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SECTION: E
55. The Teacher I like most
Ans. There are five teachers in my school but the teacher I like most is Mr Dave. He teaches us English. Mr Dave is about thirty-five years old. He is not a very tall man. But he looks very smart. He is always well-dressed. He is always smiling and cheerful. He talks sweetly to all. Mr Dave has a very good method of teaching. He makes English easy and interesting. He gives personal attention to every student. He is patient. He understands the problems of the students. He tries his best to solve them. Mr Dave gives us many English books and newspapers to read. He wants us to master the English language. Mr Dave believes in discipline and hard work. He does not excuse any student who neglects his studies and homework. Mr Dave is our friend, philosopher and guide. He is loved and respected by all. OR
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55. Save the Environment
Ans. Today our environment is in danger because of pollution. There is air, water and noise pollution. Air pollution is caused by smoke from vehicles and factories. Water pollution is caused when factories dump their chemical waste in water. People bathe cattle and wash clothes in water. Noise pollution is caused by loudspeakers, microphones, loud volumes of TV sets and stereos, honking of vehicles, etc. We can save our environment by preventing pollution. We should remove all causes of air, water and noise pollution. We should plant more trees. The government should have special laws to save environment. As good citizens, we should do all that we can to prevent all kinds of pollution. OR
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55. My Memorable day at the Statue of Unity
Ans. I visited the Statue of Unity with my parents last week. We went there by our car. We stayed there in Visamo Hotel. The Statue of Unity is the statue of one of the most prominent Indian leaders, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who is fondly remembered as the Iron Man of India. Located in the Indian state of Gujarat, it stands tall at a height of 182 metres. It was Prime Minister Narendra Modi who came up with the idea of building this huge edifice. Large number of labourers and architects were employed to construct this statue. PM Modi inaugurated it on 31st October 2018. The date chosen for the inaugural ceremony was special. It was the 143rd birth anniversary of Sardar Patel. The statue has been constructed on a river island of the name Sadhu Bet, which is 3.5 kilometres downstream of Narmada Dam. It is divided into five zones. Among these, the public has access to only three zones. The surroundings add to the beauty of this statue. Statue of Unity has become the pride of the nation within no time. It is the tallest statue in the world and is attracting numerous tourists from around the world. Really it was my memorable day at the Statue of Unity.
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Use of the words he/she, him/her and his/hers etc. --- 30
==============================
Read the following sentences.
🔹He has a camera. The camera belongs to him. It is his camera. The camera is his.
🔸She has a diamond ring. The diamond ring belongs to her. It is her diamond ring. The diamond ring is hers.
🔹They have a tea garden. The tea garden belongs to them. It is their tea garden. The tea garden is theirs.
🌟The sentences given in each set express the same idea using different forms of the personal pronouns he, she and they.
The main difference between nouns and pronouns is that nouns do not change their form except when forming the possessive case.
Pronouns, on the other hand, have different forms.
💧The forms he, she and they are used when a pronoun is the subject of a sentence.
💧The forms him, her and them are used when a pronoun is the object of a sentence.
💧The forms his, her, hers, their and theirs are possessive in nature.
🍁Possessives are of two kinds: possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives.
Possessive adjectives go before nouns. Possessive pronouns are used alone.
Note that the possessive pronoun and possessive adjective form of he is the same: his
Study the following sentences.
🔸This is his cap. This cap is his.
🔹This is her ring. This ring is hers. (NOT This ring is her.)
🔸This is their car. This car is theirs. (NOT This car is their.)
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SV RAMANUJ
Indefinite pronouns --- 28
==============================
Study the following sentences.
🔹One hardly knows what to do.
🔸One cannot choose one’s parents.
🔹One must not boast of one’s success.
🔸One should love one’s country.
🔹None of them have come yet.
🔸None but fools have ever believed it.
🔹None of his books are best sellers.
🔸Some are born great; some achieve greatness.
🔹Nobody came to his rescue.
🔸Somebody has let the cat in.
🔹Few escaped unhurt.
🔸What is everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
📎In the sentences given above the pronouns in bold text are examples of indefinite pronouns because they do not refer to a particular person or thing. Indefinite pronouns are used to talk about people or
things in a general way.
🔎Notes
Note that none is the shortened form of no one. In an informal style, none is commonly used with plural verbs.
Most indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives.
🔸Any fool can do that.
🔹One day my prince will come.
🔸He is man of few words.
🔹Some milk was spilt.
🔖To refer back to anybody, everybody, everyone, anyone, each etc., the pronoun he or she is used according to the context.
🔹Everyone of the boys has handed in his work.
🔸Everyone of the girls has brought her violin.
◾️Note that nowadays it is more common to use the plural pronoun they/them/their to refer back to everybody, anybody etc.
🔺Anybody can do it if they try.
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SV RAMANUJ
What are reflexive pronouns? --- 26
==============================
Reflexive pronouns are words like myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, oneself, ourselves and themselves.
Uses
A very common use of reflexive pronouns is to talk about actions where the subject and object are the same person.
🔹The old woman killed herself. (Here the subject and object are the same person – the old woman.)
🔹I am going to the shops to get myself some clothes.
Emphatic use
We can use reflexive pronouns as subject or object emphasisers. When used emphatically a reflexive pronoun means ‘that person / thing and nobody / nothing else’.
🔹The manager himself said this. (= The manager and nobody else said this.)
🔹I myself talked to him.
🔹I will see the President himself if I have to.
Reflexives used instead of personal pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used instead of personal pronouns after words like as, like, but (for) and except (for).
🔹Everybody turned up except yourself. OR Everybody turned up except you.
By oneself / yourself etc
The expressions by oneself / yourself etc can mean ‘alone’ or ‘without company’.
🔹She said that she would like to spend some time by herself. (= She would like to spend some time alone.)
No possessive forms
The reflexive pronouns do not have possessive forms. Instead, we use my own, your own, our own etc.
🔹I always cook my own food. (NOT I always cook myself’s food.)
Reflexives not used
Certain verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. Examples are: open, sell, feel, hurry etc.
🔹Hurry! (NOT Hurry yourself!)
🔹I felt strange. (NOT I felt myself strange.)
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SV RAMANUJ
Clothing Idioms
MARCH 9, 2024
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This idioms exercise tests your understanding of clothing idioms. Fill in the blanks.
1. If you are willing to do something at the drop of a .............................., you don't need any advance notice to do it.
ball
hat
cap
2. If somebody has a ........................... in their bonnet, they have something that annoys them.
beetle
wasp
bee
3. You needn't have commented on her speech impairment. It was below .............................
the collar
the belt
the sleeves
4. The city is bursting at the ............................ due to the influx of migrants.
sleeves
seams
hems
5. When you have a card up your ............................, you have a reserve plan.
collar
belt
sleeve
6. To ........................... down is to work hard.
fasten
buckle
7. That laptop really burned a hole in my .............................
pocket
purse
wallet
8. We were not going to a party. She was still dressed to the ……………………………
nines
sevens
fives
9. This gown fits me like a .......................
hat
glove
coat
10. They examined the evidence with a ...............................
knife
fine-tooth comb
blade
11. To fly by the seat of one's .............................. is to do something without a plan.
pants
shorts
trousers
12. Alka is very sensitive. You have to handle her with ……………………………….
baby gloves
kid gloves
child gloves
Answers
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1. If you are willing to do something at the drop of a hat, you don’t need any advance notice to do it.
2. If somebody has a bee in their bonnet, they have something that annoys them.
3. You needn’t have commented on her speech impairment. It was below the belt.
4. The city is bursting at the seams due to the influx of migrants.
5. When you have a card up your sleeve, you have a reserve plan.
6. To buckle down is to work hard.
7. That laptop really burned a hole in my pocket.
8. We were not going to a party. She was still dressed to the nines.
9. This gown fits me like a glove.
10. They examined the evidence with a fine-tooth comb.
11. To fly by the seat of one’s pants is to do something without a plan.
12. Alka is very sensitive. You have to handle her with kid gloves.
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Demonstrative pronouns --- 29
==============================
Study the following sentences.
🔹This is a gift from my brother.
🔸Both watches are good; but this is better than that.
🔹My views are in accordance with those of the Chairman.
🔸These are mere excuses.
🔹That is the Red Fort.
🔸Mumbai mangoes are better than those of Bangalore.
📎 You will have noticed that the pronouns in bold text are used to point out the objects to which they refer. They are, therefore, called demonstrative pronouns. There are four demonstrative pronouns in English: this, that, these and those.
Note that this and that are used with singular nouns. These and those are used with plural nouns.
This and these refer to object/objects close at hand. That and those refer to what is ‘over there’.
🔹This is better than that.
Demonstrative adjectives
This, that, these and those are demonstrative adjectives when they are used with nouns.
🔸That book is mine.
🔸What is that noise?
🔸These flowers are very beautiful.
🔸Those days were the best.
🔸This horse is faster than that horse.
Special uses
That and those are often used to avoid the repetition of a preceding noun.
🔻The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
Here the demonstrative those is used to avoid the repetition of ‘the streets’.
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SV RAMANUJ
Distributive pronouns --- 27
==============================
Consider the following sentences:
🔹Each boy was given a prize.
🔹Either road leads to the railway station.
🔹Neither accusation is true.
📎Each, either and neither are called distributive pronouns because they refer to persons or things one at a time. Note that a distributive pronoun is always singular and as such it should be followed by a singular noun and verb.
🔹Each new day is different. (NOT Each new days are different.)
🔹Either girl can do that. (NOT Either girls can do that.)
🔹Neither answer is correct. (NOT Neither answers is correct.) (NOT Neither answers are correct.)
🔎Notes
Each of, neither of and either of are followed by plural nouns and singular verbs.
🔹Each of the answers is correct. (NOT Each of the answer is correct.)
🔹Neither of the girls can do that. (NOT Either of the girl can do that.)
Either and neither
Either and neither should be used only in speaking of two persons or things. When more than two persons or things are spoken of, any, no one or none should be used.
🔹None of the three answers is correct. (NOT Neither of the three answers is correct.)
🔹We invited several friends, but none came. (NOT … but neither came.)
🔹You can take any of the three shirts. (NOT You can take either of the three shirts.)
Each
Each can go in different positions.
🔹Each of the boys was given a present.
🔹The boys were each given a present.
🔹They have each been told.
🔹Each of them has been told.
🔹We each think the same.
🔹Each of us thinks the same.
=======================
SV RAMANUJ
What are relative pronouns? --- 25
==============================
Read the following pairs of sentences:
🔹I saw a little girl. She was very beautiful.
🔹I know a man. His son is at Oxford.
🔹He got a letter. He had been expecting it.
Each of these pairs can be combined into a single sentence:
🔸I saw a little girl who was very beautiful.
🔸I know a man whose son is at Oxford.
🔸He got a letter that he had been expecting.
📎Here the words who, whose and which are examples of relative pronouns. Let’s examine what purpose they serve in the sentences.
◾️In sentence 1, who stands for the little girl: hence it is a pronoun. It also connects the two statements ‘I saw a little girl’ and ‘She was very beautiful’. Hence it acts as a conjunction. Thus it does double
work and may be called a conjunctive pronoun. But it is actually called a relative pronoun because it relates or refers to a noun that has gone before it.
◾️In sentence 2 and 3, the words whose and which also do double work as pronoun and conjunction. Both are, therefore, called relative pronouns.
💡The noun to which a relative pronoun refers is called its antecedent. In the sentences given above, the nouns girl, man and letter are the antecedents of who, whose and which respectively.
Functions of the relatives within their clauses
Within the subordinate clause the relative pronoun may serve as subject or object of the verb, or object of a preposition.
🔺As subject
🔹Trust no man who does not love his country. (Here the relative pronoun who is the subject of the subordinate clause ‘who does not love his country’.)
🔺As object of the verb
🔹There I met an old man whom my father had known.
🔺As the object of a preposition
🔹There was no room in which we could stay.
🔺Note that when the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, we can put the preposition at the end of the clause. In such cases we usually omit the relative pronoun.
🔹There was no room we could stay in.
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