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🔆 Great Blue Hole
✅ The Blue Hole in Belize is a natural wonder that has captivated divers and adventurers from all around the world.
▪️ What was it and how was it created?
✅ Located off the coast of Belize, this circular sinkhole is approximately 300 meters wide and 125 meters deep, making it one of the largest and most unique diving destinations on the planet.
✅ The formation of the Blue Hole began during the last ice age, approximately 15,000 years ago when the sea level was much lower than it is today.
✅ At that time, the area was a limestone cave system that was gradually flooded as the sea level rose.
✅ Over time, the roof of the cave system collapsed, creating the circular sinkhole that we see today.
#prelims
#geography
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🔆Salton Sea
groundbreaking study, scientists exploring Southern California’s Salton Sea, the state’s largest lake, have uncovered a remarkable lithium reservoir estimated to be worth $540 billion. This ‘white gold’ discovery positions the United States as a potential leader in lithium production, marking a significant development for the country.
#Places_in_news
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🔆Ogasawara island
chain
✅A new island has now emerged within the vicinity of Japan’s Ogasawara island chain, after the eruption of an underwater volcano in late October 2023.
✅This remarkable event offers an intriguing insight into the Earth’s dynamic and ever-changing geological processes.
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🔆 Tropical Evergreen Forest:
✅ It is also called tropical rainforests.
✅ These are thick forest occurs in the region near the equator and close to tropic.
▪️The following are characteristics:
✅ The very hot and humid region; receiving maximum rainfall throughout the year.
✅ No dry seasons
✅ They do not shed their leaves altogether; that why appears evergreen.
✅ These are closely spaced three and do not allow sunlight to penetrate inside the forest even in the daytime.
✅ Hardwood three such as Rosewood, Ebony, and Mahogony are found in this forest
✅ Anaconda, the largest snake is found in the tropical forest.
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🔆 EARTH LAYERS
✅ The earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another.
✅ There are three major concentric are inside the earth, which are:
🔸Crust
🔸Mantle
🔸Core
▪️Crust:
✅ The uppermost layer of the earth is called the crust.
✅ It is about 1 % of earth masses
✅ The crust is the thinnest of all layers of the earth.
✅ It is about 35 km in-depth on the continental masses.
✅ It is about 5 km in-depth on the ocean passes.
✅ The crust can be divided into two major groups Continental crust and Oceanic crust.
✅ Continental crust is comprised of two major minerals- Silica and Alumina ( Silica and Aluminum). It is also called SiAl.
✅ Oceanic crust is comprised of two major minerals-Silica and magnesium. It is also called SiMa ( Silica and Magnesium).
▪️Mantle:
✅ The mantle is just beneath the crust; it extends up to the depth of 2900 Km below the crust.
✅ It is about 84 % of the earth's mass
▪️Core:
✅ The core is an innermost layer
✅ The radius of the Core is about 3500 Km
✅ It is mainly made up of NiFe (Nickel and ferrous).
✅ The core of the earth is divided into two parts-Outer core and the Inner core.
✅ The outer core is in a semi-liquid state.
✅ The central core has very high temperature and pressure and it is solid form.
✅Core makes 15 % of the total volume of the earth.
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🔆 Mountains
✅ It is the natural elevation of the earth's surface and higher than the surrounding areas.
✅ It may have a small summit and a broad base.
✅ As we go higher in the mountain climate becomes colder.
✅ Glaciers are a permanent river of ice.
✅ There are harsh climate, steep slope, and less land for farming in the mountain region.
✅ Mountain range: Mountains maybe an arranged in a line called mountains range.
✅ Many mountain systems consist of a series of parallel ranges extending over hundreds of kilometers, for example, Himalayas, Alps, and Rocky.
▪️There are three types of Mountains:
✅ Fold Mountains
✅ Block mountains
✅ Volcanic Mountains
▪️Fold Mountains:
✅Fold mountains are created due to tectonic forces.
✅ The Himalayas and Alps are an example of fold mountains range.
✅ Aravali is the oldest fold mountain in the world.
▪️Block Mountains:
✅ Block mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically.
✅ Uplifted blocks are called Horsts.
✅ Lowered blocks are called Graben.
✅ Rhine valley and Vosges mountains are examples of block mountains in Europe.
▪️Volcanic Mountains:
✅ Volcanic mountains are formed due to volcanic activities.
✅ For, example, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Fujiyama in Japan are examples of Volcanic activities.
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🔆 Ennore Creek
✅ Experts from the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) and the Besant Memorial Animal Dispensary (BMAD) are planning to establish feeding stations for birds at the Ennore creek.
✅ It is a backwater located in Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu.
✅ It is an arm of the Kosathalaiyar River.
✅ The Creek meets the Bay of Bengal at Mugathwara Kuppam, while the northern channel of the creek connects to the Pulicat Lake, the second largest brackish water lake in the country.
✅ For decades, this creek sustained the livelihoods of the residents in the surrounding villages and has been demarcated as CRZ IV (Water Body) in the coastal zone management plan by the Tamil Nadu State Coastal Zone Management Authority.
✅ The Ennore Creek, along with the Buckingham Canal and the rest of the Pulicat water system has vast importance for the local fisher folk.
✅ It nurtures a healthy aquatic ecosystem which was once famous for its rich biodiversity.
✅ This ecologically sensitive ecosystem was home to large swamps of mangroves that not only ensured a sustainable regeneration of fish resources, but also helped mitigate flooding in times of strong rainfall, high tides and cyclones.
▪️Key points about the Wildlife Trust of India
✅ It is a non-profit conservation organisation, committed to urgent action that works towards the protection of India's wildlife.
✅ It was formed in November 1998, in response to the rapidly deteriorating condition of the country's wildlife.
✅ The principal concerns of WTI include crisis management and provision of quick, efficient aid to individuals, species or habitats that require it the most.
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🔆Why didi Michaung brings so much rain
#gs1
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🔆 EARTHQUAKE SWARM
✅2,200 earthquakes were observed in Iceland in 24 hours.
✅ Iceland is Europe's largest and most active volcanic region due to its presence on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
✅ The diverging plate movements in the ridge region are the main cause of these swarms of earthquakes and also lead to the creation of Hotspots through which a vertical plume of hot molten rock erupts from the mantle.
✅ Mount Fagradalsfjall and Eyjafjallajokull volcano are two major earthquake zones in Iceland.
▪️Earthquakes and Earthquake Swarm:
✅ Any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves (Body Waves (P and S) and Surface Waves (Rayleigh and Love) through Earth’s rocks (refer infographic).
✅ S-Waves can only travel through solids.
✅ Earthquake swarms are sequences of many earthquakes that occur in a relatively short period without a specific foreshock, mainshock or after Shocks.
✅ Earthquake swarms can last for hours, days, or even weeks.
✅ They mostly consist of low to moderate-magnitude events, although larger quakes can
occur within the swarm sequence.
✅ They often occur at relatively shallow depths within the Earth's crust.
✅ They usually occur along existing fault systems which experience continuous stress and strain accumulation.
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🔆Kopili fault zone
✅Recently, researchers from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have identified seismogenic liquefaction features in the active Kopili Fault (KF) zone.
✅It is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament situated in the northeastern region (NER) of India.
✅It extends from the western part of Manipur to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
It is closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust.
✅This is a seismically active area falling in the highest Seismic Hazard Zone V.
✅It is associated with collisional tectonics because of the Indian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate.
✅The fault itself is a transpressional fracture that generates lower crustal dextral strike-slip earthquakes.
✅A tectonic depression filled up by the alluvium of the Kopili river and its tributaries, the Kopili fault zone has witnessed many seismic activities in the past including the 1869 earthquake (7.8 magnitude) and the 1943 earthquake (7.3 magnitude).
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