokotrones, one of the revolutionary fighters in the Greek war of independence: “According to my judgment, the French Revolution and the doings of Napoleon opened the eyes of the world. The nations knew nothing before, and the people thought that kings were gods upon the earth and that they were bound to say that whatever they did was well done. Through this present change it is more difficult to rule the people.”
✅ Even though the old ruling dynasty of France had been restored to power in 1815, and the autocratic governments of Europe found themselves safe for the time being, the rulers found it increasingly difficult to rule the people.
✅ Some of the changes that took place in many parts of Europe and the Americas in the early 19th century were the immediate, direct consequences of the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.
✅ The wars in which France was engaged with other European powers had resulted in the French occupation of vast areas of Europe for some time.
✅ The French soldiers, wherever they went, carried with them ideas of liberty and equality shaking the old feudal order. They destroyed serfdom in areas which came under their occupation and modernized the systems of administration.
✅ Under Napoleon, the French had become conquerors instead of liberators. The countries which organized popular resistance against the French occupation carried out reforms in their social and political system. The leading powers of Europe did not succeed in restoring the old order either in France or in the countries that the Revolution had reached.
✅ The political and social systems of the 18th century had received a heavy blow. They were soon to die in most of Europe under the impact of the revolutionary movements that sprang up everywhere in Europe.
▪️Conclusion:
On the whole, it may be said that the American and French revolution were exemplary events in the world history. American Revolution laid the foundation, while French Revolution constructed building of modern world (with Liberty, Equality, Fraternity). French Revolution gave inspiration to many movements like India’s Struggle for Freedom 1857-1947 to rise against tyranny and misrule. A new era began in the new world and paved the way for the new epoch for the old world.
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Q12. Assess the role of British imperial power in complicating the process of transfer of power during the 1940s. ( 250 words )Answer:- Initially, the British did not pay any attention to the demand of transfer of power by India, but when World War II started, Britain came under immense pressure, as it needed full Indian support to counter this challenge. British came up with different plans and mission in 1940s. But these plans were not made with noble intention in favor of India, hence making the process of transfer of the power difficult.
🔆 Why it complicated the process of transfer of power:
✅ Cripps Mission- 1942:
▪️ An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies.
▪️After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes.
▪️The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions:
i. Any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and
ii. The new constitution- making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to affect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities.
iii. In the meantime, defence of India would remain in British hands and the governor general’s powers would remain intact.
✅ Various parties and groups had objections to the proposals on different points:
▪️The Congress objected to the offer of dominion status instead of a provision for complete independence;
▪️ Representation of the princely states by nominees and not by elected representatives;
▪️ right to provinces to secede as this went against the Principle of national unity; and absence of any plan for immediate transfer of power and absence of any real share in defence; the governor general’s supremacy had been retained, and the demand that the governor general be only the constitutional head had not been accepted.
✅ Wavell Plan :
▪️ With the exception of the governor general and the commander-in-chief, all members of the executive council were to be Indians.
▪️ Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation.
▪️ The reconstructed council was to function as an interim government within the framework of the 1935 Act (i.e. not responsible to the Central Assembly).
▪️ The governor-general was to exercise his veto on the advice of ministers.
▪️Possibilities were to be kept open for negotiations on a new constitution once the war was finally won.
✅ Why Wavell Plan complicated the process of transfer of power:
Congress Stand:
▪️ The Congress objected to the plan as “an attempt to reduce the Congress to the status of a purely caste Hindu party.
▪️It insisted on its right to include members of all communities among its nominees”.
Muslim League’s Stand:
▪️The League wanted all Muslim members to be League nominees, because it feared that since the aims of other minorities—depressed classes; Sikhs, Christians, etc.—were the same as those of the Congress, and this arrangement would reduce the League to a one-third minority. (Wavell wanted Khizr Hyat Khan as the Muslim representative from Western Punjab.)
▪️ The League claimed some kind of veto in the council with decisions opposed to Muslims needing a two-thirds majority for approval.
Conclusion: The end of colonial rule in 1947 was undoubtedly a defining moment in the modern South Asian history. Though it was difficult due to the British policies in 1940s for transfer of power, the event can be treated as the twin process of independence and partition both affecting the future trajectories of the two nations.
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Q10. What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism (Answer in 150 words for 10 marks)
Ans. Secularism in India is different from western concept. It stands for mutual respect, understanding and tolerance for all the religions, major or minor and accepting difference of opinion. Cultural practices are the living ways of life of people, individual or collective, in the political, economic, social spheres.
🔆 Various challenges faced by the cultural practices in the name of secularism:
✅ Intolerance and Violence: This leads to lack of tolerance and respect for each other. Deaths and violence in the name of cow protection are examples of this.
✅ Majoritarianism: This reflects upon use of religion for political mobilization of the people and spreading hatred against the minorities may be it Muslims, like case of Muzaffarnagar, Sikhs as in 1984, Christians as in Kandhamal.
✅ Radicalization: The people are taken into believing ideologies which are extreme and may harm unity and integrity of the country. Security situations can be faced by the expansion of terrorism and exploitation of the vulnerable masses.
✅ Votebank Politics: Candidates attempt to align themselves with the issues of a particular religious group in the hope of winning in elections.
✅ Alienation: The people get distanced away from their traditional roots and feel socially, psychologically distant from other people in the name of religion. The people going to Middle East for ISIS, etc. is an example of this. Moreover, the various challenges may hamper the inclusiveness of Indian democratic culture by promoting the ideological alienation. The above can result in Distance from Education, Employ ability, Excellence, fraternity and dignity of individual.
Conclusion: Thus, the challenges to the cultural practices in the name of secularism are several, affecting the people’s rights to life and liberty, dignity and fraternity. However, in essence, our cultural practices are founded upon the principles and philosophies of tolerance, non violence, truth, Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam (world is one family), etc., which in turn are reflected in our modern constitutional principles. Thus, following them in practice would act as an effective check and balance against the challenges of modern times.
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Q9. “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss (Answer in 150 words)
Ans. Empowerment refers to measures designed to increase the degree of autonomy and self determination in people and in communities in order to enable them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one’s life and claiming one’s rights.
🔆How women empowerment will help in tackling population growth:
✅ Political Empowerment: This would result in increase in women’s participation in the political processes, structures, institutions. This would enhance the voice of women at different platforms. Hence, women will be able to raise awareness about need of small families and birth control and the associated benefits.
✅ Economic Empowerment: This will lead to the participation of women in the economic activities. It will increase the family income and also improve the situation of women in making financial decisions. Thus, there will be fewer requirement of income generating options which led to giving birth to more children. Thus, this would check the population growth.
✅ Social Empowerment: This would result in the improved status and boost confidence of the women. This confidence would ultimately affect the decision making ability of the women. They would be able to take decisions regarding number of children they want.
✅ Constitutional Empowerment: This would result in rise in awareness of the women about their constitutional rights including right to life and liberty, freedom, and equality. Hence, women will be able to make choices in the family planning and number of children they want to have.
✅ Technological Empowerment: If women are able to use technology like mobile phones, etc., they would be able to receive the information about the advantages of small families and right age of having children. Also, this would lead to the improved reproductive and general health of women as the women would be aware of the options of various birth control measures like pills, tablets, etc.
Conclusion: Hence, there is a saying that “If you educate a man, you educate only a man, but if you educate a woman, you educate a whole generation”. This is the kind of effect women have and hence, population control can be achieved by the empowerment of women in various spheres. This would have multiplier effect on other institutions of the society and economy and lead to sustainable development.
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Q7. Discuss the factors for localization of agro-based food processing industries of North-West India. (Answer in 150 words, 10 Marks)
Ans. Food processing is a large sector that covers activities such as agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. Agro based food processing is defined as a set of techno-economic activities, applied to all the products, originating from agricultural farm, aqua cultural sources, livestock and forests for their conservation, handling and value addition to make them usable as food, feed, fiber, fuel or industrial raw materials.
🔆 Localisation of Agro-based food procesing industries of North-West India North western states like Punjab , Haryana and North Rajasthan have extensive network of agro based food processing industries. Some of the factors for localization are :
✅Raw material base: Punjab one of the highest producers of wheat and rice, Rajasthan important area for millet, Haryana for milk and livestock.
✅Robust agri marketing infrastructure: Punjab has close to 30 agro processing clusters(one of highest in India).
✅ Robust infrastructure: extensive network of good roads and internal container depots.
✅Stable adequate and cheap energy: Most NW states are energy surplus.
✅ Governance: Prompt MSP procurement in these areas encourage rice millers, Support to FPIs in form of tax incentives and subsidies.
✅Geographical advantage: Plain areas and close location to key markets like Delhi Challenges
✅Agribusiness is characterized by raw materials that are mostly perishable, variable in quality and not regularly available.
✅The sector is subject to stringent regulatory controls on consumer safety, product quality and environmental protection.
Conclusion: Agro-based industries needs to be set up at rural areas where raw material may be available in plenty –helps in the up-liftment of the rural economy. It provides rural population an opportunity for employment, generates income and thereby improves economic condition of people – which in turn creates potential for demand based industries.
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Q5. Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. (Answer in 150 words, 10 Marks)
Ans. Mangrove forests form a unique wetland ecosystem, inhabiting the edge of land and sea, thriving in seawater. Over the past four decades, 35% of global mangrove forests have been destroyed. This degradation of mangrove forests has a knock-on effect on some of the world’s most endangered species which rely on them for habitat, such as the proboscis monkey and the Bengal tiger
🔆Causes of depletion of mangroves
▪️The natural causes
•Cyclones, typhoons and strong wave action, especially in the geographically vulnerable Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
•Browsing and trampling by wildlife (e.g. deer) and livestock (goats, buffaloes and cows), which are often left to graze freely, especially in the areas close to human habitation;
•Damage by oysters to the young leaves and plumules of Rhizophora and Ceriops plants; crabs, which attack young seedlings, girdle the root collars and eat the fleshy tissues of the propagules
•Insect pests, such as wood borers, caterpillars (which eat the mangrove foliage and damage the wood as well) and beetles;
▪️Anthropogenic causes
•Anthropogenic activities, such as construction of houses and markets causing soil erosion and soil sedimentation has led to their destruction. For example, in Sunderbans collection of tiger prawn seeds for trade has greatly affected the other animals found in these forests.
•Indiscriminate tree felling and lopping, mainly for fuel wood, fodder and timber, especially in the areas close to human habitation.
•Indiscriminate conversion of mangroves on public lands for aquaculture (e.g. for prawn culture at Chorao, Goa), agriculture, mining (e.g. along the Mapusa estuary in Goa), human habitation and industrial purposes.
•Encroachment on publicly owned mangrove forest lands, e.g. cultivation of paddy observed on government land, which involved uprooting of natural and planted seedlings;
•Lack of interest of private landowners (village communities and individuals) in conserving and developing the mangroves on their lands.
•Illegal large-scale collection of mangrove fruits for production of medicines, which hinders their natural regeneration.
•Discharge of industrial pollutants into creeks, rivers and estuaries, which is a major problem in some regions of the world.
✅Importance of mangroves in maintaining coastal ecology :-
•Mangrove plants have (additional) special roots, such as prop roots, pneumatophores which help to impede water flow and thereby enhance the deposition of sediment in the areas (where it is already occurring), stabilise the coastal shores, provide a breeding ground for fishes.
•Provide a safe and favourable environment for breeding, spawning, rearing of several fishes.
•They supply woods, firewood, medicinal plants and edible plants to local people.
•Mangroves moderate monsoonal tidal floods and reduce inundation of coastal lowlands.
•They prevent coastal soil erosion.
•They protect coastal lands from tsunami, hurricanes and floods.
•Mangroves enhance the natural recycling of nutrients.
Conclusion: Mangrove forests play a major role with more valuable ecological services. Therefore, conservation of the same is the need of the hour not only for the coastal biodiversity but also for well-being of the mankind.
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Q3. Examine the linkages between the nineteenth century’s ‘Indian Renaissance’ and emergence of national identity. (Answer in 150 words, 10 Marks)
✅Ans. The social and religious reforms movement, popularly termed as Indian renaissance, which preceded the political struggles, are considered a necessary precursor to origin of Indian nationality.
How renaissance facilitated the emergence of national identity :-
✅Rediscovery of India’s glorious past: The nineteenth century Indian Renaissance also created several avenues in the field of oriental studies. Western scholars like Max Muller, Sir William Jones, Alexander Cunningham, etc. translated several ancient Sanskrit texts of this land and established before the people the glorious cultural heritage of India. Inspired by them, the Indian scholars like R.D. Banerjee, R.G. Bhandarkar, Madan Mukhopadhyaya, Hari Prasad Astir, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, etc. rediscovered India’s past glory from the history of this land. This encouraged the people of India who felt that they were the ancestors of grand monarchs of this country and ruled by foreigners. This flared up the fire of nationalism.
✅ Revivalist Movements: Under these movements, Indian culture and civilisation were proclaimed superior. Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Swami Vivekanand, etc. were the leaders of these movements.
✅ Reformists Movements of that time, such as Brahmo Samaj (led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy), etc. condemned existing untouchability and tried to abolish the caste system. Their ideas of equality and brotherhood attracted the lower castes towards nationalism. These reforms also focussed upon emancipation of women. They opposed the practice of sati, supported re-marriage of widows and also promoted spread of education among women. All these helped women to join national movements
✅Conclusion: Apart from the progressive character of social religious reforms, role of press, English education, result and reaction of colonial policies, etc. have also played a significant role in developing national identity in India.
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Q.What does this quotations mean to you in the present context: Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding. “ _ Mahatma Gandhi. (150 words) 2018
Q.“In doing a good thing, everything is permitted which is not prohibited expressly or by clear implication”. Examine the statement with suitable examples in the context of a public servant discharging his/her duties. (150 words) 2018
Q.How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practices? 2017
Q.Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal life and work life. (a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable behaviours. (b) How can it be managed and controlled? 2016
Q.All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you? Explain with examples. 2014
Q.What is ’emotional intelligence’ and how can it be developed in people? How does it help an individual in taking ethical decisions? 2013
Q.What do you understand by the term ‘voice of conscience’? How do you prepare yourself to heed to the voice of conscience? 2013
Q.What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience’? Narrate one incident in your life when you were faced with such a crisis and how you resolved the same. 2013
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<GSM3-2020: continued from previous msg>
🌱🐼Environment, Pollution, Disaster Management (65 Marks)
12. How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन (ई.आइ.ए.) अधिसूचना, 2020 प्रारूप मौजूदा ई.आइ.ए.अधिसूचना, 2006 से कैसे भिन्न हैं?) (10m, 150words)
13. What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan. launches by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (जल संरक्षण एवं जल सुरक्षा हेतु भारत सर्कार द्वारा प्रवर्तित जल शक्ति अभियान की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?) (10m, 150words)
14. Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose? (पारम्परिक ऊर्जा उत्पादन के विपरीत सूर्य के प्रकाश से विद्युत ऊर्जा प्राप्त करने के लाभों का वर्णन कीजिए. इस प्रयोजनार्थ हमारी सरकार द्वारा प्रस्तुत पहल क्या हैं?) (15m, 250words)
15. What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (भारत सरकार द्वारा आरम्भ किए गए राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम (एन.सी.ए.पी.) की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ क्या हैं?) (15m, 250words)
16. Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (आपदा प्रबन्धन में पूर्ववर्ती प्रतिक्रियात्मक उपागम से हटते हुए भारत सरकार द्वारा आरम्भ किए गए अभिनूतन उपायों की विवेचना कीजिए. ) (15m, 250words)
🔫💣Security and Border Management (50 Marks)
17. Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (साइबर अपराध के विभिन्न प्रकारों और इस ख़तरे से लड़ने के आवश्यक उपायों की विवेचना कीजिए. ) (10m, 150words)
18. For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny. local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals. (प्रभावी सीमावतीं क्षेत्र प्रबन्धन हेतु हिंसावादियों को स्थानीय समर्थन से वंचित करने के आवश्यक उपायों की विवेचना कीजिए और स्थानीय लोगों में अनुकूल धरना प्रबंधन के तरीके भी सुजाइए. ) (10m, 150words)
19. What are the sound determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (भारत के पूर्वी भाग में वामपंथी उग्रवाद के निर्धारक क्या हैं? प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में खतरों के प्रतिकारार्थ भारत सरकार, नागरिक प्रशासन एवं सुरक्षा बलों को किस सामरिकी को अपनाना चाहिए?) (15m, 250words)
20. Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including. ine of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (आन्तरिक सुरक्षा ख़तरों तथा नियन्त्रण रेखा सहित म्यांमार, बांग्लादेश और पाकिस्तान सीमाओं पर सिमा-पार अपराधों का विश्लेषण कीजिए. विभिन्न सुरक्षा बलों द्वारा इस सन्दर्भ में निभाई गई भूमिका की विवेचना भी कीजिए. ) (15m, 250words)
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20. What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (भारत-रूस रक्षा समझौतों की तुलना में भारत-अमेरिका रक्षा समझौतोंकी क्या महत्ता है ? हिन्द-प्रशान्त महासागरीय क्षेत्र में स्थायित्व के संदर्भ में विवेचना कीजिए l )(15m, 250words)
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[Question Paper] Essay- UPSC Mains 2021 (Conducted on 7th Jan 2021)
Write TWO Essays, choosing ONE from each of the Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each. 125*2=250
खण्ड A और B में प्रत्येक से एक-एक चुनकर, दो निबन्ध लिखिए जो प्रत्येक लगभग 1000-1200 शब्दों में हो।
🔻खण्ड ‘A’ SECTION ‘A’
1. आत्म-संधान की प्रक्रिया अब तकनिकी रूप से वाह्य स्त्रोतों को सौंप दी गई है।
The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.
2. आप की मेरे बारे में धारणा, आपकी सोच दर्शाती है; आपके प्रति मेरी प्रतिक्रिया, मेरा संस्कार है।
Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.
3. इच्छारहित होने का दर्शन काल्पनिक आदर्श (यूटोपिया) है, जबकि भौतिकता माया है।
Philosophy of wantlessness is a Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.
4. सत् ही यथार्थ है और यथार्थ ही सत् है।
The real is rational and the rational is real.
🔻खण्ड ‘B’ SECTION ‘B’
5. पालना झुलाने वाले हाथों में ही संसार की बागडोर होती है।
Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
6. शोध क्या है, ज्ञान के साथ एक अजनबी मुलाकात !
What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!
7. इतिहास स्वयं को दोहराता है, पहली बार एक त्रासदी के रूप में, दूसरी बार एक प्रहसन के रूप में।
History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce.
8. "सर्वोत्तम कार्यप्रणाली" से बेहतर कार्यप्रणालियां भी होती हैं।
There are better practices to “best practices”.
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Topic: Geomorphology - Indian Drainage Systems
Q.The interlinking of revivers can provide viable solutions to the multidimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine. 250 15 ( 2020)
Q. What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? 250 15 ( 2019)
Q.“The ideal solution of depleting ground water resources in India is water harvesting system.” How can it be made effective in urban areas? 150 15 ( 2018?
Q.Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral
relations. 200 12.5 (2016)
Q. India is well endowed with fresh water resources. Critically examine why it still suffers from water scarcity. 200 12.5 ( 2015)
Q. There is no formation of deltas by rivers on the Western Ghats. Why? 150 10 ( 2013)
Q. Why do the rivers of west coast not from a delta? 150 10 ( 2008)
Q. Describe the major characteristics of the rivers of Peninsular India. 150 10 ( 2003)
Q.What constitutes a Minor Irrigation Project? 150 10 (1998)
Q. Why have the rivers of the peninsular India well-defined rigid channels in
sharp contrast to the Himalayan rivers? 150 10 (1995 )
Q.What is drip irrigation? Why is it considered the most efficient method of irrigation?) 150 10 ( 1995)
Q. Give your assessment of the soundness of large river valley project a with high dams vis-a-vis smaller river valley projects. 150 10 (1993)
Q.Name the major international rivers flowing through India. What Countries/States are covered by the Ganga and the Godavari rivers on their course from their source to the sea? 150 10
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Topic: Geomorphology - Rocks, Minerals, Soils, Geomorphic processes, Weathering, Mass
Movements
Q. Causes of soil erosion and its control in India. 150 10 ( 2005)
Q. Why are the soils of Malwa in Madhya Pradesh black while those of Karnataka red? Discuss the relative fertility of these soils. 150 10 ( 1994)
Q.What is the need for soil conservation? What are the major measures taken by the Government towards conserving soil in India? 150 10 ( 1990)
Q. What are black soils? Give their distribution in India and explain their uses and problems. 150 10 ( 1989)
Q.What are laterite soils? Where do we find these types of soil? Explain their problem and most suitable use? 150 10 ( 1986)
Q.Soil erosion is one of the most crucial problems in India and offers the most frightening for years. Describe the various kinds of soil erosion and steps which may be taken for the protection of land and soil. 150 10 (1984)
Q.Describe the various types of soil and their distribution in India 250 15 ( 1983)
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Subject: Physical Geography of India and World
Topic: Geomorphology - Earth (Origin, Theories, Shape, Movements, Interiors, Crust)
Q.Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum - Pacific Zone. 150 ( 2020 )
Q.Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics. 150 ( 2018)
Q.How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? 150 ( 2017 )
Q.What do you understand by the theory of continental drift? Discuss the prominent evidences in its support. 250 15 (2013)
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Q13. Explain how the foundations of modern world were laid by the American and French Revolution. (Answer in 250 words)
Answer. The credit for making the democracy popular in the world goes not only to the great American war of interdependence, but also to the French revolution, which was equally a struggle of weapons as well as of idea. The ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity are the eternal contribution of the French revolution in the modern constitutional principles adopted around the world.
🔆 How the American Revolution laid the foundation of the modern world:
✅ American Revolution gives the idea such as constitunalism, rule of law indivuduailism, soverginity, and separation of power which gains popularity in the modern world history.
✅ The revolution led to the establishment of a republic based on the first written constitution in the world.
✅ It inspired the people in Europe as well as others part of the world to fight against their despotic regimes to compel the government to adopt the constitution.
✅ Success of American nationalism inspired the emergence of the nationalist movement in European countries such as Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Central and South America to rebel and gain their independence.
✅ It also inspired the nationalist movement in colonies like India during 19th and 20th century.
✅ It also triggered a series of trans-Atlantic revolutions.Ex-French, Irish etc
✅ The idea of capitalism was also popularised by the success of American Revolution.
✅ It triggered the process of decolonisation which continued for more than 200 years.
✅ The lessons learnt by British government from its defeat in the war of American independence were implied in the newly emerging colonial empire in India in future.
✅ It intensified hostility between Britain and France this renewed hostility was responsible for continental wars and battles
✅ This was a marked contrast to the other states were Monarchies were still in power. This inspired people across the world to struggle for democratic and republican forms of government.
✅ It established a federal state with powers divided between the federal government and states.This provided a nice template for power-sharing in diverse countries that needed complex polities.
✅ Besides, there was a separation of powers between various organs of the state.
✅ Certain inalienable rights were given to the people – this limited the government against the authority of people and reduced government interference in their lives.
✅ Democracy was established, but it was far from perfect. Sections like Negroes and women were denied voting rights. But the journey to democracy had begun.
✅ It led to many uprisings in Europe, with the French revolution being the biggest. Many generals who participated in the war were instrumental in the French revolution.
✅ Thinkers like Thomas Paine also participated in the revolution. This led to a spread of modern ideas in Europe.
🔆 How the French revolution laid the foundation of the modern world:
✅ The French Revolution had been a world-shaking event. For years to come its direct influence was felt in many parts of the world. It inspired revolutionary movements in almost every country of Europe (Germany and Italian unification) and in South and Central America.
✅ For a long time the French Revolution became the classic example of a revolution which people of many nations tried to emulate.
✅ It gave the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity to the modern world. It brought about a political awaking in Europe. People began to rise in revolt to demand their rights.
✅ It also popularised the concept of democracy. Absolute monarchy was replaced by constitutional monarchy in many countries.
✅ It separated religion from politics and stood for secularism which condemned religious fanaticism.
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Q11. Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. Elaborate (Answer in 250 words, 15 Marks)
ANSWER:- The period from 1920 to 1947 has been described as the Gandhian Era in Indian politics. During this period, Gandhiji had the final say behalf of the Indian National Congress in negotiating with the British Government for constitutional reforms, and for chalking out a programme for the national movement. Mahatma Gandhi led the national freedom struggle against the British rule and it also gave space and voice to many other voices which further strengthened the movement.
🔆 Voices that strengthened and enriched nationalist movement are as follow:
✅Socialist Voice :-
•The emergence of socialism in Congress during 1920s and 1930s imparted a new orientation to anti-British struggle.
•Anti-British struggle got radicalised greatly because socialists wanted that the idea of non violence should be followed by congress in a pragmatic manner for the mistakes of one or few individuals, entire movement must not be made to suffer.
•The emergence of socialism gradually transformed national movement into an all out war against British rule.
✅Revolutionary Extremists Voice :-
•Indian revolutionaries provided an alternative to all those nationalists was participated in anti-British struggle and were not satisfied with the moderate approach of congress.
•The supreme self-sacrifice performed by Indian revolutionaries inspired lakhs of Indians to join anti- British struggle. This helped in strengthening public opinion against British rule.
✅Swarajists Voice :-
•Swarajists provided an alternative to Indian nationalists at a time when a sense of disillusionment had developed among Indians due to sudden withdrawal of non- cooperation movement.
•Through their efforts swarajists exposed the hollowness of reforms introduced by the Act of 1919. They proved that the real power was still in British hands.
•Appointment of Simon commission in November 1927 changed the atmosphere prevailing in India. The swarajists also abandoned their separate line of action and joined hands with mainstream congress to participate in anti-Simon commission agitation.
✅ Indian Working Class as well as Leftist voice :-
•During 1920-22, there occurred a resurgence of working class in Indian national movement which got involved in the mainstream of nationalist politics to a significant extent.
• Most important development was formation of All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC).
•The workers participated in large numbers during 1930 in the CDM.
✅Women’s voice strengthening and enriching nationalist movement: -
•Women participated in large numbers in the CDM and Quit India Movement. They organised boycotts against liquor and foreign goods and were instrumental in Dandi March.
•Sarojini Naidu, also fondly known as the Nightingale of India, was an outstanding leader campaigning and leading from the front in the Civil Disobedience Movement and Salt Satyagraha.
•Annie Besant was elected the president of the INC and launched the Home Rule Movement.
•Madam Cama exiled in Europe was a social worker and a strong nationalist. She unfurled the flag of Indian Independence in Stuttgart Germany along with a powerful speech advocating the right to freedom.
Conclusion: There was a greater truth– that of a glorious struggle, hard-fought and hard-won, in which many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement and made countless sacrifices, dreaming of the day India would be free.
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Q8. What makes the Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words 10 Marks)
Ans. Culture is a way of life of people. It includes architecture, literature, art, science, etc. Although Indian society is multi-cultural, plural, diverse having different religions, traditions, philosophies and lifestyles, yet it is able to sustain its diverse culture.
🔆 Features of Indian Society which led to is sustainability :-
✅ Principles of Tolerance and Respect: Indian society has been founded upon these principles which result in mutual respect and understanding for each other. The religions like Buddhism and Jainism have been founded upon these.
✅ Assimilation Process: Migrants from the times of Aryans to the Mughals have come and lived in India peacefully assimilating into the Indian way of life, thereby sustaining the culture of the nation.
✅ Spiritualism: Indians have been always curious to find a unique way of life giving rise to spiritualistic elements in the way of life. The various philosophies have given way to a spiritual dimension in the way of living of people.
✅ Geographical: The monsoon makes the Indian subcontinent very suitable for the development of agriculture. Agriculture gives way to tradition, festivals, interaction which over a long period turns into lifestyles of people.
✅ Secular: Indian society has been practicing trends that have not been associated with any particular religion. These practices have been incorporated in other religions as well and have been provided with space to co-exist. Ex: Festivals like Holi have been celebrated without being restricted to religious practice of any particular community.
✅ Governance: It was basically based upon the agricultural aspect. This administration has remained more or less similar from the time of Ashoka to that of Akbar.
✅ Political: The democratic threads have always been in the Indian polity though ruled by the King. Sabhas and Samitis in the ancient times to the Janapadas in the medieval times have always been focused on the promotion of interests of the people.
✅ Social: The tribals today are living their unique life depicting that they have been able to sustain their culture irrespective of foreign domination on the country. Various castes also have their unique way of living.
Conclusion: Though the foreigners have come to India looking at her as Golden Bird, but they assimilated into the culture of the Indian people and interacted with the commoners in their unique way and settled here as the Indians. This has given rise to the Great Indian way of life depicting Unity in Diversity where everyone would live with dignity and fraternity.
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Q6. Can the strategy of regional resource base manufacturing help in promoting employment in India ? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Answer:- A local resource-based approach applies a cost-effective use of local skills, enterprises, labour and materials in the infrastructure delivery process. The process optimizes the social and economic impact of investments in manufacturing by ensuring that these investments are channeled through the local economy, thereby creating job opportunities and stimulating local markets,entrepreneurship and industry while safeguarding cost effectiveness, quality and sustainable asset delivery.
🔆Reason for Opting for local resource-based technologies :-
◾️Government development objectives aim to generate employment and income opportunities for the local population and domestic industry.
◾️The infrastructure concerned requires relatively modest investments, e.g., rural roads, secondary and tertiary irrigation channels and small and medium-scale structures.
◾️Local resources including labour, skills, enterprises and materials are available.
◾️ Scarcity of foreign exchange makes the use of imported inputs an economically unattractive option.
◾️A significant proportion of the population is un or under-employed
◾️Wage levels are low.
🔆How it can help in promoting employment in India?
◾️Local resource-based approach is to deliver public (and private) investments in infrastructure as a means of expanding employment opportunities for the unemployed, raising productivity, providing social and economic infrastructure assets and facilities, permitting trade and generally improving well-being.
◾️Given the relative scarcity of capital and skilled labour, and the relative abundance of unskilled labour, countries with low incomes can rapidly achieve pro-poor growth by applying employment friendly technologies in as many sectors as possible. This would rapidly increase the demand for unskilled and low-skilled labour.
🔆Benefits of a local resource-based approach
◾️It enables higher delivery and maintenance rates of basic assets and services essential for socio-economic development, such as vital access roads, water supplies, markets and health facilities with the same level of investment and at comparable or better quality standards.
◾️Creates jobs, particularly for the unskilled, poorer men and women within the community. This results in the injection of income into the local communities, with the immediate effect of increasing their purchasing power. This, in turn, results in improving living standards, such as improved diets, ability to access socioeconomic amenities, such as schools, clinics, etc.
◾️Stimulates local entrepreneurship, community participation and local economic development with important income distribution effects.
◾️Enables the involvement of the local private sector and industry, that is, contractors, suppliers and manufactures of local materials, tools and equipment. Hence, nurtures and develops the local construction and manufacturing industry, retains investment locally and saves on foreign exchange required for foreign imports.
🔅Conclusion: Thus, Regional Development leads to the distribution of employment opportunities on an equitable basis and they are not confined only to a handful of states which otherwise might create gaps in the per capita income among different regions.
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Q4. Assess the impact of global warming on coral life system with examples. (Answer in 150 words, 10 Marks)
Answer : Destruction of coral reef can be induced by a variety of factors, alone or in combination. However, unprecedented global warming and climate change combined with growing local pressures have resulted in destruction of coral reefs to a large extent.
◾️ Impact of global warming on the coral life system:-
✅ Coral Bleaching :-
•The impacts from coral bleaching are becoming global in scale, and are increasing in frequency and intensity.
•Mass coral bleaching generally happen, when temperatures around coral reefs exceed 1 degree Celsius above an area’s historical norm for four or more weeks. Sea surface temperature increases have been strongly associated with El Nino weather patterns.
•However, light intensity, (during doldrums, i.e. flat calm conditions), also plays a critical role in triggering the bleaching response. If temperatures climb to more than 20 C for similar or longer periods, coral mortalities following bleaching increase.
✅ Rising sea levels :-
•Observations since 1961 show that the average temperature of the global ocean has increased even at depths of 3000m (IPCC report), and that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate system. Such warming causes sea level rise and creates problems for low-lying nations and islands.
✅ Ocean acidification :-
•It refers to a change in ocean chemistry in response to the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is in equilibrium with that in seawater, so when atmospheric concentrations increase, so do oceanic concentrations.
•Carbon dioxide entering seawater reacts to form carbonic acid, causing an increase in acidity.
•Each year, the ocean absorbs about one-quarter of the carbon dioxide emitted from the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas).
•Since the Industrial Revolution, ocean acidity has increased by about 30%, a rate that is more than 10 times what has previously occurred for millions of years. Further, ocean acidity levels are expected to increase by an additional 40% above present levels by the end of this century.
✅Conclusion: Coral reefs harbour the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem globally and directly support over 500 million people worldwide, mostly in poor countries. However, according to UNESCO, the coral reefs in all 29 reef-containing World Heritage sites would cease to exist by the end of this century, if we continue to emit greenhouse gases. Limiting global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels in line with the Paris Agreement provides the only chance for the survival of coral reefs globally.
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Q2. The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate (Answer in 150 words 10 Marks)
🔆 Answer
✅Though many people consider 1857 revolt as the first major resentment against the British rule, however, there were many incidents before 1857 revolt that indicated a building resentment against the rule of Britishers. In the last hundred years (1757-1857), many revolts occurred that eventually led to uprising of 1857 revolt, which can be divided into 4 major parts:
1. Civil revolts: These were the first group of people who revolted against Britishers to secure their traditional and customary rights. For instance, sanyasi revolts (1763-1800), revolts in Midnapore and Dhalbhum during 1766-74, revolts of Moamarias in Ahom state 1769, revolt of Raja of Vijayanagaram 1794, and civil rebellion in Awadh 1799, Kuka 1840, Surat salt agitation of 1840s were some major civilian revolts with common causes of resentment, that were illegal tax demands and oppression by police, judiciary and revenue department.
2. Tribal revolts: Tribal movements under British rule were the most frequent, militant and violent of all movements. Some of them were Chuar uprising of Midnapore, Bengal of 1770s, Kol of Chhotanagpur during 1830s led by Buddho Bhagat, Khond uprising of Orissa 1835 to 1856 led by Chakra Bisnoi, Santhal uprising led by Siddhu and Kanu just before 1857 revolt, Bhil and Ramoshi uprising in western India. The resentment of tribals against Britishers were mainly due to imposition of forest rights Act, forceful conversion of tribals by Christian missionaries, oppression by money lenders and zamindars after extension of permanent settlement in tribal areas.
3. Peasant revolts: Peasant uprisings were protests against evictions, increase in rents of land, and money lenders’ greedy ways and their demands was occupancy rights for peasants. Some major and minor peasants revolts were, for instance : pagal panthis of Bengal led by Karamshah during 1825-35, Faraizi revolt in eastern Bengal led by Hazi Shariatullah and his son Dadu Mian, Mopillah uprising in Malabar during 1834 to 1854 and Paika revolt of Khurda, Odisha led by B Jagbandhu.
The common provoking cause of resentment of these peasants were exorbitant demand of land revenue, oppression of officials and frequent occurrence of drought and famine, etc.
4. Princely states revolts: With the expansion of Britishers in India some princely states were annexed on excuse of maladministration and use of diplomacy of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. For instance, Mysore, in 1831 by William Bantick, Jhansi in 1852, Awadh in 1856. They also revolted against Britishers.
✅Conclusion: Thus, it can be said that these rebellions, which were localised in nature, lacking of efficient leadership and influenced by backward looking ideology were suppressed by Britishers with use of force but still they established a culture of resistance among natives and eventually prepared the way for 1857 revolt.
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Q.What does this quotations mean to you in the present context: “Falsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished common good.”- Tirukkural. (150 words) 2018
Q.With regard to the morality of actions, one view is that means is of paramount importance and the other view is that the ends justify the means. Which view do you think is more appropriate? Justify your answer. (150 words) 2018
Q.The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss. 2017
Q.Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor democratic government, nor even the market economy will function properly. What do you understand by this statement? Explain with illustration in the contemporary times. 2017
Q.Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being. 2016
Q.Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling human conduct so as to make it conducive to civilized social existence. (a) Discuss how they achieve this objective. (b) Giving examples, show how the two differ in their approaches. 2016
Q.What is meant by ‘environmental ethics’? Why is it important to study? Discuss any one environmental issue from the viewpoint of environmental ethics. 2015
Q.Differentiate between the following (200 words)
a) Law and Ethics; b) Ethical management and Management of ethics; c) Discrimination and Preferential treatment; d) Personal ethics and Professional ethics 2015
Q.Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves and never as merely `means’. Explain the meaning and significance of this statement, giving its implications in the modern techno-economic society. 2014
Q.What do you understand by ‘values’ and ‘ethics’? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? 2013
Q.Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification. 2013
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CSE Mains Previous Year Questions analysis
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✍️UPSC IAS/IPS-2020 General Studies Mains Paper-3 (GSM3) Economy, Agriculture, Science Technology, Environment, Security conducted on Jan-10-2021
💳👷Economy (50 Marks)
1. Explain intra-generational and inter-generational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development. (समावेशी संवृद्धि एवं संपोषणीय विकास के परिप्रेक्ष्य में, आंतपीढ़ी एवं अंतपीढ़ी साम्या के विषयों की व्याख्या कीजिएl) (10m, 150words)
2. Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (संभाव्य स.घ.उ.(जी.डी.पी.) को परिभाषित कीजिए तथा उसके निर्धारकों की व्याख्या कीजिए. वे कौन-से करक हैं, जो भारत को अपने संभाव्य स.घ.उ.(जी.डी.पी.) को साकार करने से रोकते रहे हैं?) (10m, 150words)
3. Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and a private entity. (एक अर्थव्यवस्था में पूँजी निर्माण के रूप में विनियोग के अर्थ की व्याख्या कीजिए. उन कारकों की विवेचना कीजिए, जिन पर एक सार्वजनिक एवं एक निजी निकाय के मध्य रिआयत (कॉनसेशन एग्रीमेन्ट) तैयार करते समय विचार किया जाना चाहिए. ) (15m, 250words)
4. Explain the rationale behind the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act of 2017. How has COVID-19 impacted the GST compensation fund and created new federal tensions? (वास्तु एवं सेवा कर (राज्यों को क्षतिपूर्ति) अधिनियम, 2017 के तर्काधार की व्याख्या कीजिए. कोविद-19 ने कैसे वास्तु ाववम सेवा कर क्षतिपूर्ति निधि (जी.एस.टी.कॉम्पेन्सेशन फन्ड) को प्रभावित और नये संघीय तनावों को उत्पन्न किया है?) (15m, 250words)
🌽👩🌾Agriculture And Food Processing (50 Marks)
5. What are the main constraints in transport and marketing of agricultural produce in India? (भारत में कृषि उत्पादों के परिवहन एवं विपणन में मुख्या बाधाएँ क्या हैं?) (10m, 150words)
6. What are the challenges and opportunities of food processing sector in the country? How can income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing? (देश में खाद्य प्रसंस्करण क्षेत्र की चुनौतियां एवं अवसर क्या है? खाद्य प्रसंस्करण को प्रोत्साहित कर कृषकों की आय में पर्याप्त वृद्धि कैसे की जा सकती है?) (10m, 150words)
7. What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (धान-गेहूं प्रणाली को सफल बनाने के लिए कौन-से प्रमुख कारक उत्तरदायी हैं? इस सफलता के बावजूद यह प्रणाली भारत में अभिशाप कैसे बन गई है?) (15m, 250words)
8. Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation system to make its judicious use under depleting scenario. (रिक्तीकरण परिदृश्य में विवेकी जल उपयोग के लिए जल भंडाराण और सिंचाई प्रणाली में सुधार के उपायों को सुजाइए. ) (15m, 250words)
📡🧪Science Technology (35 Marks)
9. What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (नैनोटेक्नोलाजी से आप क्या समझते हैं और यह स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में कैसे मद्दद कर रहा है?) (10m, 150words)
10. How is science interwoven deeply with our. ives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered off by the science-based technologies? (विज्ञान हमारे जीवन में गहराई तक कैसे गुथा हुआ है? विज्ञान-आधारित प्रौद्योगिकियों द्वारा कृषि में उत्पन्न हुए महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन क्या हैं?) (10m, 150words)
11. COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management to the pandemic. (कोविड-19 महामारी ने विश्वभर में अभूतपूर्व तबाही उत्पन्न की है. तथापि, इस संकट पर विजय पाने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकीय प्रगति का लाभ स्वेच्छा से लिया जा रहा है. इस महामारी के प्रबन्धन के सहायतार्थ प्रौद्योगिकी की खोज कैसे की गई, उसका एक विवरण दीजिए. ) (15m, 250words)
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10. Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons. (एक आयोग के सांविधानिकीकरण के लिए कौन-कौन से चरण आवश्यक हैं? क्या आपके विचार में राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग का सांविधानिकता प्रदान करना भारत में लैंगिक न्याय एवं सशक्तिकरण और अधिक सुनिश्चित करेगा? कारन बताइएl)(15m, 250words)
🤰Governance, Welfare, Policies & Schemes (75 marks)
11. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (सामजिक विकास की संभावनाओं को बढ़ने के क्रम में, विशेषकर जराचिकित्सा एवं मातृ स्वास्थ्य देखभाल के क्षेत्र में सुदृढ़ और पर्याप्त स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सम्बन्धी नीतियों की आवश्यकता है l विवेचन कीजिएl)(10m, 150words)
12. “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. ("आर्थिक प्रदर्शन के लिए संस्थागत गुणवत्ता एक निर्णायक चालक है" l इस संदर्भ में लोकतंत्र को सुदृढ़ करने के लिए सिविल सेवा में सुधारों के सुझाव दीजिएl)(10m, 150words)
13. “The emergence of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (" चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति (डिजिटल क्रांति) के प्रादुर्भाव ने ई-गवर्नन्स को सरकार का अविभाज्य अंग बनाने में पहल की है" l विवेचन कीजिएl) (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिये)(10m, 150words)
14. “The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on income alone”. In this context analyse the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index Report. ("केवल आय पर आधारित गरीबी के निर्धारण में गरीबी का आपतन और तीव्रता अधिक महत्वपूर्ण है" l इस सन्दर्भ में संयुक्त राष्ट्र बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक की नवीनतम रिपोर्ट का विश्लेषण कीजिए l )(15m, 250words)
15. “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. ("सूक्ष्म-वित्त एक गरीबी-रोधी टिका है जो भारत में ग्रामीण दरिद्र की परिसंपत्ति निर्माण और आयसुरक्षा के लिए लक्षित है" l स्वयं सहायता समूहों की भूमिका का मूल्यांकन ग्रामीण भारत में महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण के साथ साथ उपरोक्त दोहरे उद्देश्यों के लिए कीजिए l )(15m, 250words)
16. 👨🏫National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा निति 2020 धारणीय विकास लक्ष्य-4 (२०3०) के साथ अनुरूपता में है l उसका ध्येय भारत में शिक्षा प्रणाली की पुनःसंरचना और पुनःस्थापना है l इस कथन का समालोचनात्मक निरिक्षण कीजिए l )(15m, 250words)
🌐International Relations & Institutions (50 marks)
17. Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (कोविड-19 महामारी के दौरान स्वास्थ्य सुरक्षा प्रदान करने में विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन (डब्लू.एच.औ) की भूमिका का समलोचनात्मक परिक्षण कीजिएl) (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिये)(10m, 150words)
18. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. ('अमेरिका एवं यूरोपीय देशों की राजनीती और अर्थव्यवस्था में बहरतीय प्रवासियों को एक निर्णायक भूमिका निभानी है" l उदाहरणों सहित टिप्पणी कीजिएl) (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिये)(10m, 150words)
19. ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)’ is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times - Discuss. ('चतुर्भुजीय सुरक्षा संवाद (क्वाड)' वर्तमान समय में स्वयं को सैनिक गठबंधन से एक व्यापारिक गट में रूपात्नरित कर रहा है - विवेचना कीजिए l )(15m, 250words)