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This page will share GK & Current Affairs Updates Daily. UPSC | KPSC | IAS | IPS | NTPC | SSC | IBPS
Main Vitamins, Sources & Deficiency Diseases:
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Recent GI Tag:
Nagri Dubraj rice of Chhattisgarh, Mircha rice of Bihar & Banarasi Pan of Uttar Pradesh recently gets the GI tag and hence the total number of GI tags in India 2023 goes to 435. (Source: In The Picture)
Tributes to the Martyrs of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
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🔆Ruhr coalfield
✅The Ruhr Coal-field, Germany has been one of the major industrial regions of Europe for a long time.
✅The Ruhr coalfield is one of the world's largest, producing the bulk of Germany's bituminous coal.
✅The Ruhr region is responsible for 80% of Germany’s total steel production.
✅Even after the iron ore was exhausted, the industry remained, using imported ore brought by waterways to the Ruhr.
✅Sweden exports its own iron ore to Ruhr (Germany) and in return imports pig iron from Ruhr.
🔆 Ocean and Deepest point
✅ Historically, there are four named oceans: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic.
✅However, most countries - including the United States - now recognize the Southern (Antarctic) as the fifth ocean.
✅The Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian are the most commonly known. The Southern Ocean is the 'newest' named ocean.
▪️Mariana Trench:(Pacific Ocean)
✅The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean and has the deepest natural trench in the world.
✅It is a crescent-shaped trough in the Earth's crust averaging about 2,550 km long and 69 km wide.
✅The maximum known depth is 10,994 meters at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley on its floor known as the Challenger Deep.
▪️Puerto Rico Trench:(Atlantic Ocean)
✅Located between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, the Puerto Rico trench marks the deepest point in this region and the eighth deepest point found on the earth’s surface.
✅Lies at a depth of 8.64 km, spotted at Milwaukee Deep and measures a length of over 800 km, this trench has been responsible for many tragic tsunamis and earthquake activities in this region.
▪️Sunda Trench:(Indian Ocean)
✅The Sunda Trench, earlier known as and sometimes still indicated as the Java Trench, is an oceanic trench located in the Indian Ocean near Sumatra.
✅It is located in the Indian Ocean.
▪️Molloy deep :(Arctic Ocean)
✅The Molloy Deep is a bathymetric feature in the Fram Strait, within the Greenland Sea east of Greenland.
✅It is located in the Arctic Ocean.
✅South-Sandwich-Trench(The Southern Ocean) : In the Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean, the deepest point is found in the South-Sandwich-Trench, a subduction zone where oceanic crust is pushed beneath the Antarctic Plate, at a depth of 7,432 ± 13 meters.
The Bahmani Kingdom: (1347-1527 A.D.)
✅ The Bahmani Sultanate was a Persianised Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the major medieval Indian kingdoms.
✅ Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah (also known as Zafar Khan) was the founder of the Bahmani Kingdom.
▪️Rulers of the Bahmani Kingdom
✅ Muhammad Shah-I (1358-1375.A.D.)
✅ Muhammad Shah-ll (1378-1397.A.D.)
✅ Feroz Shah Bahmani (1397-1422 A.D.)
✅ Ahmad Shah (1422-1436 A.D.)
✅ Muhammad Shah-lll (1463-1482 A.D.)
▪️The Five Kingdoms
✅ Muhammad Shah-III died in 1482
✅ His successors were weak and the Bahmani Kingdom disintegrated into five kingdoms namely:
1. Bijapur
2. Ahmednagar
3. Bera
4. Golconda
5. Bidar
▪️Administration
✅ The Sultans followed a Feudal type of administration.
✅ Tarafs – The kingdom was divided into many provinces called Tarafs
✅ Tarafdar or Amir – Governor who controlled the Taraf.
▪️Art and Architecture
✅ Numerous mosques, madrassas and libraries were built.
✅ The Juma Masjid at Gulbarga The Golconda Fort
✅ The Golgumbaz at Bijapur
✅ The Madrasas of Muhammad Gawan
▪️ Decline of Bahmani Kingdom :
✅ There was a constant war between the Bahmani and Vijayanagar rulers.
✅ Inefficient and weak successors after Muhammad Shah III.
✅ The rivalry between the Bahmani rulers and foreign nobles.
KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE:
🔶 In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court overruled its judgement in the Golak Nath case (1967).
🔶 In the Golak Nath case, the Supreme Court ruled that the Fundamental Rights are given a ‘transcendental and immutable’ position and hence, the Parliament cannot abridge or take away any of these rights.
🔶A constitutional amendment act is also a law within the meaning of Article 13 and hence, would be void for violating any of the Fundamental Rights.
🔶In Kesavananda Bharati Case, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of the 24th Amendment Act (1971) and stated that Parliament is empowered to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights.
🔶 At the same time, it laid down a new doctrine of the ‘basic structure’ (or ‘basic features’) of the Constitution.
🔶 It ruled that the constituent power of Parliament under Article 368 does not enable it to alter the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.
Important events of National Movement
1904 ➖ Indian Universities Act passed.
1905 -partition of Bengal.
1906 ➖ Muslim League established.
1907 ➖ Surat session, split in Congress
1909 ➖ Marley-Minto reform
1911 Delhi court of British emperor
1916 Construction of Homeroom League
1916 ➖ Muslim League-Congress Agreement (Lucknow Pact)
1917-Movement in Champaran by Mahatma Gandhi
1919 ➖ Rowlatt Act.
1919 ➖ Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
1919 - Montague-Chelmsford Reforms.
1920 ➖ Khilafat Movement
1920 ➖ Non-Cooperation Movement
1922 ➖ Chauri-Chaura scandal
1927 -Appointment of Simon Commission
1928 ➖ Simon Commission to visit India
1929-Bhagat Singh bomb blast in Central Assembly
1929 ➖ Congress demands complete independence
1930 ➖ Civil Disobedience Movement
1930 ➖ First Round Table Conference
1931 ➖ Second Round Table Conference
1932 ➖ Third Round Table Conference
1932 -Announcement of communal electoral system
1932 ➖ Poona Pact
1942-Quite India Movement
1942 Arrival of Cripps Mission
1943 - Establishment of Azad Hind Fauj.
1946 Arrival of Cabinet Mission
1946 Election of the Constituent Assembly of India.
1946 Establishment of Interim Government
1947 Mountbatten plan of partition of India
1947 ➖ Indian independence achieved.
🔆Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary
The National Tiger
✅Conservation Authority (NTCA) chief recently said that the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary would soon be notified as a tiger reserve.
📍About Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary:
✅Location: It is located nearby Anini district, Arunachal Pradesh.
✅It has been named after the Dibang River, a tributary of Brahmaputra River.
✅It occupies part of the Eastern Himalayas, and is a massive spread of lofty mountains, snow covered peaks, deep gorges, lush forests and glistening rivers.
✅Its altitude ranges between 1800m and 5000m.
◼️Flora:
✅The two main categories of vegetation are temperate broad leaved forest and temperate conifer forest (Rhododendra, Bamboo, Gregaria, Tsuga etc).
✅Alpine vegetation occurs at higher altitude with herbs, stunted trees and dwarf bushes.
✅Fauna: Mishmi takin, asiatic black bear, tigers, gongshan muntjac, red panda, red goral and musk deer.
BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (BSI):
✅Established in 1890 (under the direction of Sir George King) + HQ: Kolkata + under MoEF&CC.
✅ BSI is the apex taxonomic research organization of the country.
✅Mandate: biosystematics research, floristic studies, documentation of flora, digitization of herbarium
specimens, & advisory services etc.,
✅ BSI publishes ‘Red Data Book of Indian Plants’.
Vembanad Lakes
🧤This is the largest lake in Kerala and the longest Lake in India.
🧤Vembanad Lake is also known as Vembanad Kayal, Vembanad Kol, Punnamada Lake (in Kuttanad) and Kochi Lake (in Kochi).
🧤The lake has its source in four rivers, Meenachil, Achankovil, Pampa and Manimala.
🧤It is separated from the Arabian Sea by a narrow barrier island and is a popular backwater stretch in Kerala.
🧤In 2002, it was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention.
🧤It is the second-largest Ramsar site in India only after the Sundarbans in West Bengal.
❇️ 4th April
🚷 International Day for Mine Awareness
Theme 2023 - "Mine Action Cannot Wait”, :
🥌It is observed to make people aware of the harmful effects of the explosive remnants of war which constitutes a serious threat to the safety and health of the people.
🥌This decision was taken by the General Assembly on December 8, 2005.
🥌 On, April 4, 2006 International Day for Mine Awareness celebrated for the first time.
🔶ICOMS : International Conference On Opencast Mining Technology & Sustainability
🔶World's Biggest Pink Diamond Mine in Australia Stops Production
🔶R&D Portal SATYABHAMA : Mo Coal, Mines and Parliamentary Affairs
🔶 #Committee
◾️ Mines Ministry : issues on Royalty Rates for Major Minerals 👉 K RAJESWARA RAO
🏢 Ministery of Parliamentray Affairs + Coal + MInes
▪️ Minister : Prahalad Joshi
▪️ Constituency : Dharwad , Karnataka
Keywords in Preamble
Trick- DR. Sushant Singh Saini
was fond of JaLEBI
✅D- Democratic
✅R- Republic
✅S- Sovereign
✅S- Social
✅S- Secular
✅J-Justice
✅L-Liberty
✅E-Equality
✅B-Brotherhood-word used in the preamble is ‘fraternity’
✅I-Integrity
🔆 India’s Ranking in Different Index 2023
✅Ease of Doing Business Index : 2022 by World Bank, India Rank: 63rd
✅ Global Gender Gap Report 2023 : World Economic Forum, India Rank: 122nd
✅ Global Hunger Index 2022 : Irish aid agency Concern Worldwide and German organisation Welt Hunger Hilfe, India Rank: 107th
✅World Happiness Report 2023 : United Nation
Sustainable Development Solution Network , India Rank: 126th
✅Global Innovation
Index 2023 : World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),
India Rank: 42nd
✅Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2023 : Bonn-based environmental think tank Germanwatch, India Rank: 8th
✅Henley Passport Index 2023: Henley & Partners in collaboration with the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
India Rank: 84th
✅ Passport Index 2023 : Financial Advisory Firm Arton Capital, India Rank: 144th
✅ Electoral Democracy Index 2023 : V-Dem Institute, India Rank: 108th
✅Best Airport Rankings 2023 : Skytrax, a UK-based consultancy Firm
🔸Delhi’s Indira Gandhi
International Airport (IGIA) has been declared the best airport in the South Asian region
🔸Topped by: Changi Airport
(Singapore)
✅Times Higher Education Rankings 2023 : The Times Higher Education (THE)
🔸Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore topped the 500 list among Indian universities.
😢 Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
On April 13th 1919, a large crowd gathered peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab to protest the arrest of Dr. Satyapal & Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew. Colonel Reginald Dyer, the Military Commander of Amritsar, surrounded the Bagh with his troops, closed the gates & gave order to shoot at the peaceful congregation. There was a massacre. Hundreds were killed & thousands wounded. This incident is known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It sent a wave of shock & horror amongst the people.
🔺 Rabindranath Tagore, in protest, renounced his knighthood - a title of honour given to him by the British.
🔺 Gandhi returned the Kaiser-e-Hind medal given to him by the South African Govt.
💠IMPORTANT DATE
🔸Rowlatt Acts - February, 1919
🔸Hunter Commission -14 October, 1919
🔸INC Session - December, 1919 ( Amritsar)..
✔️ Environmental Impact Assessment:
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☑️ Sargasso Sea:
▪️While all other seas in the world are defined at least in part by land boundaries, the Sargasso Sea is defined only by Ocean Currents.
▪️It is the Only Sea on Earth which has No Coastline.
▪️Bounded by the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, the Canary Current & the North Atlantic Equatorial Current.
▪️This system of ocean currents forms the North Atlantic Gyre.
▪️Owing to surface currents, the Sargasso accumulates a high concentration of non-biodegradable plastic waste.
▪️The area contains the Huge north Atlantic Garbage Patch.
❇️ 10th April
🥣 World Homeopathy Day
विश्व होम्योपैथी दिवस
Theme 2023 : "Homoeoparivar – Sarvajan Swasthya is “One Health, One Family"
🪴World Homeopathy day is widely known each year on 10 April to pay a Tribute to Homeopathy and likewise Conscious peoples about Homeopathy and its position in Hospital and medical World.
🪴Additionally on this Day, Foundar of Hmeopathy “Samuel Hahnemann” was born in 1755.
● The Homeopathy Central Council (Amendment) Bill , 2019 Passed In Lok Sabha.
🔷Dubai Hosts The First Homeopathy International Health Summit
🏢 Ministry of AYUSH & Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways
▪️ Shri Sarbananda Sonowal
🚸Information
🎯Himachal Pradesh
♟Capital – Shimla (Summer), Dharamshala (Winter)
♟Chief Minister – Jai Ram Thakur
♟Governor – Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
🎯Rajasthan
♟Capital – Jaipur
♟Chief Minister – Ashok Gehlot
♟Governor – Kalraj Mishra
🎯Tamil Nadu
♟Capital – Chennai
♟Chief Minister – M K Stalin
♟Governor – R N Ravi
🎯Iraq
♟Capital- Baghdad
♟Currency– Dinar
♟President – Abdul Latif Rashid
♟Prime Minister – Mohammed Shia’ Al Sudani
🔆Asian Elephants:
✅There are three subspecies of Asian elephant which are the Indian, Sumatran and Sri Lankan.
✅The Indian subspecies has the widest range and accounts for the majority of the remaining elephants on the continent.
✅Global Population: Estimated 20,000 to 40,000.
▪️Protection Status:
✅IUCN Red List: Endangered.
✅Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I.
✅CITES: Appendix I.
Top Indian authors and their books-
❀ Panchatantra ➞ Vishnu Sharma
❀ Prem Vatika ➞ Rasakhan
❀ Kamasutra ➞ Vatsyayan
❀ Dashkumarcharitam ➞ Dandi
❀ Avanti Sundari ➞ Dandi
❀ Buddhavacharitam ➞ Ashwaghosha
❀ Kadambari ➞ Banabhatra
❀ Shahnama ➞ Firdausi
❀ Sahitya Lahiri ➞ Surdas
❀ Policy Centenary ➞ Fraternity
❀ Mudrarakshas ➞ Visakhadatta
❀ Bhagavat Gita ➞ Ved Vyas
❀ Mahabharata ➞ Ved Vyas
❀ Mitakshara ➞ Vigyaneshwar
❀ Rajatarangini Kalhan
❀ Economics ➞ Chanakya
❀ Kumarasambhavam - Kalidas
❀ Raghuvansham ➞ Kalidas
❀ Abhigyan Shakuntalam - Kalidas
❀ Geetgovind ➞ Jayadev
❀ Malatimadhav ➞ Bhavabhuti
❀ Uttararamchart ➞ Bhavabhuti
❀ Padmavat ➞ Malik Mo Jaisi
❀ Mirror Akbari ➞ Abul Fazl
❀ Akbarnama ➞ Abul Fazl
❀ Ramani ➞ kabirdas
❀ Sabad ➞ Kabirdas
❀ Kitabul Hind ➞ Alberuni
❀ Chitrangada ➞ Ravindra Nath Tagore
❀ Gitanjali ➞ Ravindra Nath Tagore
❀ Immersion व Ravindra Nath Tagore
❀ Gardner ➞ Ravindra Nath Tagore
Chenab River:
✅Source: It rises in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh state.
✅The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga.
✅The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few kilometers west of the Bara-lacha la pass in Himachal Pradesh.
✅The Chandra river originates from glaciers east of the same pass (near Chandra Taal).
✅Flows Through: It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, before flowing into the Indus River.
▪️Some of the important projects/dams on Chenab:
✅Ratle Hydro Electric Project
✅Salal Dam- hydroelectric power project near Reasi
✅Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant- power project in Kishtwar District
✅Pakal Dul Dam (under construction)- on a tributary Marusadar River in Kishtwar District.
Temples Enshrine SUN GOD as Principal Deity:
✅Konark Sun Temple, Odisha
✅Suryanar Kovil (TN)
✅Modhera Sun temple ,Gujarat
✅Brahmanya Dev Temple, Unao, MP
✅Dakshinaarka temple, Gaya, Bihar
✅Sun temple ,Assam
✅Martand Sun Temple, Kashmir
✅Arsavalli Sun temple: Andhra P.
Gharial:
✅Gharials are a type of Asian crocodilian distinguished by their long, thin snouts.
✅Crocodilians are a group of reptiles that includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, etc.
▪️Habitat of Gharials:
✅Natural Habitat: Fresh waters of the northern part of India.
✅Primary Habitat: Chambal river (a tributary of Yamuna).
✅Secondary Habitat: Ghagra, Gandak river, Girwa river (Uttar Pradesh), the Ramganga river (Uttarakhand) and the Sone river (Bihar).
▪️Conservation Status:
✅IUCN Red List- Critically Endangered
✅Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Indicator Species: They are also a crucial indicator of clean river water.
✅Distribution: Gharials were once abundant in the main rivers and tributaries of the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi-Brahmani river systems.
✅But they are now limited to only 14 widely spaced and restricted localities of India and Nepal.
✅In India, Gharials are present in the Son River, the Girwa River, the Ganges, the Mahanadi River, and the Chambal River.
✅The Satkosia gorge in the Mahanadi is the southernmost limit of gharials.
✅India has three species of Crocodilians namely:
🔸Gharial: IUCN Red List- Critically Endangered
🔸Mugger crocodile: IUCN- Vulnerable.
🔸Saltwater crocodile: IUCN- Least Concern.
🔆Mansabdari System:
✅Mansabdari System was the bureaucratic administration system of the Mughal Rulers in India.
✅The bureaucratic administration of Mughals in India was based on a system called Mansabdari System.
✅ You can compare the collectors of the modern era with the Mansabdars of the Mughal era.
✅ However, the functions of Mansabdars not only include civil work but also military work.
✅ It was not hereditary.
✅ All Mansabdars were not similar stature.
✅ They hold different Zat (rank).
✅ Zat — Denote the rank in the administration
✅ Sawar — Denote the number of cavalry men Mansabdar had to maintain.
✅ Smaller mansabdars were called Amir and bigger were called Umra.
✅ Those Mansabdars, who were paid in cash, were called Naqdi.
✅ Those Mansabdars who were paid through land (Jagirs) were called Jagirdars.
✅ It is to be remembered that it is not land that was assigned but only the right to collect revenue or income from the piece of land.
✅ No mansabdar could hold on to the said Jagir for a long term as they were liable for transfer.
▪️Who introduced Mansabdari in India?
✅The Mansabdar appears to be a Central Asian institution.
✅Introduced by Akbar in India.
▪️Iqtadari System:
✅ The Delhi Sultanate (The Khalji and the Tughlaq monarchs) too appointed military commanders as governers of territories.
✅ These land were called the Iqta and the landholders were called Iqtadars or the muqti.
✅ Most of the Muqti stayed in their Iqta unlike Jagirdars.
▪️ Mansabdari Vs. Iqtadari :
✅The Iqtadari system was used by the Delhi Sultans, while Mansabdari was used by Mughal rulers.
✅ While Iqtedari system was in force, the whole land of the Empire was divided into two parts -- one which belonged to Iqtedars and the other which belonged to the emperor.
✅But in Jagirdari, the whole land belonged to the Emperor.
✅ Itqadar was the officer in charge of the revenue collection and distribution.
✅Jagirdar had law and order responsibility in addition to the revenue collection.
Panini Code:
✅ An Indian scholar cracked 2500 year old panini code.
✅ Panini taught a "metarule" in the event of a conflict between two rules of equal strength.
✅ Traditionally, scholars interpreted it in terms of using the rule that comes later in the grammar's serial order, which often led to grammatically incorrect results.
✅ New research argues that in such conflicts, Panini wanted us to choose the rule applicable to the right side over the left side of a word.
✅ Significance: It could allow Sanskrit grammar to be taught to computers.
🔆About Panini and Ashtadhyayi
✅ Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology.
✅ He is also referred to as an Informatician as he used language to decode information.
✅ Panini's grammar, known as the Astadhyayi (or Astaka, given in 6th or 5th century BCE) contains 4000 sutras to explain the science behind Sanskrit.
➡️ It relies on a system that functions like an algorithm to turn the base and suffix of a word into grammatically correct words and sentences.
➡️ It is compared to the Turing Machine of Alan M Turing due to its complex set of rules for creating words.
✅Astadhyayi is further augmented by ancillary texts such as Sivasutras (special order of phonemes); Dhatupatha (list of verbal roots); Ganapatha (various sets of nouns) and Linganusaasana (system for
deciding the gender).