179592
UPSC Notes
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Explanation - A
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*🛡️FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR*
♟️The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) was the first of four military conflicts fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, along with its allies. It marked the beginning of a series of struggles for control in South India.
*💎Background*
♟️The war took place in South India.
♟️Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of Mysore, had risen to power and posed a serious threat to British interests in the region.
♟️The British East India Company sought to check Hyder Ali’s growing influence.
♟️Mysore had strategic alliances with the French, while the British were allied with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad—at least initially.
*💎Causes of the War*
♟️Expansionist ambitions of both the British and Hyder Ali.
♟️Breakdown of trust between the East India Company and Indian rulers.
♟️Strategic interests in the Carnatic region and control over South India.
♟️Mysore’s alliance with the French, which threatened British influence.
*💎Key Events*
♟️Hyder Ali surprised the British with his swift military tactics and alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad (though the Nizam later switched sides).
♟️Hyder Ali launched an invasion of the Carnatic, reaching as close as Madras (now Chennai).
♟️The British forces were unprepared and suffered several defeats.
♟️Eventually, both sides agreed to negotiate due to military exhaustion and lack of support.
*💎Outcome*
♟️The war ended with the Treaty of Madras in 1769.
♟️The treaty promised mutual restitution of conquered territories and mutual defense.
It did not resolve underlying tensions, leading to future conflicts.
*💎Significance*
♟️The war exposed weaknesses in the British military position in South India.
♟️It elevated Hyder Ali’s reputation as a skilled military leader.
♟️The British failure to honor the Treaty of Madras later contributed to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
*Correct order to river from North to South*
*Trick:-* " I am JhaCass Respected BosS "
♟️I : Indus
♟️J : Jehlum
♟️C : Chenab
♟️R : Ravi
♟️B : Beas
♟️S : Satluj
Civil Services year-wise Seats
CSE 2011.....910
CSE 2012....998
CSE 2013....1228
CSE 2014....1364
CSE 2015 .....1164
CSE 2016......1079
CSE 2017......980
CSE 2018......782
CSE 2019......896
CSE 2020......796
CSE 2021......712
CSE 2022.... 1011
CSE 2023..... 1105
CSE 2024..... 1056
CSE 2025.... 979
CSE 2026.... 933
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*🪄Polar Vortex – Winter Storms in USA*
*💎 What is Polar Vortex?*
♟️ Large, persistent low-pressure cold air mass over Polar Regions
♟️ Contained by Polar-front Jet Stream (separates cold polar & warm tropical air)
*💎 Rotation*
♟️ Counter-clockwise → North Pole
♟️ Clockwise → South Pole
*💎 Formation Factors*
♟️ Strong temperature gradient (pole vs tropics)
♟️ Coriolis force (Earth’s rotation)
♟️ Pressure gradient force
♟️ Jet stream interaction
*💎 Stability Mechanism*
♟️ Strong vortex → Jet stream tight & circular → Cold air locked near poles
♟️ Weak vortex → Jet stream wavy → Cold air spills south (USA winter storms)
*💎 Types*
♟️ Tropospheric PV: 10–15 km (direct weather effects)
♟️ Stratospheric PV: 15–50 km (strongest in winter)
*💎 Impacts*
⚠️ Extreme cold waves in mid-latitudes
♟️ Ozone depletion (esp. Antarctic ozone hole)
♟️ Climate link: Arctic amplification → more instability & frequent cold outbreaks
*💎 India Angle*
⚠️ No direct impact
♟️ Indirect influence via Western Disturbances pushed by Arctic winds.
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*🛡️Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP*
♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.
♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.
♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.
♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .
♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.
♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.
♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.
♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.
♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.
*India’s Defence Budget 2026–27: Strengthening Security & Self-Reliance 🇮🇳*
🌟 *Key Highlights* 🌟
🛡️ Historic Allocation: *₹7.85 lakh crore defence budget* , highest among all ministries and around 15% higher than 2025.
🚀 Future-Ready Armed Forces: *Over ₹2.19 lakh crore* allocated for modern fighter aircraft, ships, submarines, drones and advanced technologies.
🇮🇳 Boost to Indigenous Industry: *₹1.39 lakh crore reserved for domestic procurement* , with 75% capital acquisition earmarked for Indian manufacturers.
🔬 Innovation Push: *DRDO funding increased to ₹29,100.25 crore* , strengthening defence research and development.
👨✈️ Veterans First: *₹12,100 crore* allocated to ECHS and pensions supporting *over 34 lakh pensioners.*
🏗️ Strategic Infrastructure: *₹7,394 crore for BRO* to expand roads, tunnels, bridges and airfields.
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Highlight of union budget 2026-27
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✍16 Finance Commission --- Devolution Formula.
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Explanation- B
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What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture?
Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible.
Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible.
Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible.
Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible.
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*🛡️BATTLE OF BUXAR (1764)*
*♟️REASONS :-* Misuse of Dastaks by company servants. ⚜️Imperial Farman gave right to trade in Bengal without paying transit dues or tolls.
⚜️Servants sold Dastaks to friendly merchants.
⚜️Hence, Mir Kasim abolished all duties.
⚜️Tussle led to war between company and Mir Kasim in 1763. He fled to Awadh.
⚜️Formed an alliance with Nawab of Awadh; Shuja-ud-daula and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
*♟️BATTLE COURSE:* English army led by Hector Munro.
*♟️RESULTS :-* Short and decisive battle won by the English army under Hector Munro.
*♟️OTHER*
⚜️Mir Jafar placed in throne as a mere puppet.
⚜️British supremacy was established in Northern India.
*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:*
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*
_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_
Key Highlights
🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.
💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.
📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.
🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.
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*🛡️Mineral and Energy Resources – Key Points*
*♟️Mineral resources*- Metallic & Non-metallic
*♟️Metallic*- Ferrous (iron ore) & Non-ferrous (copper)
*♟️Non-metallic*- Organic (coal, petroleum) & Inorganic (mica, limestone)
*♟️Exploration by*- GSI, IBM, & State Departments
*💎Mineral Belts in India*
*♟️1. North-Eastern*- iron ore, coal, bauxite
*♟️2. South-Western*- ferrous metals, bauxite
*♟️3. North-Western*- copper, building stones
*♟️Odisha*- largest iron ore & bauxite producer
*♟️Madhya Pradesh & Odisha*- major manganese producers
*♟️Andhra Pradesh*- largest mica producer
*♟️Jharkhand*- highest coal reserves
*♟️Chhattisgarh*- top coal producer
*♟️Rajasthan*- top petroleum producer
*♟️Uranium & Thorium*- vital for nuclear energy
*♟️Renewables*- solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas
*🛡️Cultural Significance of Vijayanagara Empire [14th–16th c.]*
*💎Religious Pluralism*
♟️Patronized Shaiva & Vaishnava sects, Dvaita & Advaita schools.
♟️Boosted Bhakti movement, with temples as centres of devotion.
♟️Encouraged coexistence of Muslims & Christians.
*💎Cultural Revival & Architecture*
♟️Preserved indigenous traditions, commentaries on Vedas.
♟️Built magnificent temples & palaces blending Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya & Chola styles.
♟️Examples: Virupaksha, Vittala, Hazara Rama Temples (Hampi).
*💎Sculpture & Painting*
♟️Bronze & stone sculptures with royal, religious & mythological themes.
♟️Murals (e.g., Lepakshi) depicting Hindu mythology.
*💎Literature & Music*
♟️Patronized works in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Sanskrit (e.g., Tenali Raman, Krishnadevaraya).
♟️Haridasa tradition infused Bhakti into Carnatic music.
*💎Dance*
♟️Innovation in Devadasi Nritya (Bharatanatyam) & early Kuchipudi.
♟️Temple sculptures depict dance poses & mudras.
*🛡️International Labour Organization*
♟️It is an United Nations Agency established in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, and it became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946.
♟️It has 187 Member states.
♟️It sets labour standards, develops policies and devises programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.
♟️It is the only tripartite U.N. agency that brings together governments, employers and workers.
♟️It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
*💎Major Reports*
♟️World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO),
♟️Global Wage Report,
♟️World Social Protection Report,
♟️World Employment and Social Outlook for Youth,
♟️World of Work Report.
Report of the 16th Finance Commission for 2026-31
Report Summary PRS Legislative Research
Summary of union budget 2025-26
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✍According to the Economic Survey 2025-26, Gross NPAs have fallen to 2.2% and Net NPAs to 0.5% of gross advances — the lowest in years, reflecting stronger bank asset quality.
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