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Pangong Tso:
✅Pangong Lake or Pangong Tso is a long narrow, endorheic (landlocked) lake situated at a height of more than 14,000 ft (4,350 meters) in the Ladakh Himalayas.
✅The lake is 5 kilometers wide and 134 kilometers long, with one-third of it lying in India & the other two-thirds in China.
✅It is the world's highest saltwater lake.
✅The lake is also very deep and reaches a maximum depth of almost 328 feet.
✅It is also known to change colors, appearing blue, green, and red at different times
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#lakes_series
#environment
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Why is 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 𝗧𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 the best?
⚡️This is the 𝗼𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗧𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 where the 𝗲𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘂𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 is done 𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝗯𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘆.
⚡️Emphasis on 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 than just the quantity - to get 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗲𝘅𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗸 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘀.
⚡️𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟯 𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 in UPSC Anthro 2023 Paper (𝗣𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗿 𝟭 in total of around 𝟯𝟮𝟱/𝟰𝟬𝟬 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗸𝘀 (including choices) and from 𝗣𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗿 𝟮 in total of around 𝟰𝟬𝟬/𝟰𝟬𝟬 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗸𝘀 (including choices)). Please 𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗰𝗸 𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗼𝗳.
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Cuba:
✅Continent: North America.
✅Capital: Havana.
✅Neighboring Countries: Jamaica, Haiti, Bahamas, Dominican Republic.
✅Cuba, a country in the West Indies.
✅It is the largest single island of the archipelago.
✅Spanish is the principal language of Cuba.
✅Cuba is a multicultural, largely urban nation.
✅Groups of mountains and hills cover about one-fourth of the island of Cuba.
✅The plains covering about two-thirds of the main island have been used extensively for sugarcane and tobacco cultivation and livestock raising.
✅Cuban topography and geology have produced at least 13 distinct groups of soils, the majority of which are fertile and cultivated throughout the year.
✅The annual mean temperature is 79 °F (26 °C).
✅Tropical plant life includes thousands of flowering plant species, half of which may be endemic to the archipelago.
✅Animal life is abundant and varied in Cuba, which is the habitat of numerous small mammals and reptiles, more than 7,000 insect species, and 4,000 species of land, river, and sea molluscs.
#Places_in_news
#Not_landlocked_country
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Disaster Management includes sum total of all activities, programs and measures which can be taken up before, during and after a disaster.
A typical disaster management continuum consists of:
✅A pre-disaster Risk Management Phase which
includes prevention, mitigation and preparedness.
✅ Post-disaster Crisis Management Phase which includes relief, response, rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery.
The three key stages of activities that are taken up within disaster risk management are
#disaster_management
Palm Trees
✅Odisha plans to plant 1.9 million palm trees and restrict cutting to reduce lightning deaths, targeting areas heavily affected during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons.
✅Palm is any member of the Arecaceae, or Palmae, a single family of monocotyledonous flowering plants of the order Arecales.
✅These evergreen plants can grow in the form of shrubs, trees, or long, woody vines called lianas.
✅Distribution: The great centres of palm distribution are in America and in Asia, from India to Japan and south to Australia and the islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans, with Africa and Madagascaras a third but much less important palm region.
✅They are characterized by a tall, unbranched stem or, rarely, by a dichotomous branching stem (Hyphaene), and of the same diameter all along from base to top; at the apex, they bear a rosette consisting of coriaceous, either palmate or pinnate, leaves, up to some meters long.
✅Palmate leaves, like hands, grow in a bunch at the end of a stem. Pinnate leaves are like feathers, growing all along either side of a stem.
✅Though many species of palms are sturdy and plentiful, as many as 100 species are endangered due to deforestation and unsustainable cultivation practices, such as for the heart of palm, which comes from a part of the tree that cannot be regrown.
✅The palms with the greatest importance in world commerce are the coconut and the African oil palm(Elaeis guineensis); both are prime sources of vegetable oil and fat.
✅The rarest palm tree is the Hyophorbe amaricaulis. The only one left currently lives at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in Mauritius.
🔆Zinc’s role in making legumes resilient to climate change
✅why in news: Researchers have discovered that zinc plays a crucial role in enhancing the health and climate resilience of legume crops.
✅The study reveals zinc’s importance in nitrogen fixation, where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia, essential for plant growth.
Legumes form a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria, which fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules sensitive to environmental factors like temperature, drought, and soil salinity.
✅The study also identified a transcription factor called Fixation Under Nitrate (FUN) that controls nodule breakdown when soil nitrogen levels are high.
✅Zinc acts as a secondary signal to regulate nitrogen fixation efficiency, with the zinc sensor FUN playing a key role.
✅Understanding how zinc and FUN regulate nitrogen fixation can help optimize this process in legume crops, leading to increased nitrogen availability, improved yields, and reduced reliance on synthetic fertilizers
🔆VANUATU
✅ Why in news: The government of Vanuatu will soon settle into a suite of new buildings funded by China, a move which has reignited concerns about Beijing’s reach in the South Pacific nation.
Vanuatu :
✅Vanuatu is an island country consisting of a chain of 13 principal and many smaller islands located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
✅These islands are situated approximately east of Australia.
✅The islands extend north-south in an irregular Y shape.
✅The northernmost group is the Torres Islands, and southward from there, the main islands include Vanua Lava, Santa Maria (Gaua), Espiritu Santo, Aoba (Ambae), Maéwo, Pentecost, Malakula, Ambrym, Épi, Éfaté, Erromango, Tanna, and Anatom.
✅Formerly the jointly administered Anglo-French condominium of the New Hebrides, Vanuatu achieved independence in 1980.
✅The capital, largest city, and commercial centre is Port-Vila (Vila), on Éfaté.
🔆Minami-Torishima island (Japan)
✅Why in news: Researchers discovered 230 million tons of minerals, including cobalt and nickel, off a remote island 1,200 miles from Tokyo.
✅Minami-Torishima Island, also known as Marcus Island, is an isolated Japanese coral atoll in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, 1,950 km southeast of Tokyo.
✅ It is Japan’s easternmost territory and the only one on the Pacific Plate.
✅The island is shaped like an equilateral triangle and formed by a raised coral reef, with flat terrain and a maximum altitude of 9 meters.
#Places_in_news
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Nouka Baich Boat Race:
✅It is a traditional boat race of West Bengal.
✅The races occur in the month of September across riverine Bengal, when the river waters are swollen during the last weeks of the monsoons.
✅They continue till September, sometimes till October, even November in some places.
✅These boat races were previously dominated by male but in the recent years one can see participation of women too.
✅These boat races in southern West Bengal are particularly linked with the worship of the Hindu deity Manasa, the goddess of snakes.
✅The worship of Manasa is the worship of snakes. And the local deity most commonly worshipped in rural south Bengal is Manasa, a deity worshipped by agrarian communities.
✅Type of boats used
In this race four to five kinds of traditional boats are used for the races.
✅Other boats that are commonly used for races in Bengal include the Chhip, Kaile Bachhhari, Chande Bachhari, Chitoi and Sorpi.
✅A special type boat called Sorengi which is about 90 ft long which imitates nature is also seen in these races.
🔆Lake Kariba
Musankwa sanyatiensis:It is a new dinosaur species which has been identified from fossils discovered along the shores of Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe.
📍Lake Kariba:
✅It is the world’s largest man-made lake and reservoir by volume. It lies along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is 200 kilometers downstream of Victoria Falls.
✅The lake was filled following the completion of the Kariba Dam wall at its northeastern end, flooding the Kariba Gorge on the Zambezi River.
#mapping
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🔆 Ocean Warming
✅The ocean absorbs most of the excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions, leading to rising ocean temperatures.
▪️Reason:
✅Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy, deforestation, and industrial processes releases significant amounts of greenhouse gasses, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, leading to a warming effect on both the atmosphere and the oceans.
✅Carbon Dioxide Absorption: Oceans act as a vast reservoir that absorbs a significant portion of the excess carbon dioxide from human activities. While this absorption helps mitigate climate change on land, it also results in the warming of the ocean itself.
✅Solar Radiation: Changes in solar radiation, though a minor contributor compared to human-induced factors, can influence ocean temperatures over long periods.
▪️Impact:
✅Coral Bleaching: Elevated temperatures can cause corals to expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, leading to coral bleaching. Prolonged bleaching weakens corals and makes them more susceptible to diseases, posing a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems.
✅Sea Level Rise: Warmer ocean temperatures contribute to the thermal expansion of seawater. This, along with the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, leads to rising sea levels, which can result in coastal erosion and increased vulnerability of coastal communities.
✅Disruption of Marine Food Webs: Changes in ocean temperatures can alter the distribution and abundance of marine species, affecting the structure of marine food webs. This can have cascading effects on fisheries and the livelihoods of communities dependent on them.
✅Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess carbon dioxide by the oceans leads to ocean acidification. Acidification can harm marine organisms with calcium carbonate skeletons or shells, including corals, mollusks, and some plankton, affecting the entire marine food chain.
#environment
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TUTICORIN PORT :
✅The V.O. Chidambaranar Port, also known as the Tuticorin Port, is one of the major ports in India.
✅It is situated in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.
✅This artificial port was declared a major port on July 11, 1974.
✅The port is named after V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, an eminent freedom fighter, and continues to play a crucial role in India’s maritime trade.
✅It serves as the second-largest port in Tamil Nadu and the fourth-largest container terminal in the country.
✅The port operates round the clock throughout the year and plays a crucial role in supporting export-import (EXIM) trade.
✅Tamil Nadu has three major ports: V. O. Chidambaranar Port (Tuticorin) and Kamajar Port (Ennore) and Chennai Port.
✅These ports, along with an intermediate port at Nagapattinam, play a crucial role in facilitating trade and commerce in the state.
#Places_in_news
#Port_series
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#River_series
#Kaveri_River #Cauvery_River
🔆Kaveri/ Cauvery river
✅It rises in the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village of Kodagu (Coorg) district of Karnataka and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
✅It is bounded by Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and by the ridges separating it from Krishna basin and Pennar basin.
✅It is the third largest river – after Godavari and Krishna – in South India
✅the largest river in the State of Tamil Nadu
✅Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and UT of Puducherry.
Tributaries:
✅ Left Bank: the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati.
✅ Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, the Kabbani, the Suvarnavati, the Bhavani, the Noyil and the Amaravati.
✅On the Cauvery, lies the “Grand Anicut dam” said to have been constructed by Chola King in 1st century A.D.
✅Imp dams : Krishna Raja Sagara dam, Mettur
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🔆Shyok river
✅The Shyok river is a tributary of the Indus river, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
✅The river system originates in the Rimo Glacier of Siachen and flows through the Karakoram Range and enters Gilgit–Baltistan.
✅The Nubra River is a tributary of the River Shyok .
Shyok is a small village located on the banks of the Shyok River in Nubra Valley, Ladakh, India. It is situated at an elevation of 3,700 meters (12,100 feet) and is the last village on the Indian side of the road to Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO), a military base near the India-China border.
🔆PENCH TIGER RESERVE
✅The Pench Tiger Reserve is named after the Pench River.
✅Inside the park, the river flows from North to South before going on to join the Kanhan River, while splitting the Park into two, and forming the boundary of Seoni District and Chhindwara District districts of Madhya Pradesh.
✅The Meghdoot dam built across Pench River at Totladoh has created a large water body of 72 km2 out of which 54 km2 falls in M.P. and the rest in the adjoining state of Maharashtra.
✅The Pench River which emerges from Mahadeo Hills of Satpuda Ranges and the various nallas and streams which drain into it, all flow through the forests of the protected area.
✅The Pench Tiger Reserve spans the southern reaches of the Satpura hills in the Seoni and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh.
✅It also extends into the Nagpur district in Maharashtra.
Biodiversity:
✅This reserve is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna.
✅Tigers are the main attraction, but it also hosts large herds of Chital, Sambar, Nilgai, and Gaur (Indian Bison).
✅The area supports over 325 species of resident and migratory birds, including the Malabar Pied Hornbill, Indian Pitta, Osprey, and Grey Headed Fishing Eagle.
Vegetation:
✅The undulating terrain features a mosaic of vegetation, ranging from moist sheltered valleys to open, dry deciduous forests.
✅Teak, saag, mahua, and various grasses and shrubs thrive here.
✅The Pench region is the real-life setting of Rudyard Kipling’s famous novel, “The Jungle Book”.
🔆Floods and urbanisation
#geographyoptional
#Disaster_management
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🔆Some Famous Local Storms of India in Hot Weather Season
✅Mango Shower: Towards the end of summer, there are pre-monsoon showers which are a common phenomenon in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka. Locally, they are known as mango showers since they help in the early ripening of mangoes.
✅Blossom Shower: With this shower, coffee flowers blossom in Kerala and nearby areas.
✅Nor Westers: These are dreaded evening thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam. Their notorious nature can be understood from the local nomenclature of ‘Kalbaisakhi’, a calamity of the month of Baisakhi. These showers are useful for tea, jute and rice cultivation. In Assam, these storms are known as “Bardoli Chheerha”.
✅Loo: Hot, dry and oppressing winds blowing in the Northern plains from Punjab to Bihar with higher intensity betweenDelhi and Patna.
#prelims
#geography
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Contemporary issues
Resources
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