179592
UPSC Notes
🛡️ *Evolution of Civil services in India*
♟️1. Cornwallis ( 1786-93) first to organise .
♟️ 2. Wellesley ( 1798-1805)
A. Fort William college for new recruits
B. 1806- Disapproved ( by Court of Directors)
C. East India College at Haileybury in England
♟️3. 1853- Open competition
♟️4. Indian Civil Service Act, 1861:
A. Age: 23 (1859), 22 ( 1860), 21 ( 1866), 19 ( 1878)
B. 1863- Satyendra Nath Tagore became first Indian to qualify
♟️5. Statutory civil service (1878-79: Lytton)
A. 1/6th covenanted post to Indians through nominations ( system failed and abolished)
♟️6. Aitchison Committee on Public Services ( 1886) - Dufferin
A. Drop covenanted and uncovenanted
B. Imperial Indian Civil service ( Exam- England), Provincial Civil Service ( exam- India),
Subordinate Civil Service ( Exam- India)
C. Raising Age limit to 23
♟️7. Montford Reforms 1919:
A. 1/3rd recruitment in India itself- to be raised annually by 1.5%
♟️8. Lee Commission 1924:
A. Direct recruit. To ICS on basis of 50:50 parity to be reached in 15 yrs
B. Public Service Commission to be established ( as laid in GoI Act,1919)
♟️9. GoI Act, 1935:
A. Establishment of Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission.
*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION*
♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House.
♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977.
♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.
♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.
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🌏Gulf of Eilat
♟️It is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
♟️The northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west.
♟️It is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula.
♟️It forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
♟️The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
♟️It supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
♟️It is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
♟️Some of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan).
*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
*🛡️Tidal Flooding*
♟️Tidal flooding, also known as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny day flooding,” happens when high tides cause water levels to rise and flood low-lying coastal areas.
*♟️Causes* Changes in prevailing winds, shifts in ocean currents, and strong tidal forces (which occur during full or new moon) can all cause high tide flooding.
♟️High tide flooding falls into three levels of severity: minor, moderate, and major.
*💎Concerns*
♟️Tidal flooding disrupts daily life by flooding roads and services, damages infrastructure, and causes economic losses for businesses.
♟️It accelerates coastal erosion, harms habitats, and contaminates freshwater supplies with saltwater.
♟️Repeated flooding forces communities to relocate.
♟️Over time, rising sea levels due to climate change will make tidal flooding more frequent and severe.
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UPSC (IAS) 2026/27/28/29 Aspirants के लिए
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Playlist👇
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🎯 Prelims के लिए सबसे important subject
🎯 Concept clarity + PYQ oriented approach
🎯 Beginner से लेकर advanced level तक full coverage
अगर Environment strong है, तो selection के chances बढ़ जाते हैं 🚀
Contact for more Info :- 9235313184
Follow करें Result Mitra for daily UPSC preparation content 💡
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Link : - https://youtube.com/live/0Nm0zTVO8gk?feature=share
UPSC (IAS) 2026/27/28/29 Aspirants के लिए
Complete Environment & Ecology – Part 01 🌱
Playlist👇
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5hBZimDGA-cF0IHQk_p3tzJmtrfeFTgB&si=8RgBEs0DovYK-jxD
🎯 Prelims के लिए सबसे important subject
🎯 Concept clarity + PYQ oriented approach
🎯 Beginner से लेकर advanced level तक full coverage
अगर Environment strong है, तो selection के chances बढ़ जाते हैं 🚀
Contact for more Info :- 9235313184
Follow करें Result Mitra for daily UPSC preparation content 💡
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The wait is over, Aspirants! It’s time to move from preparation to performance.
📌 The Challenge: Full-Length Test (GS & CSAT)
🗓️ Date: Sunday, 29th March 2026
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✅ Detailed Performance Analysis
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⏳ Only 60 Days Left
🔥 Dhurandhar Batch 2.0 launching on 26th March
This is NOT just another batch - this is your last serious attempt booster.
✔️ Laser Focus on Last 10 Years PYQs (Pattern decoding + repetition mastery)
✔️ 1:1 Mentorship (Personal guidance till exam day)
✔️ Prelims-Oriented Revision Framework (What to read, what to skip)
✔️ Expected Questions + Smart Elimination Techniques
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Superconductivity
✅ Discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1911)
✅ Property of certain materials to conduct direct current (DC) with zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature (Tc)
✅ Tc (Critical Temperature): Temperature at which material becomes superconducting
📍 Key Properties
✅ Zero Electrical Resistance: No energy loss during current flow → extremely efficient power transmission
✅ Meissner Effect: Complete expulsion of magnetic field from inside the superconductor (perfect diamagnetism)
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✅ Medical: MRI machines (strong stable magnetic fields)
✅ Science: Particle accelerators like LHC
✅ Transport: Maglev trains (magnetic levitation → frictionless movement)
✅ Energy: High-efficiency power cables & storage
✅ Technology: Quantum computing & advanced sensors
📍 Significance of New Research
➡️ Moving towards higher-temperature superconductivity reduces cooling cost
➡️ Enhances feasibility of large-scale real-world applications
SWAYATT Initiative (Startups, Women and Youth Advantage through e-Transactions)
●Objective: To increase participation of women-led enterprises and youth in government procurement.
●Features
-Enables startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), and last-mile sellers to participate directly in government procurement.
-Implemented through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
-Based on the principle of social inclusion in public procurement.
-Addresses three major challenges faced by emerging enterprises:Access to markets, Access to finance,Access to value addition
●Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
-Online platform for government procurement, Known as India’s National Procurement Portal
-Used by ministries, departments and PSUs to buy goods and services
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*🛡️Countries through which Tropic of Capricorn Passes*
*💎Trick:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai.*
♟️C : Chile,
♟️A : Argentina,
♟️B : Brazil,
♟️P : Paraguay,
♟️N : Namibia,
♟️B : Botswana,
♟️S : South Africa,
♟️M : Mozambique,
♟️M : Madagascar,
♟️A: Australia.
*Hit 👍❤️👌To Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*
*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
*🛡️Trans - Himalayas*
♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.
♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.
♟️Average elevation - 3000m.
♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.
♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.
♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.
♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.
♟️K2 lies here.