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🔆Belgorod Region
✅It is situated in the centre of the European part of Russia, on the southern and southeastern slopes of the Central Russian Upland.
✅It is one of Russia’s successfully developing industrial and agricultural regions.
✅It borders on the Kursk and Voronezh regions, the Lugansk People’s Republic.
✅It also shares a state border with Ukraine.
✅The region is crisscrossed with rivers.
✅The largest rivers are the Psyol, Seversky Donets, Vorskla, Oskol, Tikhaya Sosna and Valui.
✅The region has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and relatively cold winters.
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🔆Okinawa
✅Okinawa Prefecture is located in the eastern part of the Asian continent
✅It is the southwestern most point of the Japanese archipelago.
✅It is located between Taiwan and Kyushu, the southwestern-most of Japan’s four main islands.
✅Okinawa remains under Japanese administration today.
✅Okinawa comprises 160 islands of varied sizes and enjoys warm and pleasant temperatures throughout the year.
✅The warm Kuroshio Current flows through the clear ocean waters of Okinawa, creating an environment in which coral, fish, and other sea creatures thrive.
✅It is the only region in Japan that is in the subtropical zone, and is blessed with a warm climate all year round.
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🔆 Aigai
✅The city of Aigai was the ancient first capital of the Kingdom of Macedonia.
✅It was discovered in the 19th century near Vergina, in northern Greece.
✅The most important remains are the monumental palace, lavishly decorated with mosaics and painted stuccoes, and the burial ground.
✅Alexander the Great was crowned in the ancient Palace of Aigai.
✅It was built by Philip II, the father of Alexander the Great, the tombs of Philip and other Macedonian kings are nearby.
✅After the assassination of his father, Alexander was crowned at the palace in 336 BC .
✅The palace and the nearby tombs are listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
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Fog
#geography
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🔆Most Indian cities are far from clean air target
✅Inter related Topics:
Air Pollution
📍National air quality index click here
📍WHO air quality standards click here
📍SAFAR System click here
📍India japan MOU signed click here
📍Effect of Climate change click here
📍Graded Response Action plan (GRAP) click here
📍OXY Van forest Haryana click here
📍Way forward click here
Other
✅Rankings of Indian cities
✅Environmental effect
✅Effect of Climate change on air quality
✅Effect of western disturbance on air quality
#gs3
#environment
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🔆India’s Dhordo selected among UNWTO’s best tourism villages
“Tourism can be a driver of positive change for rural communities all around the world,” – UNWTO Secretary-General Zurab Pololikashvili
Situated in Gujarat, India, Dhordo hosted the first Tourism Working Group Meeting of the G20 held under India’s presidency of the influential grouping.
Dhordo is a giant salt marsh in the Thar desert, and popular for tourism and the annual Rann Utsav. It is set to host the Rann Utsav, which celebrates the marvels of nature at the White Desert and the rich cultural and artistic heritage of Kutch, beginning from November 10, 2023 till February 25, 2024.
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🔆Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary:
✅It is a protected area of India in the Himalayan foothills of West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh.
✅It conjoins Sessa Orchid Sanctuary to the northeast and Pakhui Tiger Reserve across the Kameng river to the east.
✅It is situated in the biodiversity hotspot of Eastern Himalayas and home to over 500 bird species.
✅Altitude ranges are extreme: from 500 metres to 3,250 metres.
✅It is also a part of the Kameng Elephant Reserve.
✅It is notable as a prime birding site due to the extraordinary variety, numbers and accessibility of species.
✅It derives its name from the Red Eagle Division of the Indian army which was posted in the area in the 1950s.
✅Flora: The temperate cloud forest is intermixed with dense bamboo patches and broadleaved evergreen forest across a wide altitudinal range, with conifers and rhododendrons at elevations.
✅Fauna: Capped langur, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, red panda, Asiatic black bear, Arunachal macaque and gaur.
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🔆Bab al-Mandab Strait
✅It is a strait that connects the Red Sea (northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
✅It is located between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest).
✅It is an important strategic connection in the marine commerce route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
✅It is one of the world's most important seaborne commodity shipping routes, primarily for crude oil and petroleum.
✅Yemen borders it on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea border it on the African coast.
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🔆Salton Sea:
✅It is a shallow, saline lake located in the lower Colorado Desert, southern California,
✅It is a geological depression tucked between mountain ranges and lying below sea level.
Formation:
✅The area that is now the lake was formerly a salt-covered sink or depression (a remnant of prehistoric Lake Cahuilla) about 280 feet (85 metres) below sea level until 1905–06, when diversion controls on the Colorado Riverbroke a few miles below the California-Mexico border and floodwaters rushed northward, filling the depression.
✅Subsequent deepening of the sink was stopped in 1907, when a line of protective levees was built.
✅It is currently 228 feet below sea level.
✅It covers an area of 970 square km and includes 130 miles of shoreline.
✅It has an average depth of 29.9 feet and, at its deepest, 51 feet.
✅Its salinity(some 45 parts per thousand) far exceeds that of seawater.
✅The Salton Sea is an important stopping point for migratory waterfowl and serves as a critical habitat for birds moving south to Mexico and Central America.
✅ Lithium: It is a soft, silvery-white metal that heads group 1, the alkali metals group, of the periodic table of the elements.
Features:
✅It has the lowest density of all metals.
✅It is the lightest of the solid elements.
✅It reacts vigorously with water.
✅It has a body-centered cubic crystal structure.
Occurrence:
✅Lithium does not occur as a metal in nature but is found combined in small amounts in igneous rocks.
✅Lithium is found in brine deposits and as salts in mineral springs.
✅Its concentration in seawater is 0.1 parts per million (ppm).
Uses:
✅Lithium is important in rechargeable batteriesfor mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, and electric vehicles.
✅It is also used in some non-rechargeable batteries for things like heart pacemakers, toys, and clocks.
✅Lithium metal is made into alloys with aluminium and magnesium, improving their strength and making them lighter.
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Gulf of Aden:
✅Location: Western Arabian Sea.
✅The Gulf of Aden is an extension of the Indian Ocean, tucked between the Arabian Peninsula and the African continent.
✅The Gulf connects the Red Sea to the Arabian Sea via the Strait of Bab el Mandeb.
✅The gulf is named after “Aden,” a port city on Yemen’s coast.
✅It is bounded to the south by Somalia and the Socotra Islands, north by Yemen, east by the Arabian Sea, and west by
The gulf is characterized by its strategic location, deep waters, and diverse marine life.
✅It contains several islands, including the volcanic Socotra archipelago.
✅ The dominant relief feature of the gulf’s terrain is the Sheba Ridge, an extension of the Indian Ocean ridge system, which extends along the middle of the gulf.
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Osun River
✅The Osun River is one of the major rivers in southern Nigeria, draining into the Gulf of Guinea.
✅ It’s culturally linked to the ancient city of Osogbo.
✅ A stretch of the river that flows by a sacred grove in the ancient town of Osogbo has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its cultural significance.
✅The river have suffered plastic pollution, heavy metals contamination as a result of illegal gold mining as well as pollution from human generated waste.
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🔆Urban Sprawl:
✅ It has increasingly become a major issue in the global trend towards urbanization.
✅Faced not only by developed countries but also by developing countries, and by large urban centers and medium and small cities alike.
✅It raises social and environmental concerns at the same time.
✅ In the case of India, with the increasing population, the pressures on land and resources are also increasing.
✅ Urban sprawl is therefore seen as one of the potential threats to sustainable development where urban planning with effective resource utilization and allocation of infrastructure initiatives are key concerns.
✅ Example: Case of Vijayawada city Sprawl spreading across the river Krishna appears to be leaf frog sprawl patron. Expansion of the city is more rapid in the east zone of poranki, peddapulipaka, chowdavaram and penamaluru while it is less in the Western zone of Vijayawada. It is present just near to the new capital of Andhra Pradesh Amaravati so it causes rapid growth of the city in coming years.
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🔆Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR):
✅Location: Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
✅Nomenclature: Similipal derives its name from the abundance of ‘Simul’ (red silk cotton trees) that bloom here.
✅It is part of the Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve popularly known as Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve.
✅It is a national park and a Tiger Reserve.
✅1956: It was formally designated a tiger reserve.
✅1973: It was brought under Project Tiger.
✅Government of India declared it as a biosphere reserve.
✅2009: It is a part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
✅At least twelve rivers cut across the plain area, all of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.
✅These include: Burhabalanga, Palpala Bandan, Salandi, Kahairi and Deo.
✅Prominent tribes: Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia and Sahara.
✅Vegetation: it is a mix of deciduous with some semi-evergreen forests.
✅Sal is the dominant tree species
✅Fauna: it is famous for gaurs (Indian bison), causing as well as an orchidarium.
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🔆 Tashigang
✅Tashigang, a small village of Himachal Pradesh, has now become the world’s highest polling station.
✅The polling station falls in Buddhist-dominated Lahaul-Spiti district of the state at an altitude of 15,256 feet, and is one of the 17 assembly segments that form the Mandi Lok Sabha seat, the second largest constituency in the country.
✅ Located around 29 km from the India-China border, this polling station covers two villages - Tashigang and Gete.
✅As per the revised electoral rolls, the two villages have 48 voters, of which 30 are men and 18 women.
✅ 78-year-old Rigjin is the oldest voter at this polling station.
✅ Earlier, the non-descript tiny settlement of Hikkim, positioned at an altitude of about 14,400 ft, was the highest polling station in India.
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🔆Ketty valley
✅Ketti stream, which flows through the Ketti valley, is getting choked with plastic waste and glass bottles being thrown into it.
✅One of the largest valleys in the world, the 7,000-ft-deep Ketti Valley extends from the plains of Coimbatore to the Mysore Plateau.
✅Also known as Switzerland of Nilgiris, the Ketti Valley is the largest valley in the Nilgiris.
✅From this valley, a breathtaking view of 14 neighbouring villages - mostly inhabited by the Toda and Badagas - can be seen.
Ketti village is the gateway to the valley.
✅Ketti stream flows through the Ketti valley into the Kattery Dam.
✅From Kattery dam, it flows through the Kattery falls and eventually drains into Bhavani River downstream.
Source
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🔆Countries bordering Ukraine
Tricks BeSHRaM RuPi
✅B : Belarus
✅S : Slovakia
✅H : hungry
✅R : Romania
✅M : Moldova
✅R : Russia
✅P : Poland
places in news
✅Donetsk
✅Luhansk
✅Kherson
✅Zaporizhzhia
✅Mariupol
✅Kharkiv
✅Odessa
✅Kyiv
✅Lviv
✅Crimea
✅Snake Island
[ Mariupol and Odessa port cities ]
✅ Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014, Russia
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🔆Similipal Kai Chutney:
✅The savoury chutney is popular in Mayurbhanj region for its healing properties and also deemed important for nutritional security of the tribal people.
✅Many indigenous people from Mayurbhanj district venture into nearby forest to collect kai pimpudi (red weaver ant).
✅Around 500 tribal families have been eking out a living by collecting and selling these insects and a chutney made with them.
✅Health benefits:
✅The scientists analysed the red weaver ants and found it contains valuable proteins, calcium, zinc, vitamin B-12, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, amino acids, among others. Consuming the species can help boost the immune system and prevent diseases.
✅The tribal healers also prepare a medicinal oil in which they dip the ants along with pure mustard oil.
✅After a month, this concoction is used as body oil for babies and to cure rheumatism, gout, ringworm and other diseases by the tribes.
✅The local people also consume this to stay fit and strong.
#geography
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🔆Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project
✅Indian Prime Minister hailed the inaugural run of vessel from Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port to Sittwe Port Myanmar developed under the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.
✅Kaladan Project would link India and Myanmar via the Bay of Bengal.
✅It was jointly identified by India and Myanmar to create a multi-modal mode of transport for the shipment of cargo from the eastern ports of India to Myanmar as well as to the North-Eastern part of India through Myanmar.
✅It is being constructed by India under the Grant in Aid Scheme.
✅Once completed, it will link Kolkata with the Sittwe seaport in Rakhine state in Myanmar, primarily over the Bay of Bengal – covering over 500 km.
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🔆Nuclear Power: India and Pakistan
✅India tested its first nuclear weapon in 1974, becoming the sixth country to detonate a nuclear weapon, and it has approximately 164 nuclear warheads, and has land-based, sea-based and air-launch nuclear capabilities.
✅India had declared a No First Use policy, which means they have vowed to never use nuclear weapons first in a conflict.
✅However, as of August 2019, India said they are reconsidering this policy.
✅India is pursuing membership to the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2016.
✅India has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty nor The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
Pakistan:
✅Pakistan became a nuclear power in 1998, becoming the world’s 7th state to officially test a nuclear weapon and has approximately 170 warheads.
✅This number exceeds the projection made by the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency in 1999 that Pakistan would have 60-80 warheads by 2020.
✅If the current growth trend continues, Pakistan’s arsenal could grow to 220 to 250 warheads by 2025.
✅Unlike India, Pakistan has not declared a No First Use policy, and instead has opted to emphasise smaller battlefield or ‘tactical’ nuclear weapons as a counter to India’s larger and superior conventional forces.
✅However, it has adopted a position of ‘no first use’ against non-nuclear weapon states.
✅Pakistan keeps its nuclear warheads stored separately from its missiles and will only assemble one if it will be used.
✅Pakistan’s declared strategic nuclear policy claims to avoid conflict through ‘full spectrum deterrence’ while maintaining minimum credible deterrence against India’s nuclear and superior conventional forces.
✅Similar to India, Pakistan is not a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
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🔆Lakshadweep Islands
✅Lakshadweep Islands situated in the Arabian Sea is a group of 36 islands having an area of 32 square kilometers and extending between 8 N and 12 N latitude
▪️Islands under the Lakshadweep Islands group are: -
Kavaratti
Agatti
Minicoy
Amini
✅These islands were earlier known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands
✅The Lakshadweep Islands group is a Union Territory administered by the President through a Lt-Governor.
✅ Kavaratti is the administrative capital of the Lakshadweep Islands. It is also the principal town of the Union Territory
✅The entire Lakshadweep islands group is made up of coral deposits
✅Fishing is the main occupation on which livelihoods of many people depend
✅ Minicoy Island, located to the south of the nine-degree channel is the largest island among the Lakshadweep group.
✅ 8 Degree Channel separates islands of Minicoy and Maldives
✅9 Degree Channel separates the island of Minicoy from the main Lakshadweep archipelago
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PROJECT ELEPHANT :
✅ Project Elephant was launched by the Government of India in the year 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with following objectives:
✅To protect elephants, their habitat & corridors
✅To address issues of man-animal conflict
✅Welfare of captive elephants
✅The Project is being mainly implemented in 16 States / UTs , viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.
✅The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change provides the financial and technical support to major elephant range states in the country through Project Elephant
#environment
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🔆East African Community
✅It is an intergovernmental organisation composed of seven countries in the Great Lakes region of East Africa:
✅the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
✅the United Republic of Tanzania,
✅ the Republics of Kenya,
✅ Burundi,
✅ Rwanda,
✅ South Sudan, and
✅ Uganda
✅The capital of the EAC is Arusha, Tanzania.
✅Three EAC countries border Lake Victoria.
✅Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest peak, located in Tanzania.
🔆Kuril Islands
✅Location: These are a set of four islands situated between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean near the north of Japan’s northernmost prefecture, Hokkaido.
✅They are a volcanic archipelago part of Sakhalin Oblast in the Russian Far East.
✅There are 56 islands and many minor rocks.
✅Geography and climate: The Kuril Islands form part of the ring of tectonic instability encircling the Pacific Ocean referred to as the Ring of Fire.
✅There is frequent seismic activity.
✅Economy: The islands have strategic and economic value, in terms of fisheries and also mineral deposits of pyrite, sulphur, and various polymetallic ores.
✅Issue: Both Russia and Japan claim sovereignty over them though the islands have been under Russian control since the end of World War II.
🔆 Concept of Diastrophism
Diastrophism is an endogenic process and consists of all processes that move, elevate or build up portions of the earth’s crust. It is the process that brings about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth. They move, elevate or build up portions of the earth’s crust owing to the energy emanating from within the earth. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth.
▪️The process of diastrophic movements are of the following types:
✅Orogenic processes: These involve mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust. This process takes place when tectonic plates collide, separate or slide along one another. This causes mountain building through severe folding and affects long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust. Some examples of ongoing orogenic processes are the Mediterranean ridge, Andean orogeny, the Himalayan orogeny etc.
✅Epeirogenic processes: These processes involve uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust. They involve a strict vertical movement of a continent rather than horizontal movement and also uplifting or warping large parts of the earth’s crust. These processes lift the whole region evenly and result in the formation of gentle arches and structural basins.
✅Plate tectonics: These involve horizontal movements of crustal plates. The outer shell of the earth i.e., the lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates. Plates are classified as major, minor and micro. Plate tectonics is simply the process of horizontal movement of these plates. The current physical map of the world with distribution of continents and oceans is the result of the plate tectonic process.
✅Earthquakes: They involve relatively local minor movements. Earthquakes occur when the surplus accumulated stress in rocks in the earth's interior due to folding, faulting or other physical changes is relieved through the weak zones over the earth's surface in the form of kinetic energy (seismic waves). Such movements may result in uplift or subsidence in coastal areas.
Through the processes of orogeny, epeirogeny, earthquakes and plate tectonics, there can be faulting and fracturing of the crust. All these processes cause pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) changes which in turn induce metamorphism of rocks.
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🔆Chandra River:
✅It is one of the two rivers (other being the Bhaga River) that merge to form the Chenab River in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh.
✅Course:
Origin: It rises in the snows lying at the base of the main Himalayan range in the Lahaul and Spiti districts, Himachal Pradesh.
✅It flows for a considerable distance along the base of this range in a southeasterly direction before turning completely and taking a south-westerly course in the Spiti Valley.
✅It flows on to merge with the Bhaga River downstream of Keylong.
✅The beautiful Chandra Tal Lake has formed at its source.
✅The upper and middle catchments of this river are made up of a topography that has been carved out by glacial action.
✅The entire area is a vast, cold desert that receives little or no rain as it lies in the rain shadow of the Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas.
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🔆Chandra River:
✅It is one of the two rivers (other being the Bhaga River) that merge to form the Chenab River in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh.
✅Course:
Origin: It rises in the snows lying at the base of the main Himalayan range in the Lahaul and Spiti districts, Himachal Pradesh.
✅It flows for a considerable distance along the base of this range in a southeasterly direction before turning completely and taking a south-westerly course in the Spiti Valley.
✅It flows on to merge with the Bhaga River downstream of Keylong.
✅The beautiful Chandra Tal Lake has formed at its source.
✅The upper and middle catchments of this river are made up of a topography that has been carved out by glacial action.
✅The entire area is a vast, cold desert that receives little or no rain as it lies in the rain shadow of the Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas.
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