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UPSC Notes
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🔴 What is a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) ?
👉CBDC is a legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form.
👉 It is similar to a fiat currency issued in paper and is interchangeable with any other fiat currency
🔴 What is the need for CBDC?
👉 the goal is to provide users with convenience and security of digital as well as the regulated, reserve-backed circulation of the traditional banking system.
🔴 What does this change for citizens?
👉 There are several models proposed by technology experts and evangelists on how the Digital Rupee could be transacted but a formal announcement by the Reserve Bank of India will likely detail how the Digital Rupee will be transacted by citizens.
♦️One chief difference will be that a Digital Rupee transaction will be instantaneous as opposed to the current digital payment experience.
@UPSCMainsZone
Carbon neutral means that any CO2 released into the atmosphere from a company’s activities is balanced by an equivalent amount being removed. @civilservicesBaba
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2023 has been announced as the International Year of Millets @civilservicesBaba
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Circular Economy A circular economy is an economic system of closed loops in which raw materials, components and products lose their value as little as possible, renewable energy sources are used and systems thinking is at the core. In this article we will explain this definition in more detail. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE Often focus on the use of raw materials or on system change. Definitions that focus on resource use often follow the 3-R approach:
Reduce (minimum use of raw materials)
Reuse (maximum reuse of products and components)
Recycle (high quality reuse of raw materials) @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
River Rejuvenation is the result of a sudden fall in sea level or a sudden uplift in land surface due to tectonic movements.
This disturbance enables a rise in river’s potential energy (energy stored in river due to newly created height difference from base level).
This energy results in increased river bed erosion. Vertical erosion or downcutting is associated with river rejuvenation as seen in Chambal Ravines.
🌀Forest Report (IFSR) 2021
▪️Key pointer about India :
▫️Total Forest Cover = 21.71%
▫️Total Forest & Tree Cover = 24.62%
▪️Largest Forest Cover ( Area wise):-
1. MP
2.Arunachal Pradesh
3.Chhattisgarh
4.Odisha
5.Maharashtra
▪️Total Forest Cover ( %age of total GA) : Top five States are
▫️Mizoram (84.53%)
▫️Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%)
▫️Meghalaya (76.00%)
▫️Manipur (74.34%)
▫️Nagaland(73.90%)
▪️Total mangrove cover- 4,992 sq km.
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✅ APEC का मतलब एशिया-पैसिफिक इकोनॉमिक कोऑपरेशन है और यह एक रीजनल इकोनॉमिक फोरम है, जिसे साल 1989 में स्थापित किया गया था। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य बढ़ती निर्भरता का लाभ प्रदान करना है। @cseupscnotes
✅ APEC का उद्देश्य समावेशी, टिकाऊ, अभिनव और सुरक्षित विकास को बढ़ावा देने की मदद से अधिक से अधिक समृद्धि बनाना है।
Answer & Explanation
c) both (a) and (b).
The Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon is much more powerful than the Bay of Bengal branch because – 1. Arabian sea is larger than the Bay of Bengal and 2. entire Arabian sea current advances towards India, whereas only a part of the Bay of Bengal current enters India.
@civilservicesbaba
Popularly known as Dawki river, the Umngot river in Meghalaya is undisputedly the cleanest river in Asia with its crystal clear water. It originates from the Eastern Shillong Peak, which is located 1,800 m above sea level.
The river is in the village of Mawlynnong ("God's Own Garden") in Meghalaya, close to India’s border with Bangladesh, which is touted as Asia’s Cleanest Village.
Alongside cleanliness, the village has also achieved a rare feat — a 100% literacy rate.
It acts as a natural divide between Jaintia and Khasi hills, before finally flowing into Bangladesh.
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🔼🔼Now ONLY #9 copies of CONCISED GS NOTES are available at Heavy Discount. #491copies Sold out.🔼🔼
📚Consized Ancient History Notes
📚Consized Medieval History notes
📚Consized Modern History Notes
📚Consized Art & Culture Notes
📚Consized Indian Geography Notes
📚Consized World Geography Notes
📚Consized Physical Geography
📚Consized Agriculture Notes
📚Consized Indian Economy
✅ All ABOVE Consized Notes at RS149 Only
https://www.instamojo.com/civilservicesbooks/concise-notes-on-indian-geography-indian-agr/?discount=august23 🔼
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*🛡️Tropical Rain Destabilises Oceans Only When Light*
*💎Key Findings*
♟️Scientists earlier believed rain makes the ocean’s surface more buoyant (due to freshwater being lighter)
♟️New study (Univ. of Washington, July 2025) finds light rain destabilises the ocean, but heavy rain stabilises it
*💎Mechanism*
♟️Rain in tropics often comes with cold pools (cold, dry air + clouds)
♟️These cool the surface, block sunlight & transfer heat to air
♟️Thus, heavier rain makes surface cooler and more stable
♟️Light rain (0.2–4 mm/hr) increases mixing, while heavy rain = negative buoyancy flux (surface stays more stable)
*💎Additional Observations*
♟️Rainfall at night destabilises oceans more than during the day
♟️Researchers identified:
*⚜️Cold Rain Zone* (W. Pacific & Indian Ocean): High heat loss
*⚜️Hot Rain Zone* (Central Pacific): Less heat loss
*💎Impact on Climate*
♟️Ocean mixing affects carbon, heat, nutrient transport
♟️Rainfall dynamics influence weather and climate models
♟️Study highlights risk of prediction errors due to simplistic assumptions.
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Green Bonds : is a debt security issued by an organization for the purpose of financing or refinancing projects that contribute positively to the environment and/or climate. A green bond is alternatively known as a climate bond @civilservicesBaba
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Cryptocurrency: A digital currency that is secured by cryptography and used as a medium of exchange within a peer-to-peer (P2P) digital economic system. Cryptographic techniques ensures that these systems are completely immune to fraud and counterfeiting.
The first cryptocurrency to be ever created was Bitcoin, introduced by pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto, in 2009
@civilservicesBaba
4 priorities of Budget 2022: @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
PM GatiShakti
Inclusive Development
Productivity Enhancement & Investment, Sunrise
Opportunities, Energy Transition, and Climate Action
Financing of Investments
Digital Rupee :Digital currency will also lead to a more efficient and cheaper currency management system @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
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आपको भारत के 73वे #गणतंत्रदिवस की हार्दिक शुभकामनाएं !
Heartiest greetings to you on the 73rd #RepublicDay! of India.
Happy Republic Day 2022
Life is what we make it. There are so many reasons to be thankful every day. I am thankful to all those.
Good Morning Friends!!
Have a wonderful Day.
@civilservicesBaba
May the New Year bring you happiness, peace, and prosperity. Wishing you a Happy New Year 2022
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Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention.
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Dawki Or Umngot River Meghalaya
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*🛡️Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP*
♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.
♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.
♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.
♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .
♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.
♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.
♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.
♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.
♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.
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🛡️ *Significance Of Fundamental Duties*
♟️They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens.
♟️They serve as a warning against the anti-national and anti-social activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on.
♟️They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them.
♟️They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law.
♟️They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfil any of them.
*🛡️Ajivika Philosophy* – Key Idea Only
*💎Founder*
♟️Makkhali Gosala
*💎Core Belief System*
♟️Strict determinism — belief in destiny (Niyati)
♟️Rejects karma — everything is preordained, no role of karma in liberation
*💎Path to Salvation*
♟️Liberation is automatic through cycles of rebirth, no conscious effort required
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