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#MAINS_2024
Toppers team at Enlight IAS has launched Not for profit ESSAY batch, & Bridge the Gap daily answer writing cum guidance program for mains 2024! The main objective of this is to enhance answer writing skills, making presentation and structure better, understanding the key/directive words and real demand of question, making flow smooth etc. This batch helped so Many toppers in past years!
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🔆How the PESA has boosted forest conservation in India
#prelims
#polity
#environment
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Notice regarding mains 2024:
Toppers team at Enlight IAS has launched Not for profit ESSAY batch, & Bridge the Gap daily answer writing cum guidance program for mains 2024! The main objective of this is to enhance answer writing skills, making presentation and structure better, understanding the key/directive words and real demand of question, making flow smooth etc. This batch helped so Many toppers in past years!
Hear from Swati Sharma AIR 17, Ayushi Pradhan AIR 36, Anjali Shrotriya AIR 44, Kanika AIR 64, Abhijit Ray AIR 50, Aaditya Sharma AIR 70, Sunil AIR 77, Anjali Garg AIR 79, Ashis Kumar AIR 85, Shubham Shukla AIR 43, Ankit AIR 99 and 150+ other toppers about EnlightIAS. Click here to know from toppers how it helped them.
Details of essay program: click here
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UPSC MAINS 2024 TEST SERIES
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Dr GURLEEN KAUR IAS 2023 WITH HER MENTOR
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🔆A conscious focus on green policies is crucial as environmental issues in India impact the survival and health of Millions
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🔆Heat waves
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🔆Alaknanda River
✅It rises at the confluence and foot of the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand.
✅It is one of the two headstreams of the river Ganga.
✅At Vishnuprayag it meets Dhauliganga, a left bank tributary, and travels west to the town of Joshimath.
✅At Nandprayag it meets Nandakini River, a left bank tributary, meets with the Alaknanda River.
✅At Karanprayag, the Pindar River, a left bank tributary, meets with the Alaknanda River.
✅At Rudraprayag, it meets with the Mandakini River, a right bank tributary.
✅At Devprayag the Alaknanda River converges with the Bhagirathi River and travels onward as the Ganges River.
🔆A prolonged summer should be classified as Natural disaster
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#dm
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🔆The Ganga river basin — India’s largest — reached a record low snow persistence in 2024
✅Snow persistence is the fraction of time snow is on the ground.
📍Hindu Kush mountains
✅In the river basins of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH), snowmelt is the biggest source of water in the streams.
✅Overall, it contributes 23% of the runoff to the region’s 12 major river basins every year.
✅The HKH mountains extend around 3,500 km over eight countries — Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Pakistan.
✅These mountains are also called the “water towers of Asia” because they are the origins of 10 crucial river systems on the continent
📍Why snow persistence is so low?
✅The primary reason for the lower persistence in 2024 was weak western disturbances.
✅Climate change and global warming is thought to exacerbate prolonged and intense La Niña–El Niño conditions.
#gs3
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Cabinet approves development of Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport, Varanasi
The project includes the construction of a New Terminal Building, Apron Extension, Runway Extension, Parallel Taxi Track & Allied works.
The estimated financial outgo will be ₹2869.65 Crore for enhancing the passenger handling capacity of the airport to 9.9 million passengers per annum (MPPA) from the existing 3.9 MPPA
🔆Potassium depletion in soil threatens global crop yields
✅Potassium deficiency in agricultural soils is a largely unrecognised but potentially significant threat to global food security if left unaddressed, finds new research involving researchers at UCL, University of Edinburgh and the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
✅The study, published in Nature Food, found that more potassium is being removed from agricultural soils than is being added, throughout many regions of the world. It also gives a series of recommendations for how to mitigate the issue.
✅Potassium is a vital nutrient for plant growth that helps with photosynthesis and respiration, the lack of which can inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields. Farmers often spread potassium-rich fertilisers over their fields to replenish the depleted nutrient, but supply issues can inhibit its use, and there are lingering questions about its environmental impact.
✅The researchers report that globally, about 20% of agricultural soils face severe potassium deficiency, with particular regions likely to experience more critical shortages, including 44% of agricultural soils in South-East Asia, 39% in Latin America, 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 20% in East Asia, largely due to more intensive agricultural practices.
✅Potassium is critical to sustaining the crop yields that keep the world fed, and its depletion poses a significant threat to the food security of millions of people around the world. This is an overlooked issue that needs to be addressed with a range of actions as the world population continues to grow.”
✅Farmers often rely on potash as a fertiliser to replenish their field’s potassium, but the price of the mineral can be quite volatile.
#geography
#mains
CARBON FARMING :
✅Carbon farming also known as carbon sequestration refers to a set of practices aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land use.
✅It aimed at storing carbon in the soil, crop roots, wood, and leaves.
Key Techniques in Carbon Farming:.
✅Rotational Grazing: This involves moving livestock between pastures to allow vegetation to recover, enhancing soil carbon storage.
✅Agroforestry: Incorporating trees and shrubs into farming systems to sequester carbon in vegetation.
✅Conservation Agriculture: Practices like zero tillage, crop rotation, and cover cropping to minimize soil disturbance and improve organic content.
✅Integrated Nutrient Management: Using organic fertilizers and compost to promote soil fertility and reduce emissions.
✅Livestock Management: Optimizing feed quality and managing animal waste to lower methane emissions.
Challenges in Implementation:
✅Geographical Factors: Effectiveness varies based on location, soil type, crop selection, and water availability.
✅Biodiversity: Practices must be balanced with maintaining ecosystem services to avoid negative impacts like biodiversity loss.
✅Policy and Community Engagement: Requires sufficient policy support and community involvement for successful adoption.
Source
🔆the Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network (BCNN)
✅It is cutting-edge technology that harnesses the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI), deep learning, and machine learning (ML) to enhance predictions related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases.
✅The BCNN model is particularly adept at predicting El Nino or La Nina events due to its ability to account for the slow oceanic variations and their atmospheric coupling.
✅It calculates the Nino3.4 Index Value, a critical metric used in ENSO phase prediction, with improved precision which is obtained by averaging the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the central equatorial Pacific, extending from 5°N to 5°S, and 170°W to 120°W.
✅It offers a promising future for more reliable and timely weather predictions, which are vital for agriculture, fisheries, and disaster management.
✅It is a combination of the dynamic model with AI that helps it forecast the emergence of El Niño and La Niña conditions with a 15-month lead time — unlike other models which can give a prediction up to six to nine months in advance.
#geography
ESSAY MODULE MAINS 2024-25 under Previous year Toppers (Not For Profit batch)
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ESTONIA
✅ Why in news : Estonia, one of the world’s most advanced digital countries, is looking to partner with India to collaborate on strengthening the two countries’ cybersecurity infrastructure.
✅Estonia, officially theRepublic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
✅It is bordered to the north by theGulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and
✅The territory of Estonia consists of themainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
✅Tallinn, thecapital city, and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country.
✅Estonia wasrepeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied; by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and was ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR).
✅Following the 1988–1990 bloodless Estonian “Singing Revolution” against the Soviet rule, the nation’s full independence was restored on20 August 1991.
✅Estonia is adeveloped country, with a high-income advanced economy, ranking 31st (out of 191) in the Human Development Index.
✅Thesovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties).
✅With a population of just around 1.4 million, it is one of the least populous members of theEuropean Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the Schengen Area, and
✅Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings forquality of life, education, press freedom, digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies.
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Pavana River:-
✅Location: Pune District, Maharashtra.
✅The river is a prominent river that runs through Pune City.
✅It separates it from the Pimpri-Chinchwad district.
✅It comes from the Western Ghats, around 6 kilometres south of Lonavala.
✅It is a tributary of the Bhima River that joins the Mula River in Pune.
✅Flowing eastward at first, it turns south and travels through the suburbs of Dehu, Chinchwad, Pimpri, and Dapodi before joining the Mula River.
✅The “Pavana Nagar Dam” is being built on this river at Pavana Nagar.
✅It is a gravity earthfill.
✅It has a total storage capacity of 30,500.00 km3 and measures 1,329 m (4,360 ft) long and 42.37 m (139.0 ft) high.
#River_Series
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✅Tentative vacancies: 17727
✅Last date: 24 July 2024
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✅Correction window: 10.08.24 to 11.08.24
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🔆What can the railway do to stop accident
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Cabinet approves ‘Development of an all-Weather Greenfield deepdraft Major Port at Vadhavan in Maharashtra'
On completion, ₹76,200 crore Port will be one of the top 10 ports of the world
The Project will create a cumulative capacity of 298 million metric tons (MMT) per annum, including around 23.2 million TEUs (Twenty-foot equivalents) of container handling capacity.
🔆Miyawaki method
✅Miyawaki plantations, also known as Miyawaki method, is a unique Japanese approach to ecological restoration and afforestation development.
✅It was pioneered in the 1970s by Japanese botanist and expert in plant ecology Mr. Akira Miyawaki. This technique of plantation involves planting native trees, shrubs and groundcover plants within every square metre.
✅Benefits: It aims to create dense, native, and biodiverse forests in a short period of time.
✅ With this method, trees grow ten times faster and the plantations act as a sound and dust barrier.
✅ It helps in better micro-climatic conditions such as improvement in air & soil quality.
✅It will also help in biodiversity conservation, rapid growth of green cover, efficient carbon absorption, soil restoration and in habitat creation for local flora and fauna.
✅These forests retain ground water and help to recharge the groundwater table.
#environment
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