179592
UPSC Notes
*🛡️BRITISH CONQUEST OF BENGAL*
♟️British exports from Bengal: Saltpetre, Rice, Indigo, Pepper, Sugar and Silk, Cotton Textiles. (Bengalcomprised 60% of EIC trade with India.)
♟️Factories were set up in Balasore, Hooghly, Kasim bazar, Patna and Dacca.
♟️1717:- British secured royal Farman for Emperor Farrukh Siyar for trade (export import) in Bengal a right to issue Dastaks (free passes for trading) for movement of such goods issued. (Dastaks were cause of perpetual conflict).
♟️Alivardi Khan was engaged in wars with Maratha for 15 years.
♟️British strengthened their entrenchment in Fort Williams.
♟️Alivardi Khan died in 1756 a succeeded by Siraj-ud-Daula.
♟️Internal tussle and opposition of Siraj ud daulah in the court.
♟️Important Rulers:- Murshid Quli Khan (first Diwan of Bengal) a Shujauddin a Alivardi Khan (stopped paying tributes to The Mughals).
*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE*
♟️Under the Rules of Lok Sabha, the ‘Leader of the House’ means the prime minister, if he is a member of the Lok Sabha, or a minister who is a member of the Lok Sabha and is nominated by the prime minister to function as the Leader of the House.
♟️There is also a ‘Leader of the House’ in the Rajya Sabha. He is a minister and a member of the Rajya Sabha and is nominated by the prime minister to function as such.
♟️The leader of the house in either House is an important functionary and exercises direct influence on the conduct of business. He can also nominate a deputy leader of the House. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘majority leader’.
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*🛡️Council of Ministers in states*
♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority.
♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of
the centre.
♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre.
♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration.
♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 .
♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters.
♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority.
♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of
the centre.
♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre.
♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration.
♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 .
♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters.
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*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
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♟️Henley Passport Index - 85th
♟️Asia Power Index - 3rd
♟️Global Innovation Index - 38th
♟️Press Freedom Index - 151st
♟️Sustainable Development Goals Index- 99th
♟️Corruption Perception Index- 96th
♟️Human Development Index- 130th
♟️Global Gender Gap- 131st
♟️Global Peace Index- 115th
♟️World Happiness Report - 118th
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*Redefining Growth: India's Revised GDP Estimates and the New Measurement Framework* 🇮🇳📊
🚀 India’s Growth Momentum Strengthens
✔️ Real GDP Growth (FY 2025–26): 7.6% (up from 7.1% in FY 2024–25)
✔️ Q3 FY 2025–26 Growth: 7.8%
✔️ Manufacturing posts double-digit growth
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✔️ Better capture of digital, gig & platform economy
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🇮🇳 The new GDP series strengthens the foundation for evidence-based policymaking as India advances towards Viksit Bharat.
*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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*AI Impact Summit 2026*
🇮🇳 India hosts the AI Impact Summit 2026 in New Delhi, marking the first time a major Global South nation leads a global dialogue on Artificial Intelligence, highlighting inclusive and human-centric technological governance.
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*🛡️Nehru Report: Key Highlights (1928)*
♟️Dominion Status within the British Empire with a parliamentary system
♟️Bicameral legislature: A Senate and a House of Representatives
♟️Governor-General to act solely on the advice of the Executive Council
♟️Federal structure, with residuary powers resting with the Centre
♟️No separate electorates for minorities to curb communal divisions
♟️No communal weightage system to be applied in any province
♟️No reserved seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal; only in select provinces if necessary
♟️Judiciary to remain independent of Executive interference
♟️Muslim representation at the Centre to be fixed at 25%
♟️Sindh to be separated from Bombay Presidency, if financially viable
♟️Political reforms to extend to the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)