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Language Log
English is innocent

Yesterday's guest post by Andreas Stocke, "English influence on German spelling", covered Duden's grudging admission that 's is allowed in certain restricted contexts, and noted the widespread negative reaction attributing this "Deppenapostrophe" (= "idiot's apostrophe") to the malign influence of English.

But Heike Wiese, via Joan Maling, sent a link to Anatol Stefanowitsch, "Apostrophenschutz", Sprachlog 4/26/2007, which offers a very different take.
Wann kamen die „Deppenapostrophe“ hinzu? Glaubt man den Apostrophenjägern, so muss dies in jüngerer Zeit geschehen sein, da ein intensiver Einfluss des Englischen sich erst seit dem Ende des zweiten Weltkriegs beobachten lässt, und die vemeintlichen Hauptschuldigen, die Elektronikmärkte, gibt es sogar erst seit dem Ende der siebziger Jahre. Eine schöne Erklärung, mit der man die Apostrophitis als eins von vielen Symptomen des „denglischen Patienten“ abhaken könnte.

Leider ist diese Erklärung falsch.

Der Genitiv-Apostroph findet sich bereits seit Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts, erst bei Eigennamen und bald auch bei Ortsnamen und anderen Wörtern. Der Plural-Apostroph findet sich seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Zunächst störte sich auch weiter niemand an diesen Verwendungen.

When did the "idiot apostrophes" come into being? If you believe the apostrophe hunters, this must have happened more recently, since the intensive influence of English has only been evident since the end of the Second World War, and the supposed main culprits, the electronics markets, have only existed since the end of the 1970s. A nice explanation that could be used to write off apostrophitis as one of the many symptoms of the "Denglish patient."

Unfortunately, this explanation is wrong.

The genitive apostrophe has been around since the middle of the 17th century, first in proper names and then in place names and other words. The plural apostrophe has been around since the end of the 18th century. At first, no one was bothered by this use.

Stefanowitsch's examples unfortunately don't go back to the 17th century, but they do include these, from someone who was neither an idiot nor a sufferer from Denglish disease:

In Friedrich Nietzsches Briefen und Notizen beispielsweise finden sich hunderte von Genitiv-Apostrophen:

Vielleicht sieht sich unser Gebahren doch einmal wie Fortschritt an; wenn aber nicht, so mag Friedrich’s des Grossen Wort auch zu uns gesagt sein und zwar zum Troste … (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches I/Nachgelassene Fragmente).

Ich gehe, seit einigen Monaten schon, jeden Abend von 1/2 10–11 in raschem Schritt durch Theile Venedig’s (Brief von Heinrich Köselitz an Nietzsche, 1882)

Aufs Kind die Hände prüfend legen Und schauen ob es Vater’s Art — Wer weiss? (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches I/Nachgelassene Fragmente)

In Friedrich Nietzsche’s letters and notes, for example, there are hundreds of genitive apostrophes:

Perhaps our behavior will one day be seen as progress; but if not, then Frederick the Great’s words may also be spoken to us, and indeed for consolation … (Human, All Too Human I/Posthumous Fragments).

For several months now, every evening from 10:30 to 11:00 I have been walking briskly through parts of Venice (Letter from Heinrich Köselitz to Nietzsche, 1882)

Lay your hands on the child and examine it and see if it is like the father — who knows? (Human, All Too Human I/Posthumous Fragments)

Stefanowitsch's account suggests that German apostrophe-phobia, like most cases of prescriptivist peeving, originated as the decision of a self-appointed authority, in this case Konrad Duden:

Erst ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts trafen diese Verwendungen auf Widerstand. Vor allem die Entscheidung Konrad Dudens, sie explitzit als regelwidrig zu behandeln, trugen zu ihrem Niedergang bei. Nicht jeder ließ sich allerdings von diesen Verbo[...]

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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
loaded (1)

wealthy, rich

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Idiom of the Day
brain surgery

A task requiring extreme intelligence, skill, or competence, usually used in a negative or rhetorical manner to indicate the opposite. Watch the video

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", 1/15/2012
"Apostropocalypse again", 12/1/2019

And a couple about spaces, hyphens, and nil:

"Prescriptivism and national security", 10/4/2005
"Level(-)headedness", 3/3/2010

Update — Andreas explains the "neben" parentheses in the quoted section of the new rule:
die Grimm’schen Märchen (neben: die grimmschen Märchen), der Ohm’sche Widerstand (neben: der ohmsche Wider stand)
The meaning is identical to the version with apostrophes and capitalized names. Unlike in English (Whorf > Whorfian), when you derive an adjective from a name, you don't keep the capitalization of the name.  It becomes lower-case, like all adjectives in German.  So as in the possessive cases, the apostrophe enables you to preserve the original spelling (and recognizability) of the underlying name.

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Word of the Day
Word of the Day: exorbitant

This word has appeared in 158 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
sit in for

to take someone's place when they are absent

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Word of the Day
fusillade

Definition: (noun) A discharge from a number of firearms, fired simultaneously or in rapid succession.
Synonyms: burst, salvo, volley.
Usage: Our warriors then rushed up to the roofs of the buildings which we occupied and followed the retreating armada with a continuous fusillade of deadly fire.
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Language Log
Doing well

The current Dinosaur Comics:

http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/DinosaurDo.png
Mouseover title: "why do other verbs when "do" does do all you did do are doing or can and will do??"

Of course do already does most of what Ryan North wants — Wiktionary gives it 31 senses, from (1) "A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be" (Do you got there often?) to (31) "To drive a vehicle at a certain speed, especially in regard to a speed limit" (He was doing 50 in a school zone). Along the way we get (29) "To take drugs" (I do cocaine), which is not far from Ryan's "do beers tonight" — and for that, there's already a t-shirt:

http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/JustDoBeers.webp

Do's utility has been around for a while, judging by the OED's recital of Germanic cognates and further-out IE connections:

http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/OED_do_etymology.png

Other languages have taken a different path in choosing an everything verb, for instance starting with "make" rather than "put" (French faire / Spanish haver), resulting in a somewhat different the semantic spread.

Commenters will no doubt be able to fill us in on what other lexical seeds have similarly sprouted in other languages.

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Word of the Day
Word of the Day: synthesize

This word has appeared in 40 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
sign in

to sign a register when you visit a place, or to log in when you visit a website

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Word of the Day
unequivocal

Definition: (adjective) Admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion.
Synonyms: univocal, unambiguous.
Usage: Franz complimented Albert, who looked at himself in the glass with an unequivocal smile of satisfaction.
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Language Log
Graphical Trumpian discourse analysis

Ian Prasad Philbrick and Ashley Wu, "The 9 Elements of a Trump Rally", NYT 10/8/2024:

The energy for Mr. Trump’s third White House campaign comes from his rallies. Since President Biden dropped out of the race and Vice President Kamala Harris took the helm, Mr. Trump has held nearly 20 of them, speaking for about 90 minutes at each.

Like most politicians, he repeats things at every speech. Unlike most politicians, he offers a grim view of the country, makes up nicknames for his opponents and pledges to use the power of the government to punish his rivals.

To help readers experience what a Trump rally is like, we used video to break down the nine themes he consistently returns to.
Those nine "themes" are:

1. Savior and protector
2. Insults
3. Deceits
4. The hits
5. Political violence
6. The Trump agenda
7. Digressions
8. Anti-democratic statements
9. Stumbles

Read the article for the details, as well as clever tableaux of video clips and a cool carpet plot of the theme-weave in his 9/29 Erie PA rally:

http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/TrumpRallyCarpetPlot.png

I like the general idea, Ashley Wu's graphics are impressive, and it's tempting to use modern topic and sentiment analysis techniques to derive similar things automatically.

But I wonder how good the inter-annotator agreement for the human version of this analysis would be?

One obvious problem is that the "themes" are potentially overlapping — Trump's digressions are often also insults or deceits or threats of violence, etc.; his stumbles can occur in any of the other segments; some of his greatest "hits" are also insults, deceits, or savior/protector assertions; and so on. Furthermore, some of the themes are matters of content or tone (e.g. insults), while others are a question of discourse structure (e.g. digressions) or overall topic statistics (e.g. hits).

Those overlaps and ambiguities will make it easier for an automatic analysis to produce plausible results, but they'll also make the overall results less informative. And while I agree that Donald Trump's rhetorical style is in some ways special, it would be better to demonstrate that with an analysis that positions him in the same space as other speakers.

The cited 9 "themes" can certainly be applied to speeches from other politicians (or other people in general) — but when we start analyzing others, we're going to want additional "themes", and the whole system will need to do a better job of engaging the general problem of discourse analysis.

Still, the article makes sense, and the graphics are great.

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Language Log
English influence on German spelling

Below is a guest post by Andreas Stolcke.

This is an item maybe worthy of a note on Language Log — Philip Oltermann, "Germans decry influence of English as ‘idiot’s apostrophe’ gets official approval", The Guardian 10/7/2024:

A relaxation of official rules around the correct use of apostrophes in German has not only irritated grammar sticklers but triggered existential fears around the pervasive influence of English.

Establishments that feature their owners’ names, with signs like “Rosi’s Bar” or “Kati’s Kiosk” are a common sight around German towns and cities, but strictly speaking they are wrong: unlike English, German does not traditionally use apostrophes to indicate the genitive case or possession. The correct spelling, therefore, would be “Rosis Bar”, “Katis Kiosk”, or, as in the title of a recent viral hit, Barbaras Rhabarberbar.

However, guidelines issued by the body regulating the use of Standard High German orthography have clarified that the use of the punctuation mark colloquially known as the Deppenapostroph (“idiot’s apostrophe”) has become so widespread that it is permissible – as long as it separates the genitive ‘s’ within a proper name.
I couldn't believe they did this, and looked up the new rule. The relevant part is

2. Der Apostroph steht zur Verdeutlichung der Grundform eines Personennamens vor einer Endung:

*
* gelegentlich vor dem Genitiv-s, sofern der Personenname mit dem folgenden Substantiv zusammen einen Eigennamen (z. B. Firmen namen) bildet ‹§ 80 E1›;
Zum Beispiel:
*
* Willi’s Biomarkt
* Andrea’s Kiosk (hier auch verdeutlichend zur Unterscheidung vom männlichen Vornamen Andreas)
* Aber nur: Willis Karotten, Andreas Ware
*
* vor der Adjektivendung -sch ‹§ 62, § 80 (2)›.
Zum Beispiel:

*
* die Grimm’schen Märchen (neben: die grimmschen Märchen), der Ohm’sche Widerstand (neben: der ohmsche Wider stand)
2. The apostrophe stands for clarifying the base form of a person name before a suffix:

*
* occasionally before the genitive -s, as long as the person name together with the following noun forms a proper name (e.g., of a company)
For example:

*
*
* Willi's Biomarkt
* Andrea's Kiosk (here also to differentiate from the male given name "Andreas")
* but only: Willis Karotten, Andreas Ware
[These cases require the forms without apostrophe, because the whole phrase is not a proper name]
*
* before the adjectival suffix -sche
For example:

*
*
* Grimm's fairy tales, Ohm's resistance
Are you aware of other languages (e.g., English) where spelling or punctuation rules are specifically different for named entities?  Of course I recognize that, being names, their spelling is always de facto less regulated and often idiosyncratic.  But, Germans being rule-loving folks, they come up with a rule for when the rule has an exception ;-).

BTW, another area where I noticed English having exerted definite influence on German is in the segmentation of noun compounds.   Unlike in English, in German you traditionally must either join or hyphenate compounds.  However, recently I'm noticing more and more simple juxtaposition (separated by spaces) of nouns to form compounds.  So where you would traditionally write

Taylor-Swift-Konzert

you now occasionally see

Taylor Swift Konzert

A more extreme example is  "Tailor Swift Eras Tour Kleidung" — http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/DeutscheErasTourCompound.png Anecdotally, I find this often involves English borrowings or proper names, as you might expect.

Language evolving …

Above is a guest post by Andreas Stolcke.

A few of our many past posts about apostrophe usage in English:

"A soul candidly acknowleging it's fault", 6/9/2004
"Angry linguistic mobs with torches", 4/16/2008
"'Grammar vigilantes' brought to justice", 8/22/2008
"Apostropocalypse Now[...]

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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
on the blink

out of order, not working

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Idiom of the Day
bragging rights

The authority and freedom to boast or brag of one's achievements that comes from having won a contest or succeeded in some way, especially against a close rival. Watch the video

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Derek Waters Inside The FOD Vault: A Sober History of "Drunk History" and its Unreleased Season


This week - writer, actor, director, and creator of “Drunk History,” Derek Waters jumps into the origins of his hit show from the Funny or Die Vault. He and our host Marcos Gonzalez address every question Drunk History lovers have been dying to know. From getting drunk at networking events to test screenings in Las Vegas to Spanish pirates, Derek and Marcos uncover the past, present, and future behind the drunks.

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Derek Waters is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and director. Waters has appeared on television programs such as It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, The Sarah Silverman Program, Santa Clarita Diet, and The Middle. He has also appeared in films such as The Brothers Solomon, Hall Pass, For Your Consideration, and This Means War.

Waters co-created and hosts the Comedy Central series "Drunk History." The show originally started as a series of shorts for Funny or Die. The show has won multiple awards, such as the jury prize in short filmmaking at the Sundance Festival and was nominated for seventeen Primetime Emmy Awards, garnering Waters eight nominations.

Instagram: @dw34
X: @derekwaterss

Key moments
3:10 Drunk History’s Origin Story & Jake Johnson’s involvement
5:21 Michael Cera replaced Justin Roiland in the pilot
13:41 Drunk History TV show development
18:32 Alternative Show Titles
21:07 Lip Syncing Behind The Scenes
35:42 The Unreleased Season of Drunk History
38:34 Speed Round Questions

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Language Log
University commas

The current xkcd comic:

http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/university_commas_2x.png
Mouseover title: "The distinctive 'UCLA comma' and 'Michigan comma' are a long string of commas at the start and end of the sentence respectively."

I guess Penn, Brown, Berkeley, CalTech, …, should be grateful for being left out.

I'll spare you our past posts on the Oxford comma, except this one.

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Word of the Day
Word of the Day: debacle

This word has appeared in 259 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

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