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🔆 Q3. Evaluate the recent innovations in fiscal management, focusing on Green and Gender Budgets. (10M)
📍 Introduction
✅ Green Budgeting aligns govt. spending with climate goals, ensuring sustainable development.
✅ Gender Budgeting integrates gender perspectives into fiscal policy to address inequalities.
📍 Recent Innovations
✅ Green Bonds & Finance – Eco-friendly investments (e.g., Budget 2022-23 green bonds).
✅ Carbon Pricing/Taxation – Green Credit Scheme (2023) incentivises emission reduction.
✅ Performance-based Budgeting – Linking allocations to environmental indicators.
✅ Gender-Responsive Frameworks – Integrating gender concerns at all stages.
✅ Gender Audits – Kerala (2024) launched regular audits for pay parity.
✅ Dedicated Gender Funds – NEP’s Gender Inclusion Fund for equitable education.
📍 Challenges
✅ Lack of awareness among officials.
✅ Weak/insufficient data indicators.
✅ Resource constraints in implementation.
✅ Institutional resistance to reform.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Align budgets with SDGs & global commitments.
✅ Establish robust monitoring mechanisms for outcomes.
✅ Engage public & local stakeholders in budget design.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Green & Gender Budgets = critical for inclusive + sustainable growth.
✅ Supports SDG-2030 & Govt’s vision of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas”.
✨ #UPSCMains #FiscalManagement
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🔆 UPSC MAINS Q&A
Q. “Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker”! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (150 Words, 10 Marks)
📍 Answer
Introduction
✅ The principle of “Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker” implies that a Speaker should not return to active party politics after demitting office, thereby strengthening the neutrality and independence of the Speaker.
📍 Potential Benefits
✅ Ensures impartiality by distancing the Speaker from partisan politics.
✅ Strengthens parliamentary democracy through fair and unbiased conduct of proceedings.
✅ Enhances public confidence in the office of the Speaker.
✅ Promotes objective decision-making on issues such as disqualification, debates, and House proceedings.
📍 Potential Implications
✅ May restrict the political career of individuals serving as Speaker.
✅ Could discourage experienced leaders from accepting the office.
✅ A permanently non-partisan Speaker may become detached from evolving political realities.
✅ May raise constitutional concerns regarding an individual’s right to participate in political activities after completing the tenure.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Strengthen conventions ensuring the independence and neutrality of the Speaker.
✅ Adopt transparent procedures and institutional safeguards instead of imposing a permanent political restriction.
✅ Build cross-party consensus to uphold the dignity and credibility of the office.
📍 Conclusion
✅ While the principle can enhance the objectivity and credibility of the Speaker’s office, reforms should balance institutional neutrality with democratic rights to ensure the effective functioning of India’s parliamentary system.
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🔆 Q. What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013? How has the Food Security Act helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (250 Words, 15 Marks)
📍 Approach
Introduction: Briefly introduce the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013.
Body:
✅ Salient features of NFSA.
✅ Role of NFSA in reducing hunger and malnutrition.
Conclusion: Mention the need to strengthen implementation to achieve nutritional security and SDG-2.
📍 Introduction
The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 provides legal entitlement to subsidised foodgrains for nearly two-thirds of India’s population. It shifted India’s food security framework from a welfare-based to a rights-based approach.
📍 Body
✅ Salient Features of NFSA, 2013
Coverage & Entitlement
✅ Covers 75% of rural and 50% of urban population.
✅ Priority Households (PHH): 5 kg/person/month.
✅ Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): 35 kg/household/month.
Identification of Beneficiaries
✅ States/UTs identify eligible households.
Women Empowerment
✅ Eldest woman (18 years or above) is recognized as the head of the household for ration cards.
Maternity Benefits
✅ Pregnant and lactating mothers entitled to minimum ₹6,000 maternity benefit.
Nutritional Support
✅ Nutritional meals through ICDS (Anganwadi Services) and PM POSHAN for children.
✅ Higher nutritional support for malnourished children.
Grievance Redressal
✅ State and district-level grievance redressal mechanisms.
Transparency & Accountability
✅ Social audits, vigilance committees, and proactive disclosure of PDS records.
Food Security Allowance
✅ Compensation provided if entitled foodgrains are not supplied.
✅ Role of NFSA in Eliminating Hunger & Malnutrition
✅ Improved access to affordable foodgrains for vulnerable households.
✅ Strengthened food security against income shocks and poverty.
✅ Reduced undernourishment through universal food support.
Example: FAO estimates show decline in undernourishment over the last decade.
✅ Improved maternal and child nutrition through maternity benefits and supplementary nutrition.
✅ Helped reduce child stunting and undernutrition through convergence with ICDS and PM POSHAN.
✅ Increased awareness on infant feeding and nutrition through frontline health workers.
📍 Conclusion
NFSA has emerged as a landmark rights-based legislation for ensuring food security in India. However, the focus must gradually shift from food security to nutritional security by improving beneficiary identification, strengthening PDS efficiency, promoting dietary diversity, and integrating health and nutrition interventions to achieve SDG-2 (Zero Hunger)
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📝 Q. What is Sea Surface Temperature (SST) rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones? (10 Marks | 150 Words)
Answer
📍 Introduction
✅ Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Rise refers to the increase in the temperature of the ocean’s upper layer, primarily due to anthropogenic climate change.
✅ Oceans absorb nearly 90% of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gases, making SST a key driver of climate change and tropical cyclone formation.
📍 Phenomenon of Sea Surface Temperature Rise
✅ Greenhouse Gas Emissions & Ocean Heat Absorption
Higher greenhouse gas concentrations trap heat, causing oceans to absorb more thermal energy and increasing SST.
✅ Carbon Dioxide Absorption
Oceans absorb nearly 30% of human-emitted CO₂, altering ocean chemistry and contributing to warming.
✅ Albedo Effect
Melting polar ice reduces Earth’s reflectivity, allowing oceans to absorb more solar radiation, creating a positive feedback loop.
✅ Global Warming
Global average temperatures have increased by nearly 1.1°C since pre-industrial times, leading to warmer ocean surfaces.
✅ Altered Ocean Currents
Changes in ocean circulation such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) redistribute heat unevenly, causing regional warming.
✅ Enhanced Solar Heat Retention
Higher greenhouse gas concentrations increase heat retention, enabling oceans to store more thermal energy.
📍 Impact of SST Rise on Tropical Cyclone Formation
✅ Increases Cyclone Intensity
Warmer oceans provide greater latent heat, strengthening tropical cyclones.
Example: Cyclone Amphan (2020) rapidly intensified over the warm Bay of Bengal.
✅ More Frequent Severe Cyclones
Higher SSTs increase the occurrence of very severe cyclonic storms.
Example: 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season recorded an exceptionally high number of storms.
✅ Heavier Rainfall
Warmer seas increase atmospheric moisture, resulting in intense rainfall and flooding.
✅ Longer Cyclone Duration
Continuous heat supply enables cyclones to retain strength for longer durations.
Example: Cyclone Idai (2019) maintained high intensity over the warm Mozambique Channel.
✅ Shift in Cyclone Tracks
Anomalous SSTs can alter cyclone pathways, exposing new regions to cyclone risk.
Example: Hurricane Ophelia (2017) reached Ireland due to unusually warm North Atlantic waters.
✅ Higher Coastal Vulnerability
Countries bordering the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean are increasingly exposed to stronger cyclones.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Rising Sea Surface Temperatures are increasing the frequency, intensity, rainfall, duration, and geographical spread of tropical cyclones.
✅ Strengthening climate mitigation, early warning systems, coastal resilience, and disaster preparedness is essential to reduce future cyclone-related risks.
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🔆 Q. Mobilizing capital at scale, rather than the mere availability of financial instruments, remains the primary hurdle for India’s climate adaptation and mitigation targets. Evaluate the statement in the context of recent RBI initiatives and the need for a comprehensive Climate Finance Taxonomy. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
📍 Core Demand of the Question
✅ How RBI Measures Contribute To Climate Finance
✅ Limitations of RBI Measures
✅ Need For A Climate Finance Taxonomy
📍 Introduction
✅ India requires about ₹162.5 trillion ($2.5 trillion) by 2030 to meet its NDC commitments and $10.1 trillion by 2070 for Net Zero goals.
✅ Despite growing climate-finance instruments, adaptation gaps, investment risks, limited bankable projects, and institutional bottlenecks remain the principal challenge.
📍 How RBI Measures Contribute To Climate Finance
✅ Climate Risk Framework: RBI has proposed a framework requiring regulated entities to identify, assess, and manage climate risks.
Eg: RBI Draft Disclosure Framework on Climate-related Financial Risks (2024–25).
✅ Green Finance Push: RBI has encouraged climate-focused lending through Green Deposits and sustainable finance guidelines.
Eg: RBI Framework for Acceptance of Green Deposits (2023).
✅ Climate Disclosures: RBI is moving towards standardized climate disclosures aligned with global best practices.
Eg: Based on TCFD/ISSB principles.
📍 Limitations of RBI Measures
✅ Supply Focus: Improves financial availability but does not automatically generate demand for climate investments.
✅ Adaptation Neglect: Financial flows continue to favour mitigation over adaptation projects.
Eg: Renewable energy attracts more investment than climate-resilience projects.
✅ Classification Gaps: Absence of a unified taxonomy creates uncertainty about climate-friendly investments.
✅ Early-Stage Frameworks: Existing disclosure and risk frameworks have not yet translated into large-scale capital flows.
Eg: ₹162.5 trillion financing needs far exceed present green-finance flows.
📍 Need For A Climate Finance Taxonomy
✅ Common Definition: Provides a standardized classification of climate-aligned economic activities.
Eg: India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy is under development.
✅ Prevent Greenwashing: Clear criteria improve transparency and market credibility.
✅ Investor Confidence: Uniform standards help identify genuine climate projects.
Eg: EU Taxonomy.
✅ Better Allocation: Directs capital towards sectors with the highest mitigation and adaptation benefits.
✅ Global Alignment: Facilitates access to international climate finance and green capital markets.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Achieving India’s climate ambitions requires moving beyond financial instruments towards large-scale capital mobilisation.
✅ RBI initiatives provide an enabling foundation, but a comprehensive Climate Finance Taxonomy and stronger institutional architecture remain essential for efficient climate finance.
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🔆 Role of the Vice-President of India as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
📍 Question (UPSC Mains)
Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (150 words, 10 Marks)
📍 Introduction
The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country. Under Article 66 of the Constitution of India, one of the key responsibilities of the Vice-President is to serve as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. This role is crucial for ensuring smooth functioning of the Upper House and maintaining the dignity and decorum of parliamentary proceedings.
📍 Body
The role of the Vice-President as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha includes:
✅ Presiding Officer:
Maintains order and decorum in the House and can take disciplinary action against members who violate rules or disrupt proceedings.
✅ Deciding on Points of Order:
Has the authority to decide on points of order raised by members during parliamentary debates.
✅ Referring Bills and Motions to Committees:
Plays an important role in the legislative process by referring bills, resolutions and motions to appropriate parliamentary committees for detailed examination.
✅ Casting Vote:
In case of a tie during voting in the Rajya Sabha, the Chairman can exercise a casting vote to break the deadlock.
✅ Representing the Rajya Sabha:
Acts as the official representative of the Rajya Sabha in its relations with the President of India, the Lok Sabha, and other authorities.
✅ Role in Money Bills:
Though the Rajya Sabha has limited powers regarding Money Bill, the Chairman plays a role in certifying whether a bill qualifies as a Money Bill according to Article 110 of the Constitution of India.
📍 Conclusion
The Vice-President, as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, ensures orderly functioning of parliamentary proceedings by presiding over debates, maintaining discipline, referring bills to committees, and representing the House in institutional interactions. This role is vital for preserving the efficiency, dignity and democratic functioning of the Upper House of Parliament.
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🔆 UPSC MAINS Q&A
Q. “If the Amendment Bill to the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 is passed, there may be no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate. (200 Words, 12.5 Marks)
📍 Answer
Introduction
✅ The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 was enacted to protect individuals exposing corruption, misuse of power and wrongdoing in public offices. However, the proposed Amendment Bill has raised concerns that it may weaken these safeguards.
📍 Key Provisions of the Amendment Bill
✅ Excludes disclosure of information related to national security, economic security and strategic interests.
✅ Requires prior approval from the competent authority before disclosure of certain categories of information.
✅ Introduces penalties for false or frivolous complaints to prevent misuse.
📍 Critical Evaluation
✅ Narrows the scope of whistleblowing by excluding several categories of information, limiting transparency.
✅ Prior approval requirement may create procedural delays and discourage genuine disclosures.
✅ Fear of penalties for complaints later found unsubstantiated may deter honest whistleblowers.
✅ Could weaken accountability by making it difficult to expose corruption in sensitive sectors.
✅ May dilute the Act’s objective of promoting transparency and good governance.
📍 Need for Balanced Reforms
✅ Protect genuinely sensitive information without shielding corruption.
✅ Ensure independent oversight instead of departmental approval.
✅ Penalize only malicious complaints made with proven mala fide intent, not bona fide disclosures.
✅ Strengthen confidentiality and witness protection for whistleblowers.
📍 Conclusion
✅ While safeguarding national security is essential, excessive restrictions may undermine the very purpose of the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011. Reforms should strike a balance between protecting sensitive information and ensuring effective protection for those exposing corruption.
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🔆 UPSC MAINS Q&A
Q.Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and private entity. (250 Words, 15 Marks)
📍 Answer
Introduction
✅ Investment refers to the deployment of capital for creating or expanding productive assets.
✅ Capital Formation is the addition to an economy’s stock of capital goods such as machinery, buildings, infrastructure and equipment, which enhances productive capacity and drives economic growth.
📍 Investment in terms of Capital Formation
✅ Investment creates productive assets, leading to Gross Capital Formation (GCF).
✅ Expands production capacity and boosts long-term economic growth.
✅ Generates employment and raises productivity.
✅ Supports infrastructure and industrial development.
✅ Forms the foundation for achieving sustainable economic development.
📍 Factors to Consider while Designing a Concession Agreement (CA)
✅ Fair Competition: Transparent bidding with adequate market participation.
✅ Clear Project Scope: Define objectives, concession period, responsibilities and performance standards.
✅ Investment Details: Specify capital investment, funding sources, ownership structure and expected returns.
✅ Asset Valuation: Ensure proper valuation, especially in asset monetisation projects.
✅ Risk Allocation: Clearly distribute construction, financial, operational and demand risks between public and private entities.
✅ Legal & Regulatory Compliance: Align with taxation, labour, environmental and other applicable laws.
✅ Duration & Review Mechanism: Provide periodic review and reassessment during the concession period.
✅ Monitoring & Accountability: Establish robust monitoring, dispute resolution and compliance mechanisms.
✅ Stakeholder Consultation: Incorporate community participation to ensure social and environmental sustainability.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Capital formation is the backbone of long-term economic growth, while investment acts as its primary driver. Well-designed concession agreements under the PPP model promote efficient infrastructure creation, attract private investment and support inclusive and sustainable development.
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❓Q. What do you understand by the term ‘Good Governance’? How have recent e-Governance initiatives helped beneficiaries? Discuss with suitable examples. (150 Words | 10 Marks)
📍 Answer
Introduction:
✅ Good Governance refers to the efficient, transparent, accountable, participatory, equitable, and responsive management of public institutions and resources to ensure citizen-centric service delivery and uphold the rule of law.
📍 Recent e-Governance initiatives promoting Good Governance:
✅ Digital Service Delivery
➡️ Initiatives such as Digital India, UMANG, and online passport services have made government services faster, paperless, and more accessible.
✅ Transparency & Accountability
➡️ Platforms like Government e-Marketplace (GeM) and e-Procurement reduce corruption, improve transparency, and ensure efficient public procurement.
✅ Citizen Participation
➡️ MyGov enables citizens to provide suggestions, feedback, and participate in policy formulation, strengthening participatory governance.
✅ Online Grievance Redressal
➡️ CPGRAMS provides a centralized digital platform for registering and tracking public grievances, ensuring quicker resolution.
✅ Efficient Welfare Delivery
➡️ Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), supported by the JAM (Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile) framework, transfers benefits directly to beneficiaries, reducing leakages and eliminating intermediaries.
Conclusion:
✅ e-Governance has significantly improved efficiency, transparency, accountability, and citizen-centric governance. Strengthening digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, and digital literacy will further enhance inclusive and effective governance.
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🔆 2021 - Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (10)
The integration of 565 princely states into the Indian Union was one of the most complex administrative and socio-cultural challenges faced by independent India.
📍 Main Administrative Issues
✅ Proliferation of Small Principalities: Managing hundreds of fragmented, tiny states made coordinating a uniform consensus for accession exceptionally difficult.
✅ With British departure, paramountcy lapsed, giving princely states theoretical independence or choice to join India or Pakistan.
Eg- Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Kashmir posed major challenges.
✅ Resistance of Rulers – Many rulers were reluctant to surrender sovereignty and merge with India.
• Nizam of Hyderabad declared independence; required Operation Polo (1948) for integration.
• Nawab of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan despite a Hindu-majority population, requiring Indian military intervention.
✅ Administrative Reorganisation
• Diverse administrative systems, revenue codes, and legal frameworks had to be unified.
• Some states were merged into provinces, others into unions (Eg- Rajasthan formed by merging 19 states).
✅ Privy Purse and Privileges created a long-term financial burden and were abolished only in 1971 by Indira Gandhi.
✅ Disbanding or absorbing irregular princely state armies into the unified Indian Armed Forces presented severe logistical and ranking issues.
📍 Socio-Cultural Problems
✅ Demographic and Religious Mismatches: Severe tensions emerged in regions where the ruler’s personal faith differed completely from the majority population.
Eg- J&K
✅ Feudal Social Structures: Entrenched landlordism, bonded labour, and caste hierarchies in princely territories.
✅ Low Levels of Education and Modern Administration in many princely states.
✅ Regional and Linguistic Identities complicated integration.
Eg- Demand for linguistic reorganisation (SRC, 1956).
✅ Tribal and Ethnic Tensions in areas like Northeast India and Bastar.
✅ Deep-Rooted Feudal Allegiances: Decades of monarchical rule left local populations culturally more loyal to traditional princes than to a distant democratic federation.
✅ Communal Violence: The trauma of Partition ignited communal polarization in several states, making peaceful, secular integration harder to enforce.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Sardar Patel’s monumental efforts successfully overcame these multi-layered fractures, forging a unified, democratic, and geographically cohesive Indian nation.
#mains #answer
🔆 Q. Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods.
📍 Introduction
Urban flooding refers to the inundation of land and property in densely populated areas due to heavy rainfall overwhelming drainage systems. Climate change and unplanned urbanization have made such floods more frequent and intense in Indian cities.
📍 Causes of Urban Flooding
▪️ Climate Change:
✅ Rising temperatures increase atmospheric moisture, causing short-duration, high-intensity rainfall.
✅ Sea-level rise increases flood risk in coastal cities.
▪️ Unplanned Urbanisation:
✅ Rapid concretisation creates impermeable surfaces, reducing groundwater recharge and increasing runoff.
✅ Encroachment on lakes, wetlands and floodplains obstructs natural drainage channels.
▪️ Poor Drainage Infrastructure:
✅ Most cities have outdated and undersized storm-water drains.
✅ Drains are often clogged due to siltation and poor maintenance.
▪️ Improper Solid Waste Management:
✅ Plastic and garbage block drains and nalas, causing waterlogging during rains.
📍 Major Urban Floods in India
✅ Mumbai Floods, 2005
➡️ Triggered by 944 mm rainfall in 24 hours.
➡️ The city’s century-old drainage system could handle only 25 mm/hour.
➡️ Loss of mangroves and encroachment on the Mithi River worsened flooding.
✅ Chennai Floods, 2015
➡️ Caused by unprecedented rainfall and sudden release of water from the Chembarambakkam reservoir.
➡️ Destruction of wetlands and shrinkage of the Pallikaranai Marsh aggravated the disaster.
➡️ More than 300 urban water bodies had disappeared due to urban expansion.
📍 Policies and Frameworks in India
✅ National Disaster Management Authority Guidelines on Management of Urban Flooding (2010):
➡️ Recommends flood zoning, drainage mapping and early warning systems.
✅ Smart Cities Mission:
➡️ Encourages resilient urban infrastructure, smart drainage and GIS-based flood monitoring.
✅ Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation 2.0:
➡️ Focuses on storm-water drainage and sustainable urban infrastructure.
✅ Storm Water Drainage Manual, 2019:
➡️ Promotes scientific drainage design and integrated flood management.
📍 Conclusion
Urban flooding is no longer merely a natural hazard but a product of climate change and poor urban planning. Sustainable infrastructure, wetland conservation and robust drainage systems are essential to build resilient cities.
#Answer
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🔆 Q. Major hot deserts in the Northern Hemisphere are located between 20°–30° N latitude and on the western side of the continents. Why? (GS-1, 10 Marks, 2013)
📍 Introduction
✅ Hot deserts receive less than 25 cm annual rainfall and cover nearly 14% of Earth’s land surface.
✅ Sahara Desert is the world’s largest hot desert.
📍 Why are major hot deserts located between 20°–30° N on the western margins?
✅ 1. Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt (Hadley Cell)
• Descending dry air suppresses cloud formation and rainfall.
• Example: Arabian Desert.
✅ 2. Offshore Trade Winds
• Winds blow from land to sea, carrying little moisture.
• Example: Sahara Desert (Western Africa).
✅ 3. Rain Shadow Effect
• Mountains block moisture-laden winds, creating dry leeward regions.
• Examples:
Patagonian Desert – Rain shadow of the Andes.
Death Valley – Rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada.
✅ 4. Cold Ocean Currents
• Cold currents cool the air, reducing evaporation and rainfall.
• Example: Mojave Desert influenced by the California Current.
✅ 5. Continentality
• Interior regions far from oceans receive little moisture.
• Examples:
Karakum & Kyzylkum Deserts.
Thar Desert, where southwest monsoon moisture weakens inland.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Apart from natural climatic factors, climate change and global warming are accelerating desertification worldwide.
✅ To combat this challenge, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was adopted in 1994 as a legally binding international agreement.
📝 Value Addition
“Deserts are shaped not merely by lack of rainfall, but by global atmospheric circulation, ocean currents, topography and continental location.”
#mains #answer