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🔆 Q.Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India
(10 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi to South Indian art
✅ Highlight their contribution to South Indian literature
📍 Introduction
✅ The Pallavas of Kanchi (4th–9th centuries CE) were a major South Indian dynasty known for pioneering the transition from rock-cut to structural temples, shaping Dravidian architecture, and promoting Sanskrit and Tamil literature.
✅ They laid the cultural foundation for later dynasties such as the Cholas and Vijayanagara Empire.
📍 Contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi to South Indian Art
✅ Rock-cut temples:
Pallavas pioneered rock-cut architecture, laying the foundation for later temple styles.
➡️ Eg: Mahabalipuram’s Shore Temple and Five Rathas (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
✅ Structural temples:
Initiated the shift towards free-standing structural temples with complex layouts.
➡️ Eg: Kailasanatha Temple, Kanchipuram
✅ Development of Dravidian architecture:
Refined key architectural elements such as vimana and gopuram.
➡️ Eg: Vaikuntha Perumal Temple
✅ Contribution to sculpture:
Intricate narrative reliefs with strong mythological themes.
➡️ Eg: Descent of the Ganges (Arjuna’s Penance), Mahabalipuram
✅ Iconographic influence:
Standardised deity forms that influenced South Indian art for centuries.
➡️ Eg: Chola bronze tradition drew from Pallava iconography
📍 Contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi to South Indian Literature
✅ Promotion of Sanskrit literature:
Royal patronage to Sanskrit scholarship and philosophical works.
➡️ Eg: Mattavilasa Prahasana by Mahendravarman I
✅ Sanskrit–Tamil synthesis:
Encouraged literary fusion that nourished early Bhakti traditions.
➡️ Eg: Dandin’s Kavyadarsha under Narasimhavarman II
✅ Contributions to Tamil literature:
Supported Bhakti saints and devotional Tamil poetry.
➡️ Eg: Thirumangai Alvar’s hymns
✅ Patronage of learning centres:
Kanchipuram emerged as a renowned centre of education.
➡️ Eg: Ghatika of Kanchi, associated with scholars like Bodhidharma
✅ Support for Bhakti movement:
Backed Shaiva and Vaishnava saints, enriching devotional literature.
➡️ Eg: Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar
📍 Conclusion
✅ The Pallavas’ contribution to South Indian art and literature was foundational and transformative.
✅ Their innovations in temple architecture, sculpture, and bilingual literary patronage created a cultural legacy that deeply influenced later dynasties.
✅ Though their direct Tamil literary output was limited, their role as facilitators of cultural synthesis was immense and enduring.
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🔆 Q.Impediments India faces in its pursuit of a Permanent Seat in the UNSC
(200 words | 12.5 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Introduction: Importance of UNSC
✅ Body: Challenges to India’s UNSC permanent seat bid
✅ Conclusion: Futuristic perspective
📍 Introduction
✅ The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) plays a crucial role in maintaining global peace and security, including authorising use of force, sanctions, and peacekeeping missions.
✅ Permanent membership is significant as it grants veto power, enabling states to shape international decision-making and enhance global influence.
📍 Body: Impediments faced by India
✅ Veto power of existing P5 members
✔️ The current permanent members — USA, Russia, China, France, UK — are reluctant to expand permanent seats as it may dilute their power.
✅ Opposition from other aspirants
✔️ Countries like Brazil, Germany, and Japan also seek permanent membership, leading to competition and regional rivalries.
✅ Lack of consensus among UNSC members
✔️ No uniform agreement exists on UNSC reforms, making expansion politically difficult.
✅ Historical issues
✔️ India’s non-aligned stance during the Cold War and nuclear tests (1998) have shaped scepticism among some countries.
✅ Current geopolitical concerns
✔️ Issues related to Kashmir, border disputes with China and Pakistan, and human rights debates are used to question India’s candidature.
✅ Financial contribution argument
✔️ Some members argue that India’s financial contribution to the UN is insufficient compared to existing P5 members.
📍 Conclusion
✅ India’s bid for a permanent UNSC seat faces structural, political, and geopolitical hurdles.
✅ Despite challenges, India continues diplomatic engagement, peacekeeping contributions, and advocacy for UN reforms, striving for a more representative and inclusive global governance system.
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🔆 Q.The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team.” How far is the efficacy of a government inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss.
(200 words | 12.5 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Introduction: Importance of cabinet size in government functioning
✅ Body: Advantages and disadvantages of a larger cabinet
✅ Conclusion: Role of leadership and optimal balance
📍 Introduction
✅ The size of the cabinet plays a crucial role in shaping governance outcomes.
✅ While it must be large enough to handle administrative workload, an excessively large cabinet may reduce efficiency, coordination, and accountability, making its relationship with government efficacy a subject of debate.
📍 Body
📍 Advantages of a Larger Cabinet
✅ Inclusive representation: Reflects India’s social, regional, and political diversity.
✅ Coalition management: Helps accommodate multiple parties and interest groups.
✅ Policy specialization: Ministers can focus on specific sectors.
✅ Example: The UPA government (2004–2014) had a large cabinet to manage coalition partners and ensure broad representation.
📍 Disadvantages of a Larger Cabinet
✅ Coordination problems: Increased ministries complicate decision-making.
✅ Delayed policies: Consensus-building becomes slower.
✅ Blurring of accountability: Overlapping roles reduce responsibility clarity.
✅ Example: United Front governments (1990s) were often criticised for slow and unwieldy governance.
📍 Historical & Constitutional Perspective
✅ Jawaharlal Nehru’s first cabinet had only 15 ministers, enabling swift decisions.
✅ 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003:
✔️ Limits the Council of Ministers to 15% of Lok Sabha strength to curb oversized cabinets.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Government efficacy is often inversely related to cabinet size beyond an optimal limit.
✅ Effective governance depends on a balance between representation and efficiency, leadership capacity of the Prime Minister, and political context.
✅ A lean, well-coordinated cabinet, as seen in Modi’s first term (2014–2019), can enhance administrative effectiveness.
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🔆 Q. "The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process.” Comment.
(250 words, 15 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Introduce the concept of reservation of seats for women in local self-government institutions and its objectives
✅ Discuss the positive impact of women’s reservation
✅ Explain the limitations in addressing patriarchy
✅ Support with examples and studies
✅ Conclude with the need for a comprehensive approach
📍 Introduction
✅ Reservation of seats for women in local self-government institutions such as Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies was introduced through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992).
✅ The objective was to ensure adequate representation, promote gender equality, and empower women in decision-making processes.
📍 Positive impact of reservation of seats for women
✅ Increased representation: Significant rise in women’s participation in local governance, enhancing gender diversity
✅ Empowerment: Women representatives have gained confidence and developed leadership skills
✅ Improved decision-making: Greater focus on women-centric issues such as health, education, sanitation
✅ UN Women (2012) Report: Highlights success stories of women leaders in PRIs, showing positive community-level outcomes in education, health, and women’s safety
📍 Limitations in addressing patriarchal character
✅ Proxy candidates: Elected women often act as proxies for male relatives, diluting real empowerment
✅ Lack of resources and training: Many women representatives lack capacity-building support
✅ Entrenched gender stereotypes: Patriarchal norms continue to undermine women’s authority
✅ Ban and Rao (2008) study: While representation increased in Karnataka, limited resources and support constrained effective participation
📍 Conclusion
✅ Women’s reservation in local self-government has improved representation and produced positive outcomes, but its impact on deep-rooted patriarchy remains limited.
✅ A comprehensive approach—including gender sensitization, leadership training, capacity building, and societal attitude change—is essential to transform the Indian political process beyond mere numerical representation.
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🔆 Q.Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas vs Article 371A (Nagaland)
(200 words | 10 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Introduce the issue by highlighting Nagaland’s exceptional status under Article 371A
✅ Explain the constitutional provisions of Article 371A
✅ Discuss the recent MoPNG directives and perceived conflict
✅ Conclude with ways forward respecting constitutional safeguards
📍 Introduction
✅ Article 371A of the Indian Constitution grants Nagaland a distinct constitutional status to protect its unique social customs, practices, and laws.
✅ Recent directives from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) on regulation of oil and gas resources have raised concerns among the Naga community, who perceive them as undermining this special status.
📍 Article 371A: Basis of Nagaland’s Exceptional Status
✅ Enshrined by the 13th Constitutional Amendment (1962)
✅ No Parliamentary law shall apply to Nagaland in matters relating to:
• Religious or social practices of the Nagas
• Naga customary law and justice administration
• Ownership and transfer of land and its resources
➡️ Unless the Nagaland Legislative Assembly decides so by resolution
✅ Example: Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1989, based on Naga social customs, overrides central laws on alcohol.
📍 Recent Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas Directives
✅ MoPNG directives relate to exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas, subjects under the Union List
✅ Naga groups view these as an encroachment on customary ownership of land and resources
✅ Example: Perception that central regulation challenges traditional Naga rights over oil reserves
📍 Core Issue: Constitutional Interpretation
✅ Tension between:
• Union’s authority over strategic natural resources
• Special constitutional protection under Article 371A safeguarding indigenous rights
✅ Raises questions on limits of central power vis-à-vis tribal autonomy and federal asymmetry
📍 Conclusion
✅ Resolving this conflict requires constitutional sensitivity and cooperative federalism
✅ Open dialogue and consensus-building between Centre and Nagaland are essential
✅ A joint framework or profit-sharing model can balance national strategic interests with the constitutional rights of the Naga people, without diluting Article 371A safeguards.
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🔆 Q.Does the right to a clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali?
(200 words, 12.5 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Introduce the right to a clean environment under Article 21
✅ Discuss legal regulations on firecrackers in light of Supreme Court judgments
✅ Conclude by balancing environmental rights and cultural practices
📍 Introduction
✅ The right to a clean environment is an integral part of the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
✅ The Supreme Court has consistently held that the right to life includes the right to clean air and a healthy environment, essential for human dignity and well-being.
📍 Legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali
✅ M.C. Mehta vs Union of India (2001)
✔️ Supreme Court emphasized the right to a clean environment
✔️ Directed measures to control noise pollution from firecrackers
✔️ Prescribed noise standards and restrictions in residential areas
✅ Arjun Gopal vs Union of India (2017)
✔️ Temporary ban on sale of firecrackers in Delhi-NCR
✔️ Recognised severe air pollution during Diwali
✔️ Directed CPCB to study environmental impact
✅ Supreme Court Guidelines (2018)
✔️ Ban on manufacture and sale of non-green crackers
✔️ Fixed time slots for bursting crackers
✔️ Promotion of eco-friendly (green) crackers
✔️ Designated areas for community celebrations
📍 Analysis
✅ These judgments reflect the Court’s effort to strike a balance between
✔️ Right to a clean environment
✔️ Cultural and religious practices
📍 Conclusion
✅ The Supreme Court has adopted a balanced and rights-based approach, ensuring environmental protection without imposing an absolute ban on cultural practices.
✅ Legal regulation of firecrackers during Diwali is justified under Article 21 to safeguard public health, clean air, and environmental sustainability, while respecting cultural sentiments.
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🔆 Q.Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (150 words, 10 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Define regionalism and mention positives & negatives
✅ Explain how rising cultural assertiveness fuels regionalism
✅ Highlight other contributing factors
✅ Conclude with nation-building perspective
📍 Introduction
✅ Regionalism refers to a shared sense of identity among people of a specific geographical region, rooted in language, culture, history, and traditions.
✅ Positive regionalism strengthens cultural pride, but excessive regionalism can challenge national unity.
📍 Body
📍 Regionalism as a result of rising cultural assertiveness
✅ Cultural differences: India’s linguistic and cultural diversity encourages communities to preserve and assert their identities
✅ Historical injustices: Perceived neglect or marginalisation leads regions to mobilise around cultural symbols
✅ Political mobilisation: Regional parties use cultural identity to consolidate electoral support
• Example: Job reservation demands for locals (Haryana, Karnataka)
✅ Social media influence: Amplifies regional culture, language, and pride
✅ Linguistic assertion: Resistance to cultural imposition
• Example: Opposition to Hindi imposition in southern states
📍 Beyond cultural assertiveness
✅ Economic distress: Unemployment, poverty, uneven development
✅ Governance failures: Top-down development models, regional neglect
• Example: “Son of the soil” movements
📍 Conclusion
✅ Rising cultural assertiveness is a significant driver of regionalism, but not the sole cause.
✅ When channelised positively, regionalism can enrich India’s unity in diversity and contribute to nation-building rather than fragmentation.
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🔆 Q.Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them. (150 words, 10 Marks)
📍 Approach
✅ Contextual introduction with respect to youth in politics
✅ Reasons for low youth participation
✅ Steps to motivate ethically driven youth
✅ Prospective way forward
📍 Introduction
✅ In India, many ethically driven young people hesitate to join active politics due to the perception of politics as corrupt, violent, and unethical. This trend weakens democratic renewal and leadership quality.
📍 Body
📍 Why young people hesitate
✅ Perception of politics as corrupt and criminalised
✅ Lack of transparency and inner-party democracy
✅ High financial and social entry barriers
✅ Fear of reputational damage and insecurity
📍 Steps to motivate ethical youth
✅ Create a supportive environment
• Political parties and civil society should provide platforms for debate, policy input, and leadership roles
✅ Increase transparency and accountability
• Transparent decision-making and ethical conduct by leaders builds trust
✅ Increase representation of youth
• Reserve positions for youth in parties, legislatures, and local bodies
• Examples: AAP youth wing, BJP’s ABVP, Congress’ NSUI
✅ Empower youth-led initiatives
• Support youth forums, student unions, and leadership programs
• Example: Yuva Bharat Program
✅ Strengthen civic education
• Civic education in schools and colleges
• Example: National Service Scheme (NSS)
✅ Reduce barriers to entry
• Provide mentorship, financial support, and networking opportunities
✅ Encourage local governance participation
• Youth involvement in Panchayats and municipal bodies
• Example: Rajasthan CM’s Youth Advisory Council
📍 Conclusion
✅ Motivating ethical youth to enter politics requires a multi-pronged strategy—supportive ecosystems, transparency, civic education, reduced entry barriers, and meaningful representation.
✅ Such participation is essential for clean, accountable, and future-ready democratic governance.
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🔆 Q. Salient features of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016 and its efficacy in removing cascading effect of taxes and creating a common national market
📍 Introduction
✅ The Constitution (101st Amendment) Act, 2016 introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India.
✅ Aim: Remove cascading effect of taxes and create a common national market for goods and services.
✅ GST replaced a complex web of indirect taxes with a unified tax framework.
📍 Salient Features of the 101st Constitutional Amendment
✅ Dual GST Structure:
• CGST (Central GST) and SGST (State GST) for intra-state trade
• UTGST for Union Territories
✅ Integrated GST (IGST):
• Levied on inter-state trade and imports
• Collected and administered by the Centre
✅ Destination-based Taxation:
• Tax revenue accrues to the state of consumption, not production
✅ GST Council:
• Constitutional body with Centre + States/UTs
• Ensures cooperative federalism in tax decisions
✅ Compensation to States:
• States compensated for revenue loss for 5 years post GST rollout
📍 Efficacy of GST in Removing Cascading Effect & Creating Common Market
✅ Removal of Cascading Effect:
• Subsumed excise duty, service tax, VAT, etc.
• Input Tax Credit (ITC) ensures tax-on-tax is eliminated
✅ Enhanced Compliance & Reduced Tax Evasion:
• Digital trail and ITC linkage incentivize compliance
✅ Facilitating a Common National Market:
• Harmonised tax regime removed inter-state barriers
• Improved ease of doing business and logistics efficiency
📍 Concerns and Challenges
✅ Multiple Tax Rates:
• Presence of several slabs creates complexity and confusion
✅ Compliance Burden:
• SMEs face challenges with digital filings and procedural demands
✅ Revenue Concerns of States:
• Dependence on compensation and reduced fiscal autonomy
📍 Conclusion
✅ The 101st Constitutional Amendment has largely succeeded in reducing cascading taxes and integrating India into a single market.
✅ However, rate rationalisation, simplified compliance, and stable revenue mechanisms are essential to enhance GST’s long-term effectiveness.
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