10335
History Notes Books for UPSC, State PCS, NET JRF
📌 Geography Tricks for All📌
1⃣Capsian Sea bordering Countries https://youtu.be/d5exBtD4Puo
2⃣Black Sea bordering Countries
https://youtu.be/gFvsMP5WTkc
3⃣Countries in Horn of Africa https://youtu.be/oNXsimE29cQ
4⃣ Countries around RED SEA https://youtu.be/kYHmLzsZrg0
5⃣ Countries Surrounding North SEA https://youtu.be/bj_xp_QGk3s
6⃣ Countries bordering Baltic Sea
https://youtu.be/eInlRrCtnu0
📌 Geography Tricks for All📌
Pulicat Lagoon is the second largest brackish water lagoon in India, after Chilika Lake.
The lake encompasses the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary.
Flamingo festival is an annual festival held in the Pulicat Lake.
✅India’s green cover has touched nearly one-fourth of its geographical area with "forests" and "trees outside recorded forest areas" put together recording an increase of 2,261 sq km (0.3%) in 2021 compared to the previous assessment in 2019, shows the latest India State of Forest Report (ISFR 2021).
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Points in this book by Lenin -
- WW1 was “an annexationist, predatory, plunderous war” among empires, whose historical and economic background must be studied "to understand and appraise modern war and modern politics".
- for generation of greater profits than investing in home country — Capitalists merges banks & industrial cartels and produces "finance capitalism" — exportation & investment of capital to countries with underdeveloped economies
- all this leads to division of world among monopolist businessmen & great power (can be seen in Africa) —> COLONISATION of non-capitalist regions
- in the course of colonizing undeveloped countries, Business & Govt. eventually engages in geopolitical conflict over the economic exploitation of large portions of geographic world & its populaces.
- Therefore, imperialism is the highest (advanced) stage of capitalism, requiring monopolies (of labour and natural-resource exploitation) and the exportation of finance capital (rather than goods) to sustain colonialism, which is an integral function of said economic model.
- in the capitalist homeland, the super-profits yielded by the colonial exploitation of a people and their economy, permit businessmen to bribe native politicians, labour leaders and the labour aristocracy (upper stratum of the working class) to politically thwart worker revolt (labour strike).
Condition of Santhara --
>> Upsarga
>> Durbhiksa
>> Jara
>> Nihpratikara ruja
🔆PAIKA REBELLION OF ODISHA
✅ Why In News: Government has clarified that the 1817 Paika rebellion of Odisha could not be called the first war of Independence, but can be considered it as a beginning of a popular uprising against the British and will included as a case study in the Class 8 NCERT history textbook.
✅The Culture Ministry had received a reference from the Odisha Chief Minister asking that the Paika rebellion be declared the first war of Independence.
✅ The ministry said the matter was examined in consultation with the Indian Council of Historical Research, under the Union Education Ministry, and according to the comments by the Indian Council of Historical Research, the Paika rebellion could not be called the first war of Independence.
✅However, from a historical point of view, it can be said that the ‘Paika Bidroha’, which was set off in March 1817 and continued until May 1825, had set an example for the classes as well as the masses in India to follow later on.
▪️About Paika Rebellion:
✅The Paikas (pronounced “paiko”, literally ‘foot soldiers’), were a class of military retainers had been recruited since the 16th century by kings in Odisha from a variety of social groups to render martial services in return for hereditary rent-free land (nish-karjagirs) and titles.
✅The advent of the British and establishment of colonial rule brought new land revenue settlements, which led to the Paikas losing their estates mostly to Bengali absentee landlords.
✅ The British changed the currency system, demanding revenue payments in rupees, which increased pressure on the dispossessed, marginal tribals.
✅The British control over salt — which had pre-1803-4 origins, but was extended to coastal Orissa in 1814 — also meant increased hardship for the people in the region.
✅In 1817, some 400 Kondhs rose in revolt against the British under the leadership of Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar Mohapatra Bharamarbar Rai, the highest-ranking military general of Mukund Dev II, and erstwhile holder of the lucrative Rodanga estate.
✅Paikas fought bloody battles at several places, but the colonial army gradually crushed the revolt.
✅ Bakshi Jagabandhu escaped to the jungles, and stayed out of reach of the British until 1825, when he finally surrendered under negotiated terms.
@History_OptionalNotes
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TEN ORIGINAL STUPA
♦️When Buddha died, he was cremated, 10 stupas were built in his memory by 10 personalities of the age.Out of these 8 stupas were built on funeral remains of bones & ash.The ninth stupa was built on embers and the 10th stupa was built on the urn.
📍Details of these 10 original stupas are as follows:
♦️Magadhan king ajatashatru built a stupa in his capital rajagriha.
♦️Lichchhavis built a stupa in their capital Vaishali.
♦️Shakyas built a stupa in their capital Kapilvastu.
♦️Buliyas built a stupa in their capital Allakappa.
♦️Koliyas built a stupa in their capital Ramagrama.
♦️Mallas of pava built a stupa in their capital Pavapuri.Mallas of kushinagar built a stupa built a stupa in their capital Kushinagar.
♦️Brahmin of vethadipa built a stupa at vethadipa.
♦️Moriyas of Piplivana built a stupa over the embers in their capital Piplivana.
♦️Brahmin Drona built a stupa over the urn used to distribute Buddha’s remains of bones and ash at some unknown place.
@History_OptionalNotes
🔖ELEPHANTA CAVES
♦️Elephanta name of island located near Mumbai. Original name was Gharapuri. Renames as Elephanta by Portuguese.
♦️7 caves located at elephanta, out of which 5 belong to Brahmanical region [ Shaivism and Vaishnavism] and 2 belong to Buddhism.
♦️Caves in elephanta famous for images of God shiva with shiva depicted in various forms such as – trimurti, maheshmurti, and ardnarishwara.
♦️Caves were carved out during the period of 5th century AD to 8th century AD.
♦️Caves incuded in UNESCO’s list of world heritage sites in 1987.
@History_OptionalNotes
🔖AJANTA CAVES
♦️In Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. These are 30 caves at ajanta, out which 29 are in finished condition and one cave in unfinished.
♦️Out of 30 caves, 5 are chaityas and 25 are viharas.
♦️These caves cut into horse shoe shaped overlooking River Waghora.
♦️Caves were discovered by Captain John smith in 1819. Officer in madras army.
♦️1824, James alexander published details of these caves in the journal of royal Asiatic society.
♦️Cutting of these caves commenced in 2nd century BC and continued till 9th century AD. Caves no. 10 at ajanta is the oldest and caves no. 26 is the latest.
♦️Early caves belong to Hinayana buddhism and later caves belong to Mahayana buddhism.
@History_OptionalNotes
🔖CAVE ARCHITECTURE DURING GUPTA PERIOD.
♦️Tradition continued during Gupta age too but level of progress was not as high as witnessed. Some of the caves at ajanta, Bagha, Mandargiri, and udaygiri were cut during this age.
♦️Bagha caves located in dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. Caves belong to buddhism. These caves discovered by F.danger field in 1818AD.
♦️Mandargiri caves are located in Bhagalpur district of Bihar. These caves belong to Jainism.
♦️Udaygiri caves are located near Vidisha in MP. These caves belong to Vaishnavism and Shaivism.
♦️Caves numbered 16, 17 and 19 made during this age. Out of these caves, numbers 16 and 17 were built under the patronage of Varhadeva.
@History_OptionalNotes
🔖Cave architecture in Eastern india
♦️Large number of caves were carved out in Udaygiri-Khandagiri hills, located near Bhubaneshwar in odisha, under the patronage of great Kalinga ruler KHARAVELA.
♦️18 caves in udaygiri hills and 15 caves in Khandagiri hills.
♦️In ancient times these caves were known as Kumari parvat and kumara parvat respectively.
♦️Discovered by Bishop A. stirling in 1825 AD.
♦️Also called Cuttack and Katak caves. Caves belong to Jainism and were used by jain monks for Residential purposes.
♦️Ranigumpha, ganeshgumpha, swarga puri – mancha puri and Hathigumpha are the most prominent caves in Udaygiri hills.
♦️Ranigumpha and swargapuri -manchapuri are double storied and largest in size.
♦️Ananta Gumpha, ambilka gumha, tatowa Gumpha and navamuni Gumpha are the most prominent caves in Khandagiri hills.
♦️Tatowa gumpha is also known as Parrot caves because parrots sculpted on its doorways.
🔸@History_OptionalNotes
🖍️SIKH STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
♦️Sikh style of architecture developed in the region of modern day Punjab. It
was heavily influenced by Mughal style and Rajput style of architecture.
Some of the features of Sikh school are:
♦️ Use of multiple Chhatris or kiosks on the top of the construction.
♦️Use of shallow cornices and onion dome.
♦️ The buildings had fluted domes, which were generally covered with brass and copper guilds for decoration and support.
♦️The arches were decorated by the use of numerous foliations.
Example: Shri Harmandir Sahib or Golden temple (constructed during in 16th–17th century).
📍@History_OptionalNotes
Biomethanation is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas.
◾️ Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.
◾️ Biomethanation has strong potential for the production of energy from organic residues and wastes.
◾️ It will help to reduce the use of fossil fuels and thus reduce CO(2) emission.
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Katkari
◾️ Katkari is one of the 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
◾️Katkaris were historically forest dwellers. They are located
primarily in Raigad and in parts of Palghar, Ratnagiri and Thane districts as well and in some places of Gujarat.
◾️ The British administration had classified them under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871.
◾️ The name Katkari is derived from a forest-based activity – the
making and barter or sale of Katechu (kath) from the Khair tree (Acacia Katechu).
◾️ It is produced by boiling wood from the Khair tree and evaporating the resulting brew.
Biofertilzier is a substance containing living microorganisms.
It can be applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil.
Biofertilizer improves the supply of primary nutrients like nitrogen, Phosphorous etc. to the host plant, and thereby promotes its growth.
■ REGULATING ACT 1773.
◇ Governor of Bengal will now be Governor-General of Bengal.
◇ Created an Executive Council of 4 members to assist him.
◇ First Governor General was Warren Hastings.
◇ Establishment of Supreme court in Calcutta. Comprising 1 CJI and 3 other Judges.
◇ Prohibited the Servants from engaging in any Private Trades and taking Bribes from Natives.
◇ Court of Directors will report about the functioning of EIC to Government.
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Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917), by Vladimir Lenin
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Question for Optional —
1) "The Company tries to live within the ring fence during the period 1772-1813". Examine.
2) "The subsidiary alliance introduced by Wellesley in 1798 was in essence — expansion of policy of ring fence". Elucidiate.
3) "Expansion part of British Rule was not applicable to its earliest phase, i.e., 1757-1772, and it was very limited in next phase, i.e., 1772-1813. Explain.
42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:
1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.
2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries
4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.
Notification for civil services exam 2022.
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Treaties of Maratha --
>> Raghunath concluded TREATY OF SURAT with british --> cede Bassein and Salsette to British to become Peshwa (1775)... later refused
>> TREATY OF PURANDAR --> Nana Fadnavis & British --> Madhav Rao II became Peshwa
>> Home Authority refused to accept this Purandar treaty... again war... Scindhia was defeated.. TREATY OF SALBAI concluded... --> Salsette Bassein given to british + 20 year of peace ..
>> Bhonsle defeated signed subsidiary --> TREATY OF DEOGAON
>> Scindhia was defeated --> TrEATY OF SURJI-ARJUNGAON
>> Final TREATY OF PUNE ... after 3rd anglo-maratha
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@History_OptionalNotes
Structure of Ashokan pillars
♦️Ashokan pillars erected independently had 4 parts :-
• Shaft - bell-shaped portion – abascus - capital
♦️The shaft of Ashokan pillars were generally monolithic but not always.The shaft of Vaishali, Lauriya – araraj, and Lauriya-nandangarh pillars was made of several pieces of stones joined together
♦️A bell shaped portion was put over the shaft. It was the second component of Ashokan pillars. This portion is often termed as inverted lotus by Historians.
♦️The third component of Ashokan pillars was abacus. Abacus was a platform on which the crowning animal was placed . it was square or rectangular in earlier pillars. In later pillars abacus was circular in shape.
♦️The capital or the crowning animal was the topmost and fourth component of Ashokan pillars.
♦️Ashoka used inscriptions in the pillars to attract people from far away. This mechanism was adopted by Ashoka deliberately to communicate with his subjects directly.
@History_OptionalNotes
🔖ELLORA CAVES
♦️Built during the period of 600AD – 1000AD under the patronage of merchants and local rulers.
♦️In ancient times it known as Ellapura and Ellora. At present this known as Verul.
♦️Total 34 caves – 12 caves belong to buddhism, 17 caves belong Brahmanical religion and 5 caves belong to Jainism.
♦️Caves belonging to three religion cut simultaneously over the centuries. This indicates that level of tolerance was very high.
♦️Cave number 16 at Ellora is also known as Kailasha temple. It is biggest monolithic structure in the whole world.
♦️These caves were included in unesco’s list of world heritage sites in 1983.
@History_OptionalNotes
🔖CAVE ARCHITECTURE DURING POST – GUPTA AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD.
♦️During the post gupta and early medieval - cave architecture continued to flourish in Penisular india.
♦️Ellora, elephanta, pallava, and some of the caves at ajanta were cut during the age.
♦️Under the Chalukya – three caves were carved out at Badami.
♦️Pallava rulers of Kanchipuram patronized cave- cutting activities . these pallavas caves belong to Hinduism and they are known as Mandaps.
♦️Mahendravishnugraha Mandapa located at Mahendravadi and Panchapandava mandapa located at Pallavaram are examples of early phase of pallava architecture. These caves carved out during the reign of pallava king Mahendravarmana 1.
♦️Ramanuja mandapa and Adivaraha mandapa located at Mahabalipuram represent the later stage of pallava cave architecture.
@History_OptionalNotes
🔖Caves Architecture in western India.
♦️Caves are in the form of Chaityas and Viharas.
♦️Ajanta, Karle, Bedsa , Bhaja, Nasik, junnar, Kanheri, pitalkhora are prominent centres of cave architeture in w. India.
♦️Karle is located in Pune district. Four caves at Karle, one is Chaitya and three are viharas.It was built under the patronage of Bhootpal shresti of Vijanti in 2nd century AD during the satvahana king Pulameyi II.
♦️Junnar is largest cave complex in india. These are 130 caves located here. At nasik, there are 17 caves out of which one is chaitya and 16 viharas. The term Lena or Layana was used in ancient Sanskrit literature for caves. It has gallery of music.
♦️Caves located at Bedsa and kondana exhibit transition from wooden architecture to Stone architecture.
♦️Pitalkhora caves located in Khandesh district of MH. This place referred as petangalya in Buddhist text Mahamayuri.
✅ @History_OptionalNotes
🔖Barabar and Nagarjuni Hill caves.
♦️Caves located in barabar hills were cut during the reign of Ashoka and the caves located in Nagarjuni hill under the patronage of his grandson Dasaratha.
♦️There are four caves in barabar hills and three caves in nagarjuni hills.
♦️Both these caves located close to each other in jehanabad district of Bihar.
♦️Ashokan inscriptions found on walls of caves located refer barabar hill as ‘khalatika’ mountain.
♦️Caves located in Barabar hills are :-
🔸Lomas rishi cave.
🔸Sudama cave.
🔸Karna chaupar cave.
🔸Visvakarma cave.
♦️Caves located in Nagarjuni hills are :-
🔸Gopi cave.
🔸Vadithi cave.
🔸Vapiya cave.
♦️These caves are divided into chambers - Front hall was used for the gatherings of worshipper and the second chamber used by monks for their residence as well as worship.
♦️These caves were popularized by English author E.M. forster in his book Passage of india.
@History_OptionalNotes
🖍️RAJPUT STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
♦️The Rajput constructions of the period were also influenced by the Mughal style, but were unique in size and scope of their constructions.
♦️They generally undertook the building of imposing palaces and forts.
Some of the unique features of Rajput architecture are as follows:
♦️ They used the concept of hanging balcony (jharokha), which were constructed in all shapes and sizes.
♦️The cornices were built in the shape of an arch such that the shadow took the shape of a bow.
@History_OptionalNotes