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#ielts #toefl #gre #english_vocabulary #english
Word of the Day
platitude
Definition: (noun) A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.
Synonyms: banality, cliche, commonplace, bromide.
Usage: A trite platitude about his not caring to lose her was on his lips, but he refrained from uttering it.
Discuss
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apparent ancient Longobard sample unearthed in Hungary).
It is possible to speculate endlessly about the historical migrations that led to E-V22’s present-day distribution, both in China and elsewhere. Yet I note that the Dungan-Manchu-Mongol-Liaoning branch shares as a brother lineage the Caucasian-Iranian group consisting of three samples with respective Talysh, Persian, and Georgian-Azerbaijani origins. Does this nearly 8,000-year-old Irano-Chinese lineage (with a Czech exemplar nested within them) reflect a more recent Silk Road-era migration eastward, or does the Chinese branch have altogether different, more ancient origins? More fodder for speculation: there is an ancient Xiongnu E-V22 sample among the data underlying a study from just last year entitled “Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales.” Perhaps the sequencing of more ancient DNA will one day give us the complete historical migratory picture, but the phylogeny of this lineage does seem to point in a westerly direction.
finis Selected readings
* "Genetic evidence for the peopling of Eastern Central Asia during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age" (4/9/21) — felicitously published exactly three years before today's post
* "Early Indo-Europeans in Xinjiang" (11/19/08)
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Word of the Day
Word of the Day: prowess
This word has appeared in 222 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
veep
the vice president
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
keep down (2)
to stop a noise from getting too loud
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up the same length of time. But Japanese also has some pretty elaborate ways to fill uncertain space.
By way of conclusion:
There are so many elements of language that it is impossible for a single metric like “speed” to cover all of these aspects. It’s kind of like asking “Which country is best?” The answer will change depending on all kinds of variables not specified in the question. That’s not to say there’s not some value in attempting to answer it, though.
Anyway, the fastest language is Japanese.
But that doesn't mean it is the most efficient (in conveying a specified amount of information in a given amount of time).
Now, let's imagine Japanese spoken with a southern drawl:
Watashi no namae wa Mifune Toshio, Tōkyō shusshin desu.
私の名前は三船敏夫、東京出身です。
Waa-taa-shii noo naa-maae waa Mii-fuu-nee Too-shii-oo, Tōō-kyōō shuu-sshiin dee-suu.
"My name is Toshio Mifune and I'm from Tokyo."
From the time I began to read Japanese texts (all sorts: newspaper and journal articles, essays, stories, etc.), I was astonished by how many particles, verbal forms, and other linguistic devices the language had for expressing reservation, reconsideration, uncertainty, indecisiveness, hedging one's bets, waffling, probability, surmise, and so on and so forth. Sometimes I would read a sentence or paragraph that was filled with such hypothetical, suppositional, speculative expressions and, having reached the end, say to himself, "What did the author say? What did he mean?" Then I'd read it again and still couldn't decide for sure what he was trying to declare or affirm. For me, indeterminateness came to constitute the genius of Japanese language. Simple declarative sentences are not their forte.
The fastest sustained speech I ever heard was that of a village headman in west central Bhojpur District of Nepal. Whether he was speaking Nepali or Rai, the words spewed from his mouth like bullets from a machine gun. I always marvelled at how people could possibly comprehend him. I understood about 80-90% of Nepali speech at normal speed, but listening to the village headman, I could only catch about half or less of what he was saying. Incidentally, he was the only person for many miles around who had a horse. Selected readings
* "Speed vs. efficiency in speech production and reception" (9/11/19)
* "How fast do people talk in court?" (3/21/09)
[h.t. Alan Kennedy]
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Language Log
Fast talking
The topic of this post is one that deeply fascinates me personally, but also has a bearing on many of the main concerns of the denizens of Language Log: information, efficiency, density, complexity, meaning, pronunciation, prosody, speed, gender….
It was prompted by this new article:
What’s the Fastest Language in the World?
Theansweriscomplicated. [sic]
by Dan Nosowitz, Atlas Obscura (April 2, 2024)
The article is based upon the work of François Pellegrino a senior researcher in linguistics and cognitive science at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris and Université Lumière Lyon II, France.
…
Francois Pellegrino is mostly a quantitative linguist, meaning his work often includes measuring differences among languages and hunting for explanations behind those differences. He’s worked on language speed a few times, including on one study that compared 17 different languages in a variety of metrics.
Pellegrino prefers looking at syllables rather than individual sounds (phonemes, to linguists) or words. “So the sounds per syllable, you have two ways to look at it,” he says. “You have one way, which is to look at how fast they are produced and what kind of information they convey. But you can also basically ask people to listen to unknown languages and ask them whether it sounds fast or not. So you have the perceptual aspects, and the articulatory and production aspects.”
There are a whole bunch of metrics used to measure all this stuff. There’s the total number of syllables per unit time, which you might think would be fairly simple to measure but is not; Pellegrino’s team decided to rely on the “canonical” pronunciation, so the word “probably” would be noted as three syllables even if the speaker pronounces it “probly.”
Then there’s “information density,” which theoretically refers to the quantity of information conveyed per second. This is even tougher; it turns out to be an absolute nightmare to actually define. There’s a technical meaning devised by a guy named Claude Shannon that involves, basically, how quickly a listener can reduce their uncertainty about the message they’re getting. This involves calculations of the number of possible syllables in a language, the relative popularity of each of those syllables, and the probability that a certain syllable will follow another. All the Shannon stuff is kind of abstract and involves a lot of math that, frankly, made my head hurt.
Perhaps some of the specialists on information theory who are reading this can explain the "Shannon stuff" we need to know in slow, simple terms.
Linguists like Pellegrino have found that there’s an inverse correlation between, basically, how many syllables you can cram into one second and how much information you can cram into one second. Japanese, for example, has an extremely high number of syllables spoken per second. But Japanese also has an extremely low degree of complexity in its syllables, and much less information encoded per syllable. So the syllables come out at a faster rate, but you need more of them to convey the same amount of information as a slow language, like, say, Vietnamese.
But you can also argue that a language like Vietnamese, or even English, is wildly more efficient than Japanese. Japanese syllables contain, mostly, a consonant followed by a vowel, like ko, and Japanese also only has five vowels. English, though we have five letters to represent vowels, has around 20 different vowel sounds. Just by using “A” in different places we can get the vowel sounds in “cat,” “can,” “cane,” “calm,” and a bunch more. Single syllables in English can be extremely complex: the word “strength” involves big annoying clusters of consonants. Vietnamese goes a step further, adding tones, so the tune or pitch of a syllable can also carry value. (Japanese has a system of emphasizi[...]
Word of the Day
Word of the Day: sophomoric
This word has appeared in 18 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
hang | hang out
to spend time with
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
bring out (1)
to release a new product
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Word of the Day
Word of the Day: cachet
This word has appeared in 88 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
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Slang of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
knackered (1)
very tired, exhausted
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
win over
If you win somebody over, you get them to believe you, trust you or support you.
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For this one, I would have guessed that it is onomatopoeic for the sound of something whirring or whishing. In this case, context (a jet plane passing by very close overhead) confirmed that my intuition was correct. Selected readings
* "PiaPiaPia" (2/16/17)
* "Kiss kiss / BER: Chinese photoshop victim" (7/22/14)
* "Duang" (3/1/15)
* "More on "duang"" (3/19/15)
* "Creeping Romanization in Chinese" (8/30/12)
* "Nerd, geek, PK: Creeping Romanization (and Englishization), part 2" (3/5/13)
* "Writing Chinese characters as a form of punishment" (11/1/15)
* "The Awful Chinese Writing System" (Geoffrey Pullum, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1/20/16)
* "Japanese (and Chinese) Onomatopoeia" (7/21/08)
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Phrasal Verb of the Day | Vocabulary | EnglishClub
set off (2)
to make something explode or blow up
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Language Log
The E-V22 haplogroup and its East Asian congeners, ancient and modern
[This is a guest post by Matthew Marcucci]
Population genetics is proving to be astonishingly useful in aiding the study of history, linguistics, archaeology, anthropology, and other disciplines. One means of studying ancient human migrations is analysis of the so-called yDNA haplogroup. In reviewing the modern-day distribution of my own yDNA haplogroup, I have come upon a fascinating contemporary Chinese lineage that may ultimately derive from an ancient or medieval Iranian or Caucasian source population.
Briefly, yDNA haplogroups result from the following basic process: All men inherit Y-chromosomal DNA from their own fathers. Random mutations in this yDNA are then passed on to the sons of those in whom they first occurred, and the process repeats ad infinitum. (An analogous process occurs in women's mitochondrial DNA, which is transmitted to both sons and daughters.) Through the approximate dating of these mutations, men can be differentiated into groups一so-called “haplogroups”一demarcated by their most-recent shared paternal-line ancestor. Here, for example, is a recent paper published in the Journal of Human Genetics that analyzes the yDNA haplogroup frequencies among modern Japanese men. A handy way to represent this pattern of genetic inheritance that ultimately links all men back to a “Y-chromosomal Adam” is by means of a phylogenetic “family” tree.
One yDNA haplogroup, which happens to be my own, is denominated E-V22. A public online database of yDNA haplogroups, yFull, is helpfully organized in a phylogenetic manner, and the phylogeny of E-V22, at least based on the samples uploaded to yFull, reveals the following:
*
The E-V22 haplogroup appears to be roughly 11,800 years old, with a “TMRCA,” or time to most-recent common ancestor, of 8,200 “ybp,” or years-before-present.
*
While there are many deep and relatively old sublineages whose members have diverse geographical origins, there does appear to be a general pattern of E-V22 prevalence in/among the following regions and populations: the Arabian Peninsula and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf; diverse Jewish and related populations (including Bukharian, Ashkenazi, an apparent Moroccan Jewish, Italki, and Ashkenazi branch, the Samaritans [note: this lineage is apparently that of the Samaritan priestly class], and others); the Saho people, a Cushitic-speaking ethnic group of Eritrea and Ethiopia; and other groups such as Egyptians, Levantine Arabs, Sicilians, and at least one Caucasian-Iranian lineage. (There are Northwestern European exemplars, too.)
*
Perhaps surprisingly, there are no fewer than twelve reported samples on yFull with origins in the present-day People’s Republic of China, including a well-developed lineage of Chinese men who report their origins as Dungan, Manchu, Mongol, and in Liaoning [i.e., the gateway to Manchuria], and who share a common paternal-line ancestor who lived about 600 years ago, right around the tail-end of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. (Note their Czech "brother lineage," with a TMRCA of 5,700 years-before present.) Zooming out a bit farther back on the overall E-V22 phylogeny, three more Chinese samples emerge who are nested within different lineages altogether: a self-described “Mandarin Chinese” isolate lineage with Shandong origins that has a TMRCA of 4,100 years-before-present; a Chinese sample with Mongolian origins who shares a common Armenian paternal-line ancestor as of 4,500 years ago, and who has even more remote Irish and British (exotic for E-V22!) paternal-line cousins; and a rather old Henan-based lineage with a Saudi cousin as of 6,200 years ago, and diverse brother lineages with Nablusi, Moroccan Jewish, and Khorasani Turkish origins, among others (including an [...]
Idiom of the Day
in (someone's) view
In someone's opinion. Watch the video
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Word of the Day
incantation
Definition: (noun) A ritual recitation of words or sounds believed to have a magical effect.
Synonyms: conjuration.
Usage: Hagar, the witch, chanted an awful incantation over her kettleful of simmering toads, with weird effect.
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Funny Or Die (Youtube)
The Worst Part Of Accutane (Bless These Braces) #podcast #funnyordie #growingup #accutaine #acne
"Please, you know I'm not pregnant." Sophia Benoit remembers going on Accutane on an all new Bless These Braces with Tam Yajia.
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ng some syllables but is not generally regarded as a tonal language.) Generally speaking, the more complexity we can cram into a syllable, the more information it carries. [VHM: emphasis added] Japanese is faster than English—around 12 syllables per second, maybe even a couple more for an especially fast speaker—but if English can convey the same information in five syllables, is Japanese really “faster”?
The concept of how much “information” is disclosed in a certain syllable is pretty wooly, too. Languages are messy, inconsistent, and redundant. A direct translation of the English sentence “I am” to Spanish would be “Yo soy.” But the “yo” isn’t necessary and, in fact, would usually be omitted.
In Hebrew, there’s no verb for “to be,” so to express that you’re hungry, you would say “אני רעב” meaning “I hungry.” That Hebrew one is a good example, because the word for “hungry” actually has a gender involved; a woman would say “אני רעבה”, which adds an extra syllable, but also extra meaning. For a man, the English and Hebrew have the same number of syllables, but to actually convey all the information in the Hebrew, the English would have to be more like “I, a man, am hungry,” which is much longer.
The amount of information can sometimes get even more dense. In the Paamese language, spoken on an island in Vanuatu, possessives can include information on the relationship between the speaker and the object. “My coconut” is not simply “my coconut.” The word for “my” could mean “my coconut, which I intend to eat,” or “my coconut, which I grew,” or “my coconut, which I intend to use in my household in some way other than eating or drinking.” This is a dramatically more efficient use of space than the English version! Is it, therefore, in some sense, “faster”?
Even in English, we can contract “I am” to “I’m,” though many contractions don’t actually save syllables (“shouldn’t” and “should not” are both two syllables). It is, in all languages, possible to delete quite a lot of syllables and still be able to convey information. Languages tend to be encoded with a lot of redundancy, but that does serve a purpose. Redundancy allows for understanding even if the listener isn’t used to the speaker’s accent, or can’t hear the speaker perfectly, or isn’t paying attention. If you edit a sentence down to the absolute bare minimum, it would take a pretty fair amount of concentration, and the right circumstances, to understand and maybe even make some educated guesses as to what the speaker is trying to convey.
…
Back to "Shannon's stuff":
Pellegrino, along with a few other researchers, released a paper in 2019 that received a great deal of attention among the admittedly small cohort of people who understand Claude Shannon’s math. The paper found that, in terms of sheer number of syllables spoken per second, the fastest languages of the 17 studied were Japanese, Spanish, and Basque. The slowest were Cantonese, Vietnamese, and Thai.
But! Just to offer a couple of explanations: All three of the fastest languages have only five vowels. The three slowest have upwards of 20, and all are tonal, meaning that there is a gigantic number of possible syllables in those languages.
What Pellegrino found is that, essentially, all languages convey information at roughly the same speed when all the factors are taken into account: around 39 bits per second. The higher the syllable-per-second rate, the lower the information density, which creates a trade-off that makes all languages around the same in terms of information rate.
…
Now on to aspects of language that border on poetry and music:
Another element that might provide some extra data is in what linguists call “prosody,” the intonation and rhythm of speech. Do we include pauses in our analyses? (Pellegrino did not; pauses don’t apply to the specific kind of speed he was looking at.) What about rhythm? Some languages, like, interestingly, Japanese and Spanish, fall closer on the spectrum to having each syllable take [...]
Funny Or Die (Youtube)
Flies In The Buttcrack with Sophia Benoit (Bless These Braces: Episode 7)
Sophia Benoit (Well, This Is Exhausting) stops by to look back on when she first felt like an adult, unique porn categories, and playing with dolls into middle school.
Get notified when we drop new episodes, news, and show extras: https://norby.link/ceiRm2
Key Moments
02:13 - The Worst Part Of Accutane
13:07 - "Should I Wash My Feet?"
15:10 - Try And Say This Phrase Without Laughing
19:37 - Sophia Prefers To Read Than Watch
21:20 - Going to France to Become an Adult
03:00 - Loving School
05:40 - She Wants Her Dad to Come Out
06:20 - Having Very Open Parents
07:50 - Playing With Dolls in Middle School
08:25 - Getting Boobs, Getting Your First Period
11:30 - No Bra? Wear a Coat
14:25 - Masturbating
17:08 - Fascinating Porn Categories
25:16 - Bat Mitzvah Themes
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Idiom of the Day
in a measure
To a certain degree or extent; somewhat. Watch the video
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Word of the Day
patella
Definition: (noun) A flat triangular bone located at the front of the knee joint.
Synonyms: kneecap, kneepan.
Usage: Having learned his lesson, the rollerblader wore kneepads to protect his patellae from further injury.
Discuss
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Language Log
Romeyka rescue
Ioanna Sitaridou's "Crowdsourcing Romeyka" project has been getting some coverage in niche media, and in at least one widely-read publication: Esther Addley, "Endangered Greek dialect is ‘living bridge’ to ancient world, researchers say", The Guardian 4/3/2024.
The crowdsourcing platform's interface seems well-designed and easy to use. There are a few obvious questions — for example, there's no protection against inappropriate or even malicious responses, so that the collected recordings will need to be checked by someone who knows Romeyka reasonably well.
Also, my own experience with browser-based data collection of this type has been that there can be level-setting and other audio quality problems, depending on the user's device, operating system, browser, recording context, etc. The hardware and software involved has been improving, so I hope that aspect of things works out well for the project.
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Idiom of the Day
in(to) shape
In good, robust health; strong or fit. Watch the video
➖ @EngSkills ➖
Word of the Day
campanile
Definition: (noun) A bell tower, especially one near but not attached to a church or other public building.
Synonyms: belfry.
Usage: The architect intended the Tower of Pisa to stand straight and tall, but the marble campanile's foundation was poorly laid, and it soon began to lean.
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Language Log
Still more Mongolic
Mogholi is a fascinating language – Mongolic spoken in Afghanistan with strong Perso-Arabic influences. It was already in decline in the 1960s and we don't know if/how many speakers there are left nowhttps://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f614.png
Pics: A poem (a qaṣīda) in original script, transcription and translation pic.twitter.com/9Mrct9DaAI
— Egas Moniz-Bandeira ᠡᡤᠠᠰ ᠮᠣᠨᠢᠰ ᠪᠠᠨᡩ᠋ᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ (@egasmb) April 6, 2024
Moghol (or Mogholi; Dari: مُغُلی) is a critically endangered or possibly extinct Mongolic language spoken in the province of Herat, Afghanistan, in the villages of Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. The speakers were the Moghol people, who numbered 2,000 members in the 1970s. They descend from the remnants of Genghis Khan's Mongol army stationed in Afghanistan in the 13th century.
In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40. It is unknown if there are still speakers of the language.
The language has been strongly influenced by Persian in its phonology, morphology and syntax, causing Weiers to state that it has the appearance of a "true Inner Asian creole language".
(Wikipedia)
Moghol's grammar, phonology, and script have all been heavily influenced by Persian, but at least its numerals can be traced back to Proto-Mongolic (Janhunen (2003):
English gloss Moghol Proto-Mongolic Modern Mongolian 1 one nikah ~ nika/n *nike/n neg 2 two qeyår ~ qiar *koxar ~ *koyar khoyor 3 three ghorbån ~ qurban *gurba/n gurav 4 four dorbån ~ durba/n *dörbe/n döröv 5 five tåbun ~ tabun *tabu/n tav 6 six åsun ~ essun ~ jurghan ~ shish *jirguxa/n zurgaa 7 seven dålån ~ húft *doluxa/n doloo 8 eight sålån ~ húshtu *na(y)ima/n naym 9 nine tåsån ~ no *yersü/n yös 10 ten arbån ~ arban ~ dá *xarba/n
Selected readings
* "Kalmyk-German glossary" (4/5/24)
* "The Altaic Hypothesis revisited" (12/10/20)
* "More on Mongolian and Kalmyk Studies" (4/6/24)
[Thanks to Geoff Wade]
➖ @EngSkills ➖
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[...]
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