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Since the 1960s, when it was forced to rely on imports and food aid from other nations due to chronic food shortages, India has made great advancements in its ability to produce and export food.
According to WTO's Trade Statistical Review (2022), India was in the top 10 ranking of the global Agri exporters.
Some of the major factors are mentioned as below:
▪️Green Revolution: The green revolution initiated in the mid 1960’s boosted agricultural productivity, food grain production and better irrigation infrastructure.
▪️Government Policies: Supportive government policies such as Minimum Support Price , e-NAM, subsidized inputs, better procurement system incentivised farmers to increase food production.
▪️Research and Development: Investment in agricultural research and development helped in adoption of better technologies and methods. E.g Indian council for agriculture research.
▪️Private Sector Participation: Private sector involvement in agriculture and allied fields such as food processing industries etc. lead to better infrastructure, better market access and better market prices e.g e-Choupal ,Tata Kisan Kendras.
▪️Diversification of Crops: The government’s focus on diversifying India's food supply e.g.Launching technology mission, Crop diversification programme (CDP) etc.
▪️Trade liberalization: Trade liberalization in the 1990's and thereafter too contributed to better exports.
▪️Global Demand: More global demand in the ever expanding world markets has also boosted the prospects of Indian agriculture.
While India has made significant strides in becoming a net food exporter, certain challenges remain including climate change, sustainable agriculture,water management and to ensure that the benefit of the exports reaches to small and marginal farmers as well.
Addressing these challenges will enhance and sustain India’s position in the global food market while at the same time ensure national food security.
The Chandrayaan-3 created history for India and the world by doing the first soft landing on the south pole of moon. India joined the United States, Russia, and China to become the 4th nation to land on the moon.
The Chandrayaan-3 comprised the Vikram Lander and Pragyaan Rover. The rover aims to move around the landing site conducting experiments and sending data to the lander which in turn will send data to the orbiter that will eventually be communicated back to the earth. The Chandrayaan-3 could become a game-changer because the ‘permanently shadowed regions’ near the South Pole may contain potential water-ice and resources. For this, the various subsystems onboard Chandrayaan-3 seek to undertake several experiments.
Lander payloads
Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE): It measures thermal conductivity and temperature.
▪️Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): It measures the seismic frequencies around the landing site.
▪️Langmuir Probe (LP): It estimates the plasma density and its changes over time.
▪️Rover payloads
Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): It determines elemental composition of lunar soil and rocks.
▪️Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS): It derives chemical composition and infers mineralogical composition of lunar surface.
▪️Propulsion module payload
Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE): It aims to study exo-planets for habitability.
▪️Role of Virtual Launch Control Centre
Nerve centre of the operation: All procedures and operations of the launch and the mission are controlled from this place.
▪️Master control: In case of any abnormalities, safety protocols or the final abortion of the mission can be initiated from here.
With the success of Chandrayaan-3, India can now look forward to the sample retrieval from the moon surface under Chandrayaan-4 mission that will help deepen our understanding of the lunar surface. The morale boost from a successful landing has also provided the much-needed motivation for further missions
Parliamentary Committees are a great tool devised to save the time on the floor of the Parliament and ensure the best policy formulation by taking expert opinions and spending dedicated time on matters of national interest.
Types of Parliamentary Committees
Standing Committees: These are permanent bodies constituted annually.
The 6 major types of standing committees are:
Financial Committees
Departmental Standing Committees
Committees to Enquire
Committees to Scrutinise and Control
Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House
House-Keeping Committees or Service Committees
Ad Hoc Committees: These are temporary committees made for particular tasks.
The two categories under it are ‘Inquiry Committees’ and ‘Advisory Committees’.
Financial Committees and Institutionalisation of Parliament
There are three distinctive financial committees, performing distinctive tasks. These committees are:
Estimates Committee:
They assess efficiency of expenditure and suggest policy changes and are therefore referred to as continuous economy committee.
They ensure if the money is well laid out as per the policy requirements. They also, suggest the form in which estimates are to be presented to the Parliament.
Committee on Public Undertaking:
They essentially assess performance of public undertakings. These ensure efficiency and autonomy of public undertakings.
The Committee merely has an advisory role and does not examine or investigate in day-to-day technical matters.
The Public Accounts Committee (PAC):
They examine public expenditure from a technical standpoint as well as from the point of view of economy. It audits the report of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG).
It ensures financial accountability of the executive and scrutinises government schemes and projects. For example, the 2G spectrum allocation.
The financial committees have over the years proved to be of importance to the proper working and institutionalisation of the Parliament. The three financial committees help establish financial prudence, accountability and transparency in the financial matters of the government.
India's long coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometers along the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, presents a wealth of resource potentials as well as significant challenges related to natural hazard preparedness.
Resource Potentials of India's Coastline:
▪️Fisheries: India's coastline is abundant in marine life, making it a crucial hub for fisheries. It supports a thriving fishing industry, contributing significantly to the country's food security.
▪️Ports and Shipping: The coastline hosts several major ports, such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, facilitating trade and commerce.
▪️Tourism: Coastal regions, including Goa, Kerala, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, are popular tourist destinations due to their scenic beauty and cultural attractions.
▪️Mineral Resources: Coastal areas are often rich in mineral resources, including sand, salt, and minerals like ilmenite, garnet, and monazite.
▪️Renewable Energy: India's coastline has immense potential for renewable energy generation, particularly through offshore wind and tidal energy projects.
Status of Natural Hazard Preparedness:
While India's coastline offers significant opportunities, it is also highly vulnerable to natural hazards, including cyclones, tsunamis, and sea-level rise:
▪️India has been actively monitoring sea-level changes, bolstering coastal infrastructure resilience, conserving mangroves, and engaging in urban planning.
This includes establishing the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to coordinate disaster response and preparedness at national and state levels.
▪️Early warning systems, particularly for cyclones, have been improved, saving countless lives.
India has established an advanced Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC), which is operated by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS).
▪️The INCOIS and National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) are key agencies for monitoring and understanding trends and variations in sea levels.
▪️India's vulnerable coastal regions require ongoing efforts in disaster preparedness, infrastructure development, and climate adaptation for sustainable growth.
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