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Data Science & Machine Learning

What 𝗠𝗟 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘀 are commonly asked in 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝘀?

These are fair game in interviews at 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗽𝘀, 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵.

𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘀
- Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning
- Overfitting and Underfitting
- Cross-validation
- Bias-Variance Tradeoff
- Accuracy vs Interpretability
- Accuracy vs Latency

𝗠𝗟 𝗔𝗹𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗺𝘀
- Logistic Regression
- Decision Trees
- Random Forest
- Support Vector Machines
- K-Nearest Neighbors
- Naive Bayes
- Linear Regression
- Ridge and Lasso Regression
- K-Means Clustering
- Hierarchical Clustering
- PCA

𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗽𝘀
- EDA
- Data Cleaning (e.g. missing value imputation)
- Data Preprocessing (e.g. scaling)
- Feature Engineering (e.g. aggregation)
- Feature Selection (e.g. variable importance)
- Model Training (e.g. gradient descent)
- Model Evaluation (e.g. AUC vs Accuracy)
- Model Productionization

𝗛𝘆𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Grid Search
- Random Search
- Bayesian Optimization

𝗠𝗟 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀
- [Capital One] Detect credit card fraudsters
- [Amazon] Forecast monthly sales
- [Airbnb] Estimate lifetime value of a guest

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Data Science & Machine Learning

ML Interview Question ⬇️

➡️ Logistic Regression

The interviewer asked to explain Logistic Regression along with its:

🔷 Cost function
🔷 Assumptions
🔷 Evaluation metrics

Here is the step by step approach to answer:

☑️ Cost function: Point out how logistic regression uses log loss for classification.

☑️ Assumptions: Explain LR assumes features are independent and they have a linear link.

☑️ Evaluation metrics: Discuss accuracy, precision, and F1-score to measure performance.

Knowing every concept is important but more than that, it is important to convey our knowledge💯

Data Science Resources
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Data Science & Machine Learning

Probability for Data Science

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Accenture Data Scientist Interview Questions!

1st round-

Technical Round

- 2 SQl questions based on playing around views and table, which could be solved by both subqueries and window functions.

- 2 Pandas questions , testing your knowledge on filtering , concatenation , joins and merge.

- 3-4 Machine Learning questions completely based on my Projects, starting from
Explaining the problem statements and then discussing the roadblocks of those projects and some cross questions.

2nd round-

- Couple of python questions agains on pandas and numpy and some hypothetical data.

- Machine Learning projects explanations and cross questions.

- Case Study and a quiz question.

3rd and Final round.

HR interview

Simple Scenerio Based Questions.

Data Science Resources
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Data Science & Machine Learning

Hey Guys👋,

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Data Science Learning Plan

Step 1: Mathematics for Data Science (Statistics, Probability, Linear Algebra)

Step 2: Python for Data Science (Basics and Libraries)

Step 3: Data Manipulation and Analysis (Pandas, NumPy)

Step 4: Data Visualization (Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly)

Step 5: Databases and SQL for Data Retrieval

Step 6: Introduction to Machine Learning (Supervised and Unsupervised Learning)

Step 7: Data Cleaning and Preprocessing

Step 8: Feature Engineering and Selection

Step 9: Model Evaluation and Tuning

Step 10: Deep Learning (Neural Networks, TensorFlow, Keras)

Step 11: Working with Big Data (Hadoop, Spark)

Step 12: Building Data Science Projects and Portfolio

Data Science Resources
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Data Science & Machine Learning

Python Roadmap 👆

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Data Science & Machine Learning

𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻 – 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘀𝗲!😍

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Data Science Interview Questions

Question 1 : How would you approach building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook? Consider factors like scalability and user privacy.

   - Answer: Building a recommendation system for personalized content on Facebook would involve collaborative filtering or content-based methods. Scalability can be achieved using distributed computing, and user privacy can be preserved through techniques like federated learning.


Question 2 : Describe a situation where you had to navigate conflicting opinions within your team. How did you facilitate resolution and maintain team cohesion?

   - Answer: In navigating conflicting opinions within a team, I facilitated resolution through open communication, active listening, and finding common ground. Prioritizing team cohesion was key to achieving consensus.


Question 3 : How would you enhance the security of user data on Facebook, considering the evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats?

   - Answer: Enhancing the security of user data on Facebook involves implementing robust encryption mechanisms, access controls, and regular security audits. Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and proactive threat monitoring are essential.

Question 4 : Design a real-time notification system for Facebook, ensuring timely delivery of notifications to users across various platforms.

   - Answer: Designing a real-time notification system for Facebook requires technologies like WebSocket for real-time communication and push notifications. Ensuring scalability and reliability through distributed systems is crucial for timely delivery.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

10 great Python packages for Data Science not known to many:

1️⃣ CleanLab

Cleanlab helps you clean data and labels by automatically detecting issues in a ML dataset.

2️⃣ LazyPredict

A Python library that enables you to train, test, and evaluate multiple ML models at once using just a few lines of code.

3️⃣ Lux

A Python library for quickly visualizing and analyzing data, providing an easy and efficient way to explore data.

4️⃣ PyForest

A time-saving tool that helps in importing all the necessary data science libraries and functions with a single line of code.

5️⃣ PivotTableJS

PivotTableJS lets you interactively analyse your data in Jupyter Notebooks without any code 🔥

6️⃣ Drawdata

Drawdata is a python library that allows you to draw a 2-D dataset of any shape in a Jupyter Notebook.

7️⃣ black

The Uncompromising Code Formatter

8️⃣ PyCaret

An open-source, low-code machine learning library in Python that automates the machine learning workflow.

9️⃣ PyTorch-Lightning by LightningAI

Streamlines your model training, automates boilerplate code, and lets you focus on what matters: research & innovation.

🔟 Streamlit

A framework for creating web applications for data science and machine learning projects, allowing for easy and interactive data viz & model deployment.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗧𝘂𝗯𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗼𝘀!😍

Want to become a Data Analytics pro?🔥

These tutorials simplify complex topics into easy-to-follow lessons✨️

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Data Science & Machine Learning

What 𝗠𝗟 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘀 are commonly asked in 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝘀?

These are fair game in interviews at 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗽𝘀, 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵.

𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘀
- Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning
- Overfitting and Underfitting
- Cross-validation
- Bias-Variance Tradeoff
- Accuracy vs Interpretability
- Accuracy vs Latency

𝗠𝗟 𝗔𝗹𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗺𝘀
- Logistic Regression
- Decision Trees
- Random Forest
- Support Vector Machines
- K-Nearest Neighbors
- Naive Bayes
- Linear Regression
- Ridge and Lasso Regression
- K-Means Clustering
- Hierarchical Clustering
- PCA

𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗽𝘀
- EDA
- Data Cleaning (e.g. missing value imputation)
- Data Preprocessing (e.g. scaling)
- Feature Engineering (e.g. aggregation)
- Feature Selection (e.g. variable importance)
- Model Training (e.g. gradient descent)
- Model Evaluation (e.g. AUC vs Accuracy)
- Model Productionization

𝗛𝘆𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴
- Grid Search
- Random Search
- Bayesian Optimization

𝗠𝗟 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀
- [Capital One] Detect credit card fraudsters
- [Amazon] Forecast monthly sales
- [Airbnb] Estimate lifetime value of a guest

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Top 5 Case Studies for Data Analytics: You Must Know Before Attending an Interview

1. Retail: Target's Predictive Analytics for Customer Behavior
Company: Target
Challenge: Target wanted to identify customers who were expecting a baby to send them personalized promotions.
Solution:
Target used predictive analytics to analyze customers' purchase history and identify patterns that indicated pregnancy.
They tracked purchases of items like unscented lotion, vitamins, and cotton balls.
Outcome:
The algorithm successfully identified pregnant customers, enabling Target to send them relevant promotions.
This personalized marketing strategy increased sales and customer loyalty.

2. Healthcare: IBM Watson's Oncology Treatment Recommendations
Company: IBM Watson
Challenge: Oncologists needed support in identifying the best treatment options for cancer patients.
Solution:
IBM Watson analyzed vast amounts of medical data, including patient records, clinical trials, and medical literature.
It provided oncologists with evidencebased treatment recommendations tailored to individual patients.
Outcome:
Improved treatment accuracy and personalized care for cancer patients.
Reduced time for doctors to develop treatment plans, allowing them to focus more on patient care.

3. Finance: JP Morgan Chase's Fraud Detection System
Company: JP Morgan Chase
Challenge: The bank needed to detect and prevent fraudulent transactions in realtime.
Solution:
Implemented advanced machine learning algorithms to analyze transaction patterns and detect anomalies.
The system flagged suspicious transactions for further investigation.
Outcome:
Significantly reduced fraudulent activities.
Enhanced customer trust and satisfaction due to improved security measures.

4. Sports: Oakland Athletics' Use of Sabermetrics
Team: Oakland Athletics (Moneyball)
Challenge: Compete with larger teams with higher budgets by optimizing player performance and team strategy.
Solution:
Used sabermetrics, a form of advanced statistical analysis, to evaluate player performance and potential.
Focused on undervalued players with high onbase percentages and other key metrics.
Outcome:
Achieved remarkable success with a limited budget.
Revolutionized the approach to team building and player evaluation in baseball and other sports.

5. Ecommerce: Amazon's Recommendation Engine
Company: Amazon
Challenge: Enhance customer shopping experience and increase sales through personalized recommendations.
Solution:
Implemented a recommendation engine using collaborative filtering, which analyzes user behavior and purchase history.
The system suggests products based on what similar users have bought.
Outcome:
Increased average order value and customer retention.
Significantly contributed to Amazon's revenue growth through crossselling and upselling.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Important Topics to become a data scientist
[Advanced Level]
👇👇

1. Mathematics

Linear Algebra
Analytic Geometry
Matrix
Vector Calculus
Optimization
Regression
Dimensionality Reduction
Density Estimation
Classification

2. Probability

Introduction to Probability
1D Random Variable
The function of One Random Variable
Joint Probability Distribution
Discrete Distribution
Normal Distribution

3. Statistics

Introduction to Statistics
Data Description
Random Samples
Sampling Distribution
Parameter Estimation
Hypotheses Testing
Regression

4. Programming

Python:

Python Basics
List
Set
Tuples
Dictionary
Function
NumPy
Pandas
Matplotlib/Seaborn

R Programming:

R Basics
Vector
List
Data Frame
Matrix
Array
Function
dplyr
ggplot2
Tidyr
Shiny

DataBase:
SQL
MongoDB

Data Structures

Web scraping

Linux

Git

5. Machine Learning

How Model Works
Basic Data Exploration
First ML Model
Model Validation
Underfitting & Overfitting
Random Forest
Handling Missing Values
Handling Categorical Variables
Pipelines
Cross-Validation(R)
XGBoost(Python|R)
Data Leakage

6. Deep Learning

Artificial Neural Network
Convolutional Neural Network
Recurrent Neural Network
TensorFlow
Keras
PyTorch
A Single Neuron
Deep Neural Network
Stochastic Gradient Descent
Overfitting and Underfitting
Dropout Batch Normalization
Binary Classification

7. Feature Engineering

Baseline Model
Categorical Encodings
Feature Generation
Feature Selection

8. Natural Language Processing

Text Classification
Word Vectors

9. Data Visualization Tools

BI (Business Intelligence):
Tableau
Power BI
Qlik View
Qlik Sense

10. Deployment

Microsoft Azure
Heroku
Google Cloud Platform
Flask
Django

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Data Science & Machine Learning

🚀 Top 10 Tools Data Scientists Love! 🧠

In the ever-evolving world of data science, staying updated with the right tools is crucial to solving complex problems and deriving meaningful insights.

🔍 Here’s a quick breakdown of the most popular tools:

1. Python 🐍: The go-to language for data science, favored for its versatility and powerful libraries.
2. SQL 🛠️: Essential for querying databases and manipulating data.
3. Jupyter Notebooks 📓: An interactive environment that makes data analysis and visualization a breeze.
4. TensorFlow/PyTorch 🤖: Leading frameworks for deep learning and neural networks.
5. Tableau 📊: A user-friendly tool for creating stunning visualizations and dashboards.
6. Git & GitHub 💻: Version control systems that every data scientist should master.
7. Hadoop & Spark 🔥: Big data frameworks that help process massive datasets efficiently.
8. Scikit-learn 🧬: A powerful library for machine learning in Python.
9. R 📈: A statistical programming language that is still a favorite among many analysts.
10. Docker 🐋: A must-have for containerization and deploying applications.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

🚀 Top 10 Tools Data Scientists Love! 🧠

In the ever-evolving world of data science, staying updated with the right tools is crucial to solving complex problems and deriving meaningful insights.

🔍 Here’s a quick breakdown of the most popular tools:

1. Python 🐍: The go-to language for data science, favored for its versatility and powerful libraries.
2. SQL 🛠️: Essential for querying databases and manipulating data.
3. Jupyter Notebooks 📓: An interactive environment that makes data analysis and visualization a breeze.
4. TensorFlow/PyTorch 🤖: Leading frameworks for deep learning and neural networks.
5. Tableau 📊: A user-friendly tool for creating stunning visualizations and dashboards.
6. Git & GitHub 💻: Version control systems that every data scientist should master.
7. Hadoop & Spark 🔥: Big data frameworks that help process massive datasets efficiently.
8. Scikit-learn 🧬: A powerful library for machine learning in Python.
9. R 📈: A statistical programming language that is still a favorite among many analysts.
10. Docker 🐋: A must-have for containerization and deploying applications.

I have curated the best interview resources to crack Data Science Interviews
👇👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va4QUHa6rsQjhITHK82y

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Resume key words for data scientist role explained in points:

1. Data Analysis:
   - Proficient in extracting, cleaning, and analyzing data to derive insights.
   - Skilled in using statistical methods and machine learning algorithms for data analysis.
   - Experience with tools such as Python, R, or SQL for data manipulation and analysis.

2. Machine Learning:
   - Strong understanding of machine learning techniques such as regression, classification, clustering, and neural networks.
- Experience in model development, evaluation, and deployment.
   - Familiarity with libraries like TensorFlow, scikit-learn, or PyTorch for implementing machine learning models.

3. Data Visualization:
   - Ability to present complex data in a clear and understandable manner through visualizations.
   - Proficiency in tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau for creating insightful graphs and charts.
   - Understanding of best practices in data visualization for effective communication of findings.

4. Big Data:
   - Experience working with large datasets using technologies like Hadoop, Spark, or Apache Flink.
   - Knowledge of distributed computing principles and tools for processing and analyzing big data.
   - Ability to optimize algorithms and processes for scalability and performance.

5. Problem-Solving:
   - Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to tackle complex data-related challenges.
   - Ability to formulate hypotheses, design experiments, and iterate on solutions.
   - Aptitude for identifying opportunities for leveraging data to drive business outcomes and decision-making.


Resume key words for a data analyst role

1. SQL (Structured Query Language):
   - SQL is a programming language used for managing and querying relational databases.
   - Data analysts often use SQL to extract, manipulate, and analyze data stored in databases, making it a fundamental skill for the role.

2. Python/R:
   - Python and R are popular programming languages used for data analysis and statistical computing.
   - Proficiency in Python or R allows data analysts to perform various tasks such as data cleaning, modeling, visualization, and machine learning.

3. Data Visualization:
   - Data visualization involves presenting data in graphical or visual formats to communicate insights effectively.
   - Data analysts use tools like Tableau, Power BI, or Python libraries like Matplotlib and Seaborn to create visualizations that help stakeholders understand complex data patterns and trends.

4. Statistical Analysis:
   - Statistical analysis involves applying statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
   - Data analysts use statistical techniques to uncover relationships, trends, and patterns in data, providing valuable insights for decision-making.

5. Data-driven Decision Making:
   - Data-driven decision making is the process of making decisions based on data analysis and evidence rather than intuition or gut feelings.
   - Data analysts play a crucial role in helping organizations make informed decisions by analyzing data and providing actionable insights that drive business strategies and operations.

Data Science Interview Resources
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https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va4QUHa6rsQjhITHK82y

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Data Science & Machine Learning

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Data Science & Machine Learning

A-Z of essential data science concepts

A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Practice projects to consider:

1. Implement a basic search engine:
Read a set of documents and build an index of keywords. Then, implement a search function that returns a list of documents that match the query.

2. Build a recommendation system: Read a set of user-item interactions and build a recommendation system that suggests items to users based on their past behavior.

3. Create a data analysis tool: Read a large dataset and implement a tool that performs various analyses, such as calculating summary statistics, visualizing distributions, and identifying patterns and correlations.

4. Implement a graph algorithm: Study a graph algorithm such as Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, and implement it in Python. Then, test it on real-world graphs to see how it performs.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Here is the list of few projects (found on kaggle). They cover Basics of Python, Advanced Statistics, Supervised Learning (Regression and Classification problems) & Data Science

Please also check the discussions and notebook submissions for different approaches and solution after you tried yourself.

1. Basic python and statistics

Pima Indians :- https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/pima-indians-diabetes-database
Cardio Goodness fit :- https://www.kaggle.com/saurav9786/cardiogoodfitness
Automobile :- https://www.kaggle.com/toramky/automobile-dataset

2. Advanced Statistics

Game of Thrones:-https://www.kaggle.com/mylesoneill/game-of-thrones
World University Ranking:-https://www.kaggle.com/mylesoneill/world-university-rankings
IMDB Movie Dataset:- https://www.kaggle.com/carolzhangdc/imdb-5000-movie-dataset

3. Supervised Learning

a) Regression Problems

How much did it rain :- https://www.kaggle.com/c/how-much-did-it-rain-ii/overview
Inventory Demand:- https://www.kaggle.com/c/grupo-bimbo-inventory-demand
Property Inspection predictiion:- https://www.kaggle.com/c/liberty-mutual-group-property-inspection-prediction
Restaurant Revenue prediction:- https://www.kaggle.com/c/restaurant-revenue-prediction/data
IMDB Box office Prediction:-https://www.kaggle.com/c/tmdb-box-office-prediction/overview

b) Classification problems

Employee Access challenge :- https://www.kaggle.com/c/amazon-employee-access-challenge/overview
Titanic :- https://www.kaggle.com/c/titanic
San Francisco crime:- https://www.kaggle.com/c/sf-crime
Customer satisfcation:-https://www.kaggle.com/c/santander-customer-satisfaction
Trip type classification:- https://www.kaggle.com/c/walmart-recruiting-trip-type-classification
Categorize cusine:- https://www.kaggle.com/c/whats-cooking

4. Some helpful Data science projects for beginners

https://www.kaggle.com/c/house-prices-advanced-regression-techniques

https://www.kaggle.com/c/digit-recognizer

https://www.kaggle.com/c/titanic

5. Intermediate Level Data science Projects

Black Friday Data : https://www.kaggle.com/sdolezel/black-friday

Human Activity Recognition Data : https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/human-activity-recognition-with-smartphones

Trip History Data : https://www.kaggle.com/pronto/cycle-share-dataset

Million Song Data : https://www.kaggle.com/c/msdchallenge

Census Income Data : https://www.kaggle.com/c/census-income/data

Movie Lens Data : https://www.kaggle.com/grouplens/movielens-20m-dataset

Twitter Classification Data : https://www.kaggle.com/c/twitter-sentiment-analysis2

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Data Science Interview Questions

1: How would you preprocess and tokenize text data from tweets for sentiment analysis? Discuss potential challenges and solutions.

- Answer: Preprocessing and tokenizing text data for sentiment analysis involves tasks like lowercasing, removing stop words, and stemming or lemmatization. Handling challenges like handling emojis, slang, and noisy text is crucial. Tools like NLTK or spaCy can assist in these tasks.


2: Explain the collaborative filtering approach in building recommendation systems. How might Twitter use this to enhance user experience?

- Answer: Collaborative filtering recommends items based on user preferences and similarities. Techniques include user-based or item-based collaborative filtering and matrix factorization. Twitter could leverage user interactions to recommend tweets, users, or topics.


3: Write a Python or Scala function to count the frequency of hashtags in a given collection of tweets.

- Answer (Python):
   

     def count_hashtags(tweet_collection):
         hashtags_count = {}
         for tweet in tweet_collection:
             hashtags = [word for word in tweet.split() if word.startswith('#')]
             for hashtag in hashtags:
                 hashtags_count[hashtag] = hashtags_count.get(hashtag, 0) + 1
         return hashtags_count
    


4: How does graph analysis contribute to understanding user interactions and content propagation on Twitter? Provide a specific use case.

- Answer: Graph analysis on Twitter involves examining user interactions. For instance, identifying influential users or detecting communities based on retweet or mention networks. Algorithms like PageRank or Louvain Modularity can aid in these analyses.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

Data Analyst vs Data Scientist 👆

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Data Science & Machine Learning

𝐔𝐈/𝐔𝐗 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐄 𝐎𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬😍

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Data Science & Machine Learning

How much Statistics must I know to become a Data Scientist?

This is one of the most common questions

Here are the must-know Statistics concepts every Data Scientist should know:

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆

↗ Bayes' Theorem & conditional probability
↗ Permutations & combinations
↗ Card & die roll problem-solving

𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀 & 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

↗ Mean, median, mode
↗ Standard deviation and variance
↗  Bernoulli's, Binomial, Normal, Uniform, Exponential distributions

𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀

↗ A/B experimentation
↗ T-test, Z-test, Chi-squared tests
↗ Type 1 & 2 errors
↗ Sampling techniques & biases
↗ Confidence intervals & p-values
↗ Central Limit Theorem
↗ Causal inference techniques

𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴

↗ Logistic & Linear regression
↗ Decision trees & random forests
↗ Clustering models
↗ Feature engineering
↗ Feature selection methods
↗ Model testing & validation
↗ Time series analysis

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Data Science & Machine Learning

When you start making good money, do this:

1. Buy fewer clothes, but wear the highest quality.
2. Eat premium food, not junk.
3. Hire a helper for household chores. Buy back your time.
4. Upgrade your mattress. Sleep changes everything.
5. Invest in experiences, not just stuff.
6. Upgrade your financial adviser. The one who got you here won’t get you to the next level.
7. Surround yourself with high-value people.

Small shifts. Big impact.

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Data Science & Machine Learning

𝗗𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 - 𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗡𝗼𝘄😍

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𝗣𝗮𝘆 𝗔𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺😍

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Data Science & Machine Learning

𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗚𝗹𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀!😍

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