28487
#ielts #toefl #gre #english_vocabulary #english
Language Log
Collective Noun Tea Towels
The New York Review of Books recently spammed me with an email that led off like this: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/CollectiveNounTeaTowels.png I have mixed feelings about those "collective nouns" for different kinds of animals. A flock of birds, a herd of cows, a pack of wolves — fine. A flock of wolves, a herd of birds, a pack of cows — wrong, even weird. But a romp of otters? A plump of seals? A prickle of hedgehogs? A murder of crows? Give me a break…
But according to the BBC, these creative group names date back to 1486, and a book by Juliana Berners entitled "The Book of Hawking, Hunting and Blasing of Arms". But the BBC disagrees with Wikipedia about her name — "Julia" rather than "Juliana" — and also about the book title, which Wikipedia gives as The Book of Saint Albans. A digital copy is here — on a quick skim, I don't locate the "165 collective nouns for groups of people and animals" that the BBC article credits to her. No doubt readers will be able to do better, especially since the Wikipedia article links to the Gutenberg copy of an 1881 edition where the list is fairly easy to find: The Compaẏnẏs of beestẏs and fowlẏs.
AN Herde of Hertis
an herde of aƚƚ maṅ dere
an Herde of Swannys
an Herde of Cranys
an Herde of Corlewys
an Herde of wrennys
an Herde of harlottys
a Nye of ffesaunttys
a Beuy of Ladies
a Beuy of Roos
a Beuy of Quaylis
a Sege of heronnys
a Sege of betouris
a Sorde or a sute of malardis
a Mustre of Pecockys
a walke of Snytis
a Congregacion of peple
an Exaltyng of Larkis
a wache of Nyghtingalis
an hoost of men
a ffelisħippyng of yomen
a Cherme of Goldefynches
a Cast of Brede
a Couple or a payer of botillis
a fflight of Doues
an vnkyndenes of Rauenes
a Clateryng of choughes
a Dissimulacion of breddis
a Route of Knyghtis
a Pride of Lionys
a Sleuth of Beeris
a Cete of Graies
a Bery of Conyis
a Riches of Martronys
a Besynes of ferettis
a Brace of grehoundis of ij
a Lece of Grehoundis of .iij
a Coupuƚƚ of spaynellis
a Couple of rennyng houndis
a Litter of welpis
a Kyndyƚƚ of yong Cattis
a Synguler of Boris
a Dryft of tame Swyne
an Harrasse of horse
a Ragg of coltis or a Rake
a Baren of Mulis
a Trippe of Gete
a Trippe of haaris
a Gagle of gees
a Brode of hennys
a badelyng of Dokis
a Noonpaciens of wyues
a State of Prynces
a Thongh of barons
a Prudens of vikeris
a Suꝑfluyte of Nunnys
a Scole of clerkes
a Doctryne of doctoris
116a Conu̇tyng of prechouris
a Sentence of Iuges
a Dampnyng of Iurrouris
a Diligens of Messangeris
an Obeisians of ẜuauntis
a Sete of vssheris
a Draught of boteleris
a Proude shewyng of taloris
a Temꝑans of cokys
a Stalke of fosteris
a Boost of saudiouris
a Laughtre of Osteloris
a Glosyng of Tauerneris
a Malepertnes of pedleres
a Thraue of Throsheris
a squatte of Dawberis
a Fightyng of beggers
an vntrouth of sompneris
a Melody of Harpers
A Pauuerty of pypers
a sotelty of sergeauntis
a Tabernacle of bakers
a Drifte of fisħers
a Disgysyng of Taylours
a Bleche of sowteris
a Smere of Coryouris
a Clustre of Grapys
a Clustre of chorlis
a Rage of Maydenys
a Rafuƚƚ of Knauys
a blusħ of boyes
an vncredibilite of Cocoldis
a Couy of partrichis
a Sprynge of Telis
a Desserte of Lapwyngꝭ
a faƚƚ of woodecockis
a Congregacion of Pleuers
a Couert of cootis
a Dueƚƚ of Turtillis
a Titengis of Pies
an Ost of sparowis
a Swarme of bees
a cast of haukis of ye tour .ij
a Lece of thessame haukis .iij
a Flight of Goshaukes
a Flight of swalowes
a beldyng of Rookes
a Murmuracion of stares
a Route of woluess
a Lepe of Lebardis
a Shrewdenes of Apis
[...]
Funny Or Die (Youtube)
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Classic mix up! Can @TefiShow tell who's who?
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Language Log
A bit on last night's debate
I downloaded rev.com's transcript of last night's vice-presidential debate, and did a bit of analysis — the most interesting stuff will come later, but to start with I did a couple of my standard simple-minded analyses, starting with the type-token plots:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/PresidentialDebates2024TypeToken.png
It's somewhat interesting that Walz and Harris are so similar, and that Vance is kind of splitting the difference towards Trump's low lexical diversity (due to repetitive rhetoric).
I also calculated Vance and Walz's most characteristic words (or at least the words most differently used in this debate), using the method described and exemplified here.
Vance's top ten were
country 44 (5156.45) 6 (707.631) 50 (2939.1) 3.065
american 44 (5156.45) 7 (825.569) 51 (2997.88) 2.957
actually 31 (3632.95) 2 (235.877) 33 (1939.81) 2.866
tim 25 (2929.8) 0 (0) 25 (1469.55) 2.825
margaret 22 (2578.23) 0 (0) 22 (1293.2) 2.650
of 232 (27188.6) 146 (17219) 378 (22219.6) 2.573
lot 44 (5156.45) 13 (1533.2) 57 (3350.58) 2.352
policies 17 (1992.27) 0 (0) 17 (999.295) 2.329
walz 15 (1757.88) 0 (0) 15 (881.731) 2.187
illegal 14 (1640.69) 0 (0) 14 (822.949) 2.113
where the 8 fields in each line are:
1. Word
2. Vance's count
3. (Vance's count per million)
4. Walz's count
5. (Walz's count per million)
6. Summed count
7. (Summed count per million)
8. Estimated log odds that it's from Vance
(Sorry for all that, it's what my program emits and I don't have time now to fix it…)
Walz's top ten words were
there 14 (1640.69) 69 (8137.75) 83 (4878.91) -3.489
this 71 (8320.64) 154 (18162.5) 225 (13226) -3.257
minnesota 1 (117.192) 26 (3066.4) 27 (1587.11) -2.744
it 96 (11250.4) 169 (19931.6) 265 (15577.2) -2.656
senator 1 (117.192) 20 (2358.77) 21 (1234.42) -2.366
folks 2 (234.384) 21 (2476.71) 23 (1351.99) -2.269
sure 2 (234.384) 21 (2476.71) 23 (1351.99) -2.269
vance 0 (0) 15 (1769.08) 15 (881.731) -2.200
things 10 (1171.92) 35 (4127.85) 45 (2645.19) -2.157
state 1 (117.192) 15 (1769.08) 16 (940.513) -1.999
's 117 (13711.5) 174 (20521.3) 291 (17105.6) -1.993
In other speeches and interviews from the two of them, Vance's greater predilection for "of" vs. Walz's "'s" is consistent — about which more later — as is Walz's more frequent use of "it" and "there". Not really political but maybe of some linguistic interest.
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
ankle-biter
a child
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Idiom of the Day
live and kicking
Alive, healthy, and alert. (A truncated version of "alive and kicking.") Watch the video
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Word of the Day
hypnotic
Definition: (adjective) Attracting and holding interest as if by a spell.
Synonyms: mesmeric, mesmerizing, spellbinding.
Usage: For a moment she tore her gaze from the hypnotic fascination of that awful face and breathed a last prayer to her God.
Discuss
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Language Log
"I will think fewer of you"
A relative's new refrigerator magnet:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/LessFewerMagnet.png
Some relevant past posts:
"Less than three years: A policy revision", 1/4/2007
"10 English majors or less", 8/10/2008
"More on less", 8/31/2008
"Still more on less", 9/4/2008
"Eleven mistakes about grammar mistakes", 3/10/2010
"Stupid less/fewer automatism at the WSJ", 12/2/2010
"Less with plural count nouns in formal usage", 12/5/2010
"The less… umm… fewer the better", 10/13/2017
Commenters may wish to explain why the phrase on the magnet is actually a mistake — and also one that never occurs naturally.
That last post includes a picture worth displaying again:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/trumppence.png
➖ @EngSkills ➖
ral rudders).[1] "Hybrid" ships (referred to as the "South China Sea tradition") integrating technologies from both the chuán and the djong also started to appear by the 15th century.
(Wikipedia)
From Portuguese junco or Dutch jonk (or reinforced), from Arabic جُنْك (junk), from Malay or Javanese djong, variant of djung, from Old Javanese jong (“seagoing ship”), ultimately from either Hokkien 船 (chûn) or Teochew 船 (zung5), from Proto-Min *-džionᴬ (“ship, boat”).
It's interesting that the main, completely unrelated meaning of the English word "junk" also has an unexpected nautical origin:
From earlier meaning "old refuse from boats and ships", from Middle English junk, jounke, jonk, joynk (“an old cable or rope”, nautical term), sometimes cut into bits and used as caulking; of uncertain origin; perhaps related to join, joint, juncture. Often compared to Middle English junk, jonk, jonke, junck (“a rush; basket made of rushes”), from Old French jonc, from Latin iuncus (“rush, reed”); however, the Oxford English Dictionary finds "no evidence of connexion".
(Wiktionary — for both of the preceding two etymologies)
So the two most characteristic types of Chinese watercraft during the last millennia and more appear to be known in English and in Sinitic by words of Southeast Asian derivation. Selected reading
* "Rivers and lakes: quackery" (6/16/23)
* "Topolect: a Four-Body Problem" (6/18/24) — discussion of different ways to propel watercraft
* "Phono-semantic rebranding" (10/25/16)
[Thanks to Mark Metcalf]
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Language Log
Junks and sampans
These are two premodern words for Chinese watercraft that have worked their way into the English lexicon. Their etymology, however, is not as straightforward as it might seem.
"Language Matters | Where did English get the words ‘sampan’ and ‘junk’ from? Probably Cantonese and Javanese: Scholars are split on the roots of ‘sampan’ and ‘junk’, with some pointing to Chinese and others to Old Malay and Javanese respectively", by Lisa Lim, SCMP (9/30/24)
Sampans – typically small, light, wooden boats with a relatively flat bottom, propelled by a pole, oars, or a single long stern sculling oar – have a long history in East and Southeast Asian coastal and river waters.
Usually open, with a shelter aft, they were – and still are – used as a means of transporting passengers and goods over short distances; fishing; or to get to larger vessels out at sea. They also constituted homes for sea-dwelling communities, including the Tanka or Séuiseuhngyàn “people born on or of the water”, of coastal southern China and Hong Kong and Macau.
The name sampan began being used in European accounts of the China seas for such small boats. The earliest documentation in English is from a 1620 diary entry by Richard Cocks, merchant and East India Company servant, describing how “Yt was thought fytt and brought in question by the Hollanders to trym up a China sampan to goe with the fleete”.
Many accounts explain the name as deriving from Sinitic, most likely Cantonese 三板 sāam báan – or Hokkien 舢板 sam-pán – meaning “three boards”, referring to the construction of the craft’s keel-less hull which usually comprised three planks or pine boards.
However, several scholars have demonstrated an Austronesian origin. In the earliest written texts in Malay, inscriptions from the 680s, which relate the dispatching of war fleets to establish the newly founded polity of Srivijaya, a specific boat type is named, namely the sampan, in the Old Malay form sāmvau. This is believed to have served as the origin for cognate words in South, East, and Southeast Asian languages.
Although the "three boards" theory seems simple and straightforward, it comports neither with the history of their physical construction nor with the linguistics chronologically and phonologically as well as the Old Malay derivation. Consequently, the resemblance between sāmvau and samban is the result of the latter being chosen as a sound transcription with convenient semantic content, a common phenomenon in Sinitic borrowing of words from other languages.
Here are some published etymologies for "sampan":
From Sinitic, likely Cantonese 三板 (saam1 baan2) or Hokkien 舢板 (sam-pán).
(Wiktionary)
a word applied by Europeans to any small, light boat on the Chinese pattern, used on the coasts of East Asia, 1610s, from Chinese san pan, literally "three boards," from san "three" + pan "plank." In 16c. Spanish made it cempan; Portuguese had it as champana.
(Etymonline)
Cantonese saam1 baan2 (akin to Mandarin sābǎn [sic]), from Middle Chinese sam pa⋮n´ : sam, three (ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sum; akin to Tibetan gsum and Burmese sûm) + pa⋮n´, board (since the hulls of sampans were originally constructed from three planks of wood, two for the sides and one for the bottom);
(AHD 5th [retrieved 9/30/24])
It is sometimes claimed that the word "sampan" is derived from the Cantonese term sāam báan (三板), literally "three planks", but this is likely to be a false etymology. A possible Austronesian origin of the word has been suggested, as it is attested in an Old Malay inscription from 684 CE.
(Wiktionary)
Now, returning to "junk" in Lisa Lim's SCMP article.
Another vessel associated with local waters – a Hong Kong icon, found in the Tourism Board’s logo – is the traditional Chinese junk, the larger, efficient, [...]
Word of the Day
Word of the Day: abdicate
This word has appeared in 23 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
come under
to suddenly experience or suffer something dangerous or unpleasant
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Word of the Day
unexampled
Definition: (adjective) Without precedent; unparalleled.
Synonyms: new.
Usage: It was a time of unexampled prosperity, and the once poor family was able to move to a lovely mansion in an affluent neighborhood.
Discuss
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
TRAILER: Inside The Funny Or Die Vault Premieres 10/1!
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Get all 10 episodes of season 1 now, and stay in touch for new episodes, news, and show extras: https://norby.link/ctdAJD
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Language Log
Linear algebra and wine
A recent email from Jean Gallier to the members of Penn's Department of Computer and Information Sciences included this picture
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/GallierLinearA_Wine.jpg
…under the comment "Apparently the Greeks had already figured that there was a connection between wine and linear algebra." The connection to Linear A(lgebra) is provided by Jean's two-volume 2020 book Linear Algebra and Optimization with Applications to Machine Learning.
A glimpse of Jean's personal connections with wine is suggested by this page…
As for the Linear A symbol for wine, it's covered in Ester Salgarella 2020 article "A Note on the Linear A & B Ideogram AB 131/VIN (um)‘Wine’and Its Variants: References to Time Notation?", which includes Figure 1:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/SalgarellaFigure1.png
The Cretan version is in Figure 2:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/SalgarellaFigure2.png
And the Egyptian one is in Figure 3:
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/SalgarellaFigure3.png
For the "Time Notation" part, I invite you to read the paper.
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Beth Stelling's Advice To Young Comics (Inside The FOD Vault Episode 1)
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Language Log
B"H
I received a communication with that at the top. I had never seen it before and had no idea what it meant. So I looked it up, and this is what I found on Wiktionary:
Phrase
B"H
1.
1. (Judaism) b'ezrat hashem (Transliterated form of ב״ה, written at the top of documents).
“With the Help of God.” A common phrase used by Jews and non-Jews when hoping for good fortune and God’s support for a better tomorrow.
1.
1. (Judaism) baruch Hashem
As the name of a constituent college of the City University of New York system and the financier-statesman whom it honors, "baruch" is fairly well known in English, though not many non-Jews would realize that it means "blessed". "B'ezrat" is not so well known in English; it means "help".
Hashem (Hebrew: הַשֵּׁם haššēm, literally "the name"; often abbreviated to ה׳ [h′]) is a title used in Judaism to refer to God. (Wikipedia)
With conflict in the Middle East intensifying, I can understand why people might be prompted to use this expression, B"H, now.
Having determined that B"H means "with the help of God", I immediately thought of Arabic "Inshallah" (and many variant forms), which means "if God wills" or "God willing". I know many non-Arabs and non-Muslims who use this expression, some of them aware of what it means.
"Deo volente" was also in my mind.
Selected readings
* "Under God an Idiom?" (6/16/04)
* "Out with Under God" (6/16/04)
* "'Under God' as 'Inshallah'" (6/20/04)
* "'(Next) Under God,' Phrasal Idiom" (6/20/04)
There are half a dozen other Language Log posts on "under god", for fairly obvious reasons.
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Tim Walz or TV Dad: Can These DNC-goers Tell The Difference?
Follow along as Funny or Die tests these DNC-goers to see if they can tell whether these quotes came from VP candidate Tim Walz or from some of your favorite TV Dads. It's a classic mix up. There is no better way to get to the bottom of this than to take to the United Center arena during the 2024 Democratic National Convention. Who will pass with flying colors? And who can't tell the difference?
Featuring: @TefiShow, @malcolmkenyattaforauditor, @AlienReese, Bryan Russell Smith of @betches (IG: https://www.instagram.com/bryanrussellsmith/)
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Word of the Day
Word of the Day: unscathed
This word has appeared in 180 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
take off (1)
to remove a piece of clothing, or the top of a container
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Do better, comedy clubs. And also, America.
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
The Landlord has reemerged! Learn why on our new podcast. (Spoiler alert: Beth Stelling picked it)
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Beth Stelling liked this video so much she wants to name her kid Pearl.
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sturdy, multi-masted vessel with fully battened sails, compartmentalised hull, stabilising lee- and centreboards, and stern-mounted rudder.
Again, some accounts have suggested the English word junk comes from Sinitic 船 “ship”, specifically Southern Min chûn – or Mandarin chuán – not least because of the vessel’s prominence in the Chinese world for naval warfare and trade.
Developed in the Han dynasty (220BC-200AD), the earliest descriptions of such ships are in 2nd century Chinese writings. Their development and expansion peaking through the 10th to the 13th centuries, they are described in superlative terms by 14th century travellers like Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, with immense ships and fleets comprising Zheng He’s 15th century Indian Ocean expeditions.
…
However, the origin of the English name again lies in pre-colonial Southeast Asia’s vibrant maritime trade, which was dominated by the Javanese from the Srivijaya empire of the 7th to 12th centuries through to the Majapahit empire of the late 13th to 16th centuries.
Their word for “ship” was jong, tracing back to a 9th century Old Javanese inscription, with the word entering Malay by the 15th century.
These large ocean-going Javanese trading jongs, which dominated the spice routes between Maluku, Java and Melaka, were what the Portuguese encountered when they arrived on the scene in the early 16th century. They described them as towering over their warships and withstanding their cannon.
…
The local word was adopted as Portuguese junco. And with Portuguese, and Portuguese creole, a lingua franca of Indian Ocean trade, many Portuguese vocabulary items entered the languages of other Europeans in the region, including Dutch jonk and English junk.
After the decline of Southeast Asian jongs in the 1700s – losing out to smaller and more agile Western ships in battle – the term junk has come to be used exclusively for the Chinese (and Japanese) junks.
And here are some published etymologies for "junk":
"large, seagoing Chinese sailing ship," 1610s, from Portuguese junco, from Malay (Austronesian) jong "ship, large boat" (13c.), probably from Javanese djong. In English 16c. as giunche, iunco.
(Etymonline)
The English word "junk" comes from Portuguese junco from Malay jong. The word originally referred to the Javanese djong, very large trading ships that the Portuguese first encountered in Southeast Asia. It later also included the smaller flat-bottomed Chinese chuán, even though the two were markedly different vessels. After the disappearance of the jong in the 17th century, the meaning of "junk" (and other similar words in European languages) came to refer exclusively to the Chinese ship.[4][5][1][6][7]
The Chinese chuán and the Southeast Asian djong are frequently confused with each other and share some characteristics, including large cargo capacities, multiple (two to three) superimposed layers of hull planks, and multiple masts and sails. However the two are readily distinguishable from each other by two major differences. The first is that Southeast Asian (Austronesian) ships are built exclusively with lugs, dowels, and fiber lashings (lashed lug), in contrast to Chinese ships which are always built with iron nails and clamps. The second is that Chinese ships since the first century AD are all built with a central rudder. In contrast, Southeast Asian ships use double lateral rudders.
The development of the sea-going Chinese chuán (the "junk" in modern usage) in the Song Dynasty (c. 960 to 1279) is believed to have been influenced by regular contacts with sea-going Southeast Asian ships (the k'un-lun po of Chinese records) in trading ports in southern China from the 1st millennium CE onward, particularly in terms of the rigging, multiple sails, and the multiple hull sheaths. However, the chuán also incorporates distinctly Chinese innovations from their indigenous river and coastal vessels (namely watertight compartments and the cent[...]
Funny Or Die (Youtube)
"The Landlord" with Beth Stelling (Inside The FOD Vault - Ep. 1)
On the first episode of our new podcast, "Inside the Funny Or Die Vault," we are joined by comedian and writer, Beth Stelling (If You Didn’t Want Me Then on Netflix). Beth has selected “The Landlord” from the Funny or Die Vault. She and our host, Marcos Gonzalez talk through starting out in comedy, stand up online, and the differences between internet and in-person performance. Whether you’re a seasoned comedy pro or just dipping a toe, Beth and Marcos have endless anecdotes to share.
Beth Stelling is an American stand-up comedian and writer. She has performed in the Netflix series The Standups and served as a writer for the HBO television series Crashing. Stelling has released two comedy albums, Sweet Beth and Simply the Beth, and two comedy specials, Girl Daddy (Hulu) and If You Didn't Want Me Then (Netflix). She also co-hosts the Sweethearts podcast with Mo Welch.
Instagram: @bethstelling
TikTok: @bethstelling
Key moments
02:53 Pearl The Landlord
06:43 Starting stand up
19:52 Social clips vs. full special
22:41 Women in comedy
26:14 Early inspirations in comedy
39:24 Going viral
42:36 The rise of crowd work
46:50 Combatting lack of confidence
Get all 10 episodes of season 1 now, and stay in touch for new episodes, news, and show extras: https://norby.link/ctdAJD
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
afters
dessert, sweet dish eaten after the main course of a meal
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Idiom of the Day
(it's) little wonder
It is not at all surprising (that something is the case). Watch the video
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Our new show INSIDE THE FOD VAULT launches tomorrow on YouTube and wherever you get your podcasts.
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Everything is Samuel L. Jackson's Fault (2013) Pt. 2 #samuelljackson #sketchcomedy
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Language Log
The languages of refugees fleeing to Bosnia
"A path towards freedom: the new route to Europe for desperate Chinese migrants
Revealed: a small but growing number of Chinese people are travelling to the Balkans with the hope of getting into the EU" Amy Hawkins," The Guardian (9/24/24)
In a sleepy Bosnian town, barely five miles from the border with the European Union, a crumbling old water tower is falling into ruin. Inside, piles of rubbish, used cigarette butts and a portable wood-fired stove offer glimpses into the daily life of the people who briefly called the building home. Glued on to the walls is another clue: on pieces of A4 paper, the same message is printed out, again and again: “If you would like to travel to Europe (Italy, Germany, France, etc) we can help you. Please add this number on WhatsApp”. The message is printed in the languages of often desperate people: Somali, Nepali, Turkish, the list goes on. The last translation on the list indicates a newcomer to this unlucky club. It is written in Chinese.
“Staying here is not a very good option,” one of the Chinese refugees says, but “if I go back to China, what awaits me is either being sent to a mental hospital or a prison.”
Fleeing from China to Bosnia is dangerous and expensive. So why do Chinese do it?
Part of the reason that Bosnia is an attractive staging post for Chinese migrants, is that like its neighbour Serbia, it offers visa-free travel. Aleksandra Kovačević, spokesperson for Bosnia’s Service for Foreigner’s Affairs, a government department, said that Chinese people were “gaining statistical significance as persons who increasingly violate migration regulations of Bosnia and Herzegovina”. She said that along with Turkish citizens, Chinese people were trying to use legal entry into Bosnia as a way to “illegally continue their journey to the countries of western Europe”.Part of the reason that Bosnia is an attractive staging post for Chinese migrants, is that like its neighbour Serbia, it offers visa-free travel. Aleksandra Kovačević, spokesperson for Bosnia’s Service for Foreigner’s Affairs, a government department, said that Chinese people were “gaining statistical significance as persons who increasingly violate migration regulations of Bosnia and Herzegovina”. She said that along with Turkish citizens, Chinese people were trying to use legal entry into Bosnia as a way to “illegally continue their journey to the countries of western Europe”.
Everybody who wants to escape from China has their own reasons for taking such a huge risk. Often it is a burning desire for freedom of speech or craving for access to information that is severely limited by the Great Firewall. From private and public sources, it is clear that these restrictions are growing increasingly harsh as time passes, so don't expect the volume of Chinese refugees fleeing to Bosnia to diminish during the coming months and years.
Since (as shown by a UNHCR graphic in The Guardian article), the numbers of Chinese seeking asylum in Europe rose dramatically in the years following 2012, you can put 2 and 2 together and figure out what the probable main cause is. Selected readings
* "RUN = wrong" (9/29/22)
* "RUNning away from Shanghai" (5/13/22)
* "Epochal Shanghai drone quote: 'Control your soul’s desire for freedom.'" (5/8/22)
* "Fissures in the Great Firewall caused by X" (6/10/24) — with a very long bibliography on censorship in China
[h.t.: many Language Log readers called this article to my attention]
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