For those of you who are new to Data Science and Machine learning algorithms, let me try to give you a brief overview. ML Algorithms can be categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

1. Supervised Learning:
- Definition: Algorithms learn from labeled training data, making predictions or decisions based on input-output pairs.
- Examples: Linear regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks.
- Applications: Email spam detection, image recognition, and medical diagnosis.

2. Unsupervised Learning:
- Definition: Algorithms analyze and group unlabeled data, identifying patterns and structures without prior knowledge of the outcomes.
- Examples: K-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis (PCA).
- Applications: Customer segmentation, market basket analysis, and anomaly detection.

3. Reinforcement Learning:
- Definition: Algorithms learn by interacting with an environment, receiving rewards or penalties based on their actions, and optimizing for long-term goals.
- Examples: Q-learning, deep Q-networks (DQN), and policy gradient methods.
- Applications: Robotics, game playing (like AlphaGo), and self-driving cars.

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Industry Data Science vs Academia Data Science

Comparing Data Science in academia and Data Science in industry is like comparing tennis with table tennis: they sound similar but in the end, they are completely different!

5 big differences between Data Science in academia and in industry 👇:

1️⃣ Model vs Data: Academia focuses on models, industry focuses on data. In academia, it’s all about trying to find the best model architecture to optimise a defined metric. In industry, loading and processing the data accounts for around 80% of the job.

2️⃣ Novelty vs Efficiency: The end goal of academia is often to publish a paper and to do so, you will need to find and implement a novel approach. Industry is all about efficiency: reusing existing models as much as possible and applying them to your use case.

3️⃣ Complex vs Simple: More often than not, academia requires complex solutions. I know that this isn’t always the case but unfortunately, complex papers get a higher chance of being accepted at top conferences. In industry, it’s all about simplicity: trying to find the simplest solution that solves a specific problem.

4️⃣ Theory vs Engineering: To succeed in academia, you need to have strong theoretical and maths skills. To succeed in industry, you need to develop strong engineering skills. It is great to be able to train a model in a notebook but if you cannot deploy your model in production, it will be completely useless.

5️⃣ Knowledge impact vs $ impact: In academia, it’s all about creating new work and expanding human knowledge. In industry, it is all about using data to drive value and increase revenue.

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AI Journey 2024: Glimpse into AI-Driven Future

The AI Journey International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning will once again bring together developers, scientists, and AI enthusiasts. With 200+ speakers from more than ten countries, including China, India, UAE, Indonesia, and Iran, the conference will glimpse an AI-enriched future.

AI Journey will be held in Moscow on December 11–13, with each day highlighting a different track: Society, Business, and Science.

On December 11, the focus will be on Society, where BRICS experts, business, and government representatives will discuss the key role of technologies and AI as a means to address social issues. Attendees will gain insights into various AI-related success stories and how AI supports the sustainable development of the planet.

December 12 will be dedicated to Business. This track will feature leading experts such as Jaspreet Bindra, Dr. Aisha Bint Butti Bin Bishr, Janet Sawari, Karuna Gopal , and Hammam Riza, who will elaborate on real-world implementation of AI in business, and how business and industry can benefit from it.

December 13 will be all about Science. Sessions will feature international researchers sharing insights into the latest AI technology and the AI’s impact on research and science in general. Swagatam Das, Vladimir Spokoiny, Dedi Darwis, Gonzalo Ferrer, and other international experts will delve into the latest scientific advances ranging from generative models and quantum technologies to cybersecurity, educational tools, and medicine. Speakers from Sber, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Innopolis University, and others will share how AI is transforming learning, development, reading, and art in everyday life. The Science Day will also immerse all AI newbies in the world of artificial intelligence with a special AIJ Junior track.

The AI Journey will host the awards ceremony for the finalists of the AI Challenge for young data scientists and the AIJ Contest for experienced AI professionals.

Join the live broadcast. Be up to date with the top AI news!

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Python Data Science Projects For Boosting Your Portfolio

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Essential questions related to Data Analytics 👇👇

Question 1: What is the first skill a fresher should learn for a Data Analytics job?
Answer: SQL. It’s the foundation for retrieving, manipulating, and analyzing data stored in databases.

Question 2: Which SQL database query should we learn - MySQL, PostgreSQL, PL-SQL, etc.?
Answer: Core SQL concepts are consistent across platforms. Focus on joins, aggregations, subqueries, and window functions.

Question 3: How much Python is required?
Answer: Learn basic syntax, loops, conditional statements, functions, and error handling. Then focus on Pandas and Numpy very well for data handling and analysis. Working Knowledge of Python + Good knowledge of Data Analysis Libraries is needed only.

Question 4: What other skills are required?
Answer: MS Excel for data cleaning and analysis, and a BI tool like Power BI or Tableau for creating dashboards.

Question 5: Is knowledge of Macros/VBA required?
Answer: No. Most Data Analyst roles don’t require it.

Question 6: When should I start applying for jobs?
Answer: Apply after acquiring 50% of the required skills and gaining practical experience through projects or internships.

Question 7: Are certifications required?
Answer: No. Projects and hands-on experience are more valuable.

Question 8: How important is data visualization in a Data Analyst role?
Answer: Very important. Use tools like Tableau or Power BI to present insights effectively.

Question 9: Is understanding statistics important for data analysis?
Answer: Yes. Learn descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis for better insights.

Question 10: How much emphasis should be placed on machine learning?
Answer: A basic understanding is helpful but not essential for Data Analyst roles.

Question 11: What role does communication play in a Data Analyst's job?
Answer: It’s crucial. You need to present insights in a clear and actionable way for stakeholders.

Question 12: Is data cleaning a necessary skill?
Answer: Yes. Cleaning and preparing raw data is a major part of a Data Analyst’s job.

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Some essential concepts every data scientist should understand:

### 1. Statistics and Probability
- Purpose: Understanding data distributions and making inferences.
- Core Concepts: Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode), inferential statistics, probability distributions (normal, binomial), hypothesis testing, p-values, confidence intervals.

### 2. Programming Languages
- Purpose: Implementing data analysis and machine learning algorithms.
- Popular Languages: Python, R.
- Libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn (Python), dplyr, ggplot2 (R).

### 3. Data Wrangling
- Purpose: Cleaning and transforming raw data into a usable format.
- Techniques: Handling missing values, data normalization, feature engineering, data aggregation.

### 4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
- Purpose: Summarizing the main characteristics of a dataset, often using visual methods.
- Tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn (Python), ggplot2 (R).
- Techniques: Histograms, scatter plots, box plots, correlation matrices.

### 5. Machine Learning
- Purpose: Building models to make predictions or find patterns in data.
- Core Concepts: Supervised learning (regression, classification), unsupervised learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction), model evaluation (accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score).
- Algorithms: Linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, k-means clustering, principal component analysis (PCA).

### 6. Deep Learning
- Purpose: Advanced machine learning techniques using neural networks.
- Core Concepts: Neural networks, backpropagation, activation functions, overfitting, dropout.
- Frameworks: TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch.

### 7. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- Purpose: Analyzing and modeling textual data.
- Core Concepts: Tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, TF-IDF, word embeddings.
- Techniques: Sentiment analysis, topic modeling, named entity recognition (NER).

### 8. Data Visualization
- Purpose: Communicating insights through graphical representations.
- Tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly (Python), ggplot2, Shiny (R), Tableau.
- Techniques: Bar charts, line graphs, heatmaps, interactive dashboards.

### 9. Big Data Technologies
- Purpose: Handling and analyzing large volumes of data.
- Technologies: Hadoop, Spark.
- Core Concepts: Distributed computing, MapReduce, parallel processing.

### 10. Databases
- Purpose: Storing and retrieving data efficiently.
- Types: SQL databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL), NoSQL databases (MongoDB, Cassandra).
- Core Concepts: Querying, indexing, normalization, transactions.

### 11. Time Series Analysis
- Purpose: Analyzing data points collected or recorded at specific time intervals.
- Core Concepts: Trend analysis, seasonal decomposition, ARIMA models, exponential smoothing.

### 12. Model Deployment and Productionization
- Purpose: Integrating machine learning models into production environments.
- Techniques: API development, containerization (Docker), model serving (Flask, FastAPI).
- Tools: MLflow, TensorFlow Serving, Kubernetes.

### 13. Data Ethics and Privacy
- Purpose: Ensuring ethical use and privacy of data.
- Core Concepts: Bias in data, ethical considerations, data anonymization, GDPR compliance.

### 14. Business Acumen
- Purpose: Aligning data science projects with business goals.
- Core Concepts: Understanding key performance indicators (KPIs), domain knowledge, stakeholder communication.

### 15. Collaboration and Version Control
- Purpose: Managing code changes and collaborative work.
- Tools: Git, GitHub, GitLab.
- Practices: Version control, code reviews, collaborative development.

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61 steps to learn Machine Learning

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Free Books, Courses & Certificates to learn Data Analytics & Data Science for beginners

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Breaking into Data Science doesn’t need to be complicated.

If you’re just starting out,

Here’s how to simplify your approach:

Avoid:
🚫 Trying to learn every tool and library (Python, R, TensorFlow, Hadoop, etc.) all at once.
🚫 Spending months on theoretical concepts without hands-on practice.
🚫 Overloading your resume with keywords instead of impactful projects.
🚫 Believing you need a Ph.D. to break into the field.

Instead:

✅ Start with Python or R—focus on mastering one language first.
✅ Learn how to work with structured data (Excel or SQL) - this is your bread and butter.
✅ Dive into a simple machine learning model (like linear regression) to understand the basics.
✅ Solve real-world problems with open datasets and share them in a portfolio.
✅ Build a project that tells a story - why the problem matters, what you found, and what actions it suggests.

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Basics of Machine Learning 👇👇

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Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence where computers learn from data to make decisions without explicit programming. There are three main types:

1. Supervised Learning: The algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, learning to map input to output. For example, it can predict housing prices based on features like size and location.

2. Unsupervised Learning: The algorithm explores data patterns without explicit labels. Clustering is a common task, grouping similar data points. An example is customer segmentation for targeted marketing.

3. Reinforcement Learning: The algorithm learns by interacting with an environment. It receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties, improving its actions over time. Gaming AI and robotic control are applications.

Key concepts include:

- Features and Labels: Features are input variables, and labels are the desired output. The model learns to map features to labels during training.

- Training and Testing: The model is trained on a subset of data and then tested on unseen data to evaluate its performance.

- Overfitting and Underfitting: Overfitting occurs when a model is too complex and fits the training data too closely, performing poorly on new data. Underfitting happens when the model is too simple and fails to capture the underlying patterns.

- Algorithms: Different algorithms suit various tasks. Common ones include linear regression for predicting numerical values, and decision trees for classification tasks.

In summary, machine learning involves training models on data to make predictions or decisions. Supervised learning uses labeled data, unsupervised learning finds patterns in unlabeled data, and reinforcement learning learns through interaction with an environment. Key considerations include features, labels, overfitting, underfitting, and choosing the right algorithm for the task.

Join @datasciencefun for more

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If I were to start my Machine Learning career from scratch (as an engineer), I'd focus here (no specific order):

1. SQL
2. Python
3. ML fundamentals
4. DSA
5. Testing
6. Prob, stats, lin. alg
7. Problem solving

And building as much as possible.

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Data Science vs. Data Analytics

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Top 10 machine Learning algorithms 👇👇

1. Linear Regression: Linear regression is a simple and commonly used algorithm for predicting a continuous target variable based on one or more input features. It assumes a linear relationship between the input variables and the output.

2. Logistic Regression: Logistic regression is used for binary classification problems where the target variable has two classes. It estimates the probability that a given input belongs to a particular class.

3. Decision Trees: Decision trees are a popular algorithm for both classification and regression tasks. They partition the feature space into regions based on the input variables and make predictions by following a tree-like structure.

4. Random Forest: Random forest is an ensemble learning method that combines multiple decision trees to improve prediction accuracy. It reduces overfitting and provides robust predictions by averaging the results of individual trees.

5. Support Vector Machines (SVM): SVM is a powerful algorithm for both classification and regression tasks. It finds the optimal hyperplane that separates different classes in the feature space, maximizing the margin between classes.

6. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN): KNN is a simple and intuitive algorithm for classification and regression tasks. It makes predictions based on the similarity of input data points to their k nearest neighbors in the training set.

7. Naive Bayes: Naive Bayes is a probabilistic algorithm based on Bayes' theorem that is commonly used for classification tasks. It assumes that the features are conditionally independent given the class label.

8. Neural Networks: Neural networks are a versatile and powerful class of algorithms inspired by the human brain. They consist of interconnected layers of neurons that learn complex patterns in the data through training.

9. Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM): GBM is an ensemble learning method that builds a series of weak learners sequentially to improve prediction accuracy. It combines multiple decision trees in a boosting framework to minimize prediction errors.

10. Principal Component Analysis (PCA): PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that transforms high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space while preserving as much variance as possible. It helps in visualizing and understanding the underlying structure of the data.

Credits: /channel/datasciencefun

Like if you need similar content 😄👍

Hope this helps you 😊

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If you’re starting out Machine Learning 2025, master these tools early:

1. Python: Your bread and butter.
2. Pandas: Best for data wrangling.
3. Scikit-learn: Your go-to for ML basics.
4. Matplotlib/Seaborn: Visualize everything you analyze.
5. Jupyter Notebooks: For quick prototyping and visualization.

The right tools make learning ML 10x more effective.

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Data Science Roadmap
👇👇
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sql-analysts_python-datascience-activity-7267195650532917249-tRW3

Like if it helps ❤️

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The Data Science skill no one talks about...

Every aspiring data scientist I talk to thinks their job starts when someone else gives them:
    1. a dataset, and
    2. a clearly defined metric to optimize for, e.g. accuracy

But it doesn’t.

It starts with a business problem you need to understand, frame, and solve. This is the key data science skill that separates senior from junior professionals.

Let’s go through an example.

Example

Imagine you are a data scientist at Uber. And your product lead tells you:

    👩‍💼: “We want to decrease user churn by 5% this quarter”

We say that a user churns when she decides to stop using Uber.

But why?

There are different reasons why a user would stop using Uber. For example:

   1.  “Lyft is offering better prices for that geo” (pricing problem)
   2. “Car waiting times are too long” (supply problem)
   3. “The Android version of the app is very slow” (client-app performance problem)

You build this list ↑ by asking the right questions to the rest of the team. You need to understand the user’s experience using the app, from HER point of view.

Typically there is no single reason behind churn, but a combination of a few of these. The question is: which one should you focus on?

This is when you pull out your great data science skills and EXPLORE THE DATA 🔎.

You explore the data to understand how plausible each of the above explanations is. The output from this analysis is a single hypothesis you should consider further. Depending on the hypothesis, you will solve the data science problem differently.

For example…

Scenario 1: “Lyft Is Offering Better Prices” (Pricing Problem)

One solution would be to detect/predict the segment of users who are likely to churn (possibly using an ML Model) and send personalized discounts via push notifications. To test your solution works, you will need to run an A/B test, so you will split a percentage of Uber users into 2 groups:

    The A group. No user in this group will receive any discount.

    The B group. Users from this group that the model thinks are likely to churn, will receive a price discount in their next trip.

You could add more groups (e.g. C, D, E…) to test different pricing points.

In a nutshell

    1. Translating business problems into data science problems is the key data science skill that separates a senior from a junior data scientist.
2. Ask the right questions, list possible solutions, and explore the data to narrow down the list to one.
3. Solve this one data science problem

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