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Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)
Context:- Telecom service providers have urged the Ministry of Finance to suspend the universal service obligation fund (USOF) levy until the existing corpus is exhausted.
About Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF):
USOF was set up by an Act of Parliament in December 2003 by amending the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.
The objective of the USOF is to provide access to telecom services in a non-discriminatory manner to people in rural and remote areas at affordable and reasonable prices, thereby bridging the rural-urban digital divide.
For commercially non-viable rural and remote areas, USOF provides subsidy support in the form of Net Cost or Viability Gap Funding (VGF) to incentivize telecom service providers for the expansion of telecommunications and broadband services in those areas.
Funding Mechanism:
The USOF is funded through a levy on the revenue earned by telecom operators.
The government imposes a Universal Service Levy (USL) on the gross revenue of the telecom companies, which is a percentage of their Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR).
This levy is collected and deposited into the USOF.
Administration:
USOF is headed by the Administrator, USO Fund who is appointed by the Central Government, for the administration of the fund.
It is an attached office of the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications.
What is the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF)?
USOF officially launched the TTDF Scheme on October 1st, 2022.
The TTDF Scheme is aimed at domestic companies and institutions involved in technology design, development, and commercialization of telecommunication products and solutions to enable affordable broadband and mobile services in rural and remote areas.
This initiative helps to connect schools with varied volunteers from the Indian Diaspora, namely, young professionals, retired teachers, retired Government officials, retired professionals, NGOs, Private Sector and Public Sector Companies, Corporate Institutions, and many others.
Under the scheme, USOF is also targeting to develop standards to meet countrywide requirements and create an ecosystem for research, design, prototyping, use cases, pilots, and proof-of-concept testing, among others.
The scheme entails grants to Indian entities to encourage and induct indigenous technologies tailor-made to meet domestic needs.
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#GS3 #Agriculture #CSM21
Q14.What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification?
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#Free lectures and test series
PSIR by Shubhara ranjan ma'am and piyush chaubey 👇
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Biotechnology is technology based on biology. Biotechnology generates cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. Biotechnology is helping to heal the world by harnessing nature’s own toolbox and using our own genetic makeup.
Research and developmental achievements:
▪️Stem Cell Research: Stem cells have the ability to keep on dividing infinitely and have the capacity to distinguish into different types of body cells during the early development of an organism. Researchers can program these stem cells to differentiate into specific types of cells.
▪️Human Genome Project: It was an international scientific research project coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy. Officially launched in 1990, it had the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA. It has supported researchers in identifying genes that cause diseases.
▪️Targeted Cancer Therapies: The established standard chemotherapies are toxic for healthy cells at present. Targeted cancer therapies are drugs that operate either by interfering with the function of specific molecules or by only targeting known cancerous cells in order to reduce damage to healthy cells.
▪️CRISPR: Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is a relatively new gene-editing system that has been hailed as a groundbreaking tool in medical research. HIV research is one of its many uses.
Role in uplifting poorer sections of society:
▪️Biotechnology is assisting to expand the income of marginal farmers by increasing crop yield and making it climate and pest resilient.
It has revolutionised the medical science leading to controlled death rate and world class treatment possible in India itself.
▪️By genome sequencing, biotechnology helps in accessing health of the people from the corners of India which ultimately proves conducive for the government in framing targeted policy initiatives.
▪️It also proves beneficial in expanding the shelf life of food products, which in turn, keeps their price in check for the poor.
▪️Pollution attacks poor the most. Biotechnology helps in reducing pollution and, thus, alleviates their suffering. For example, landfills are cleaned through bioremediation techniques.
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🔆 The grandeur of the chola empire one of the longest ruling dynasties in south India
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Crop diversification refers to the addition of new crops or cropping systems to agricultural production on a particular farm taking into account the different returns from value-added crops with complementary marketing opportunities. The aim of crop diversification is to increase crop portfolio so that farmers are not dependent on a single crop to generate their income.
Benefits:
▪️At present, 70-80% farmers have land below 2 hectares. To overcome this, existing cropping patterns must be diversified with high value crops such as maize, pulses, etc.
Crop diversification can better tolerate the ups and downs in price of various farm products and it may ensure economic stability of farming products.
▪️It refers to sudden adverse weather conditions like erratic rainfall, drought, hail, incidence of insect and pest disease. Under this situation, crop diversification through mixed cropping may be useful.
▪️Most of the Indian population suffers from malnutrition. Crops like pulses, oilseed, horticulture and vegetables can improve socio-economic status by adding quality to the food basket and also improve soil health with the aim of food safety and nutritional security.
Adoption of crop diversification helps in conservation of natural resources like introduction of legume in rice-wheat cropping system which has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to help sustain soil fertility
Challenges:
▪️Majority of cropped area in the country is completely dependent on rainfall.
▪️Sub-optimal and over-use of resources like land and water cause a negative impact on the environment and sustainability of agriculture.
▪️Inadequate supply of seeds and plants of improved cultivars.
Fragmentation of land holding less favouring modernisation and mechanisation of agriculture.
Poor basic infrastructure like rural roads, power, transport, communications, etc.
▪️Inadequate post-harvest technologies and inadequate infrastructure for post-harvest handling of perishable horticultural produce.
▪️Very weak agro-based industry.
Weak research – extension – farmer linkages.
▪️Inadequately trained human resources together with persistent and large-scale illiteracy among farmers.
▪️Host of diseases and pests affecting most crop plants.
Poor database for horticultural crops.
▪️Decreased investments in the agricultural sector over the years.
Role of emerging technologies in crop diversification:
▪️With the help of IT revolution, farmers are directly connected with grocery-customers (farm to fork model) leading to cultivation of high value perishable products (e.g., Big Basket, BlinkIt startup platforms).
▪️Aquaponics and urban farming are a technique of controlled environment cultivation which help in crop diversification in order to meet the heavy urban demand for perishable items.
▪️Through financial inclusion and digitisation, small farmers and women self-help groups have been able to ensure crop diversification by credit supply.
▪️In arid areas, technologies like Urea Deep Placement (UDP), Poly-bag Nursery farming, etc. have been introduced by Indo-Israel Agriculture Project.
▪️Soil health management assisted in facilitating right fertiliser usage, developing organic farming and providing GIS based thematic mapping for soil.
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📌Similipal Kai Chutney:
🔸The Similipal kai chutney made with red weaver ants by the tribal people of Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district (Odisha) received the geographical identity tag.
🔸Similipal Kai Chutney is popular in Mayurbhanj region for its healing properties and also deemed important for nutritional security of the tribal people.
🔸Many indigenous people from Mayurbhanj district venture into nearby forest to collect kai pimpudi (red weaver ant).
🔸Around 500 tribal families have been eking out a living by collecting and selling these insects and a chutney made with them.
🔸The scientists analysed the red weaver ants and found it contains valuable proteins, calcium, zinc, vitamin B-12, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, amino acids, among others. Consuming the species can help boost the immune system and prevent diseases.
🔸After a month, this concoction is used as body oil for babies and to cure rheumatism, gout, ringworm and other diseases by the tribes.
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