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Chakki River:
✅It is one of the tributaries of the Beas River.
✅It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and merges with the Beas near Pathankot, Punjab.
✅It is fed by snow and rain in the Dhauladhar mountains.
✅Unregulated sand mining has been a major ecological issue, degrading its riverbed and banks.
📍Beas River:
✅It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
✅It is one of the five rivers that give Punjab (“Five Rivers”) its name.
✅The river was also known as Arjiki or Vipas to the ancient Indians and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
Course:
✅Origin: It originates in the Rohtang Pass of the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh.
✅It flows for a length of 290 miles (470 km) before uniting with the Sutlej River at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab.
✅Finally, the river drains its water into the Arabian Sea.
✅Major Tributaries: The major tributaries of the Beas River are Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal, along with Banner, Chakki, Gaj, Harla, Mamuni, Parvati, Patlikuhlal, Sainj, Suketi, and Tirthan.
✅It forms the world famous valleys of Kullu and Kangra.
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🔆India’s Antarctic Programme
✅India’s Antarctic Programme, managed by the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCPOR), began in 1981 with the first Indian expedition. NCPOR was established in 1998.
✅ Dakshin Gangotri: Dakshin Gangotri was India’s first research base in Antarctica, established in 1983. It was submerged in ice in 1988-89 and later decommissioned.
✅ Maitri: India’s second research station, was completed in 1989 in the Schirmacher Oasis. It also features Lake Priyadarshini, a freshwater lake created by India.
✅ Bharti: Operational since 2012, Bharti is India’s latest research station, located 3,000 km east of Maitri. It is designed to withstand harsh weather conditions.
✅ Sagar Nidhi: Commissioned in 2008, this ice-class vessel by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) can cut through 40 cm of ice. It supports various research activities, including ROV operations, deep-sea mining, and tsunami studies.
Rivers in News:
📍Song River
✅Origin: Lesser Himalayas, near Mussoorie, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Seasonal feeder to the Ganga River system.
📍Western Nayar River
✅Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Ganga River.
📍Eastern Nayar River
✅Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Ganga River.
Shipra River
✅Origin: Nainital district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Kosi River.
NOTE: Madhya Pradesh also has one of the rivers named Shipra, which joins Chambal.
📍Gaudi River
✅Origin: Champawat district, Uttarakhand.
✅Tributary of: Tributary of the Saryu River
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70th BPSC Prelims Exam Question Paper hindi
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Tikhir Tribe:
✅It is one of the indigenous Naga tribes, found in Nagaland and in parts of the neighboring States. Some live across the border, in Myanmar also.
✅They speak a language called Naga Yimchungru, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, like other Naga languages.
✅They make their living from agriculture and hunting. At one time, the Tikhir were headhunters and a man's prestige depended upon the number of enemies he had killed.
✅Headhunting was banned, and the last recorded incident took place in the 1960s.
📍Beliefs:
✅With the coming of the Christian missionaries to Nagaland, most Tikhirs converted to Christianity.
✅Many of the Tikhir practice elements of folk religion with their Christianity.
✅"Tsonglaknyi" the main Tikhir Festival, is observed from 9th to 12th October every year. It is basically a festival of the sanctification of Shield
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🔆INDUSTRY: organisation involved in production & supply of goods & services.
Classifies as Primary, secondary, tertiary.
✅Primary sector: goods produced using natural resources.
🔸Acts as base of all other sectors.
Ex. Agriculture, Dairy etc.
✅ Secondary Sector: Natural produced turned into other forms by manufacturing Also called as Industrial sector
Ex. Making sugar from sugarcane
✅ Tertiary sector: Does not produce any goods & services.
🔸Provide services to other sectors.
Ex. Banking, transportation etc.
Factors affecting location for Industries:
✅ Availability of raw material
✅ Nature of industry
✅ Transportation facility
✅ Skilled and cheap labour availability
✅ Capital, entrepreneurship
✅ Electricity & fuel availability
✅ Market
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Baltimore in news due to recent bridge collapse after a ship accident here
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🔆 Red Sea
✅ It is a semi-enclosed inlet(or extension) of the Indian Ocean between the continents of Africa and Asia.
✅ It is one of the world’s warmest seas.
✅ The northern portion of the Red Sea is bifurcated by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, where it is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the famous Suez Canal.
▪️Bordering Countries:
✅ Yemen and Saudi Arabia border the Red Sea to the east.
✅ It is bordered by Egypt to the north and west and by Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti to the west.
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🔆Kopili fault zone
✅Recently, researchers from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have identified seismogenic liquefaction features in the active Kopili Fault (KF) zone.
✅It is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament situated in the northeastern region (NER) of India.
✅It extends from the western part of Manipur to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
It is closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust.
✅This is a seismically active area falling in the highest Seismic Hazard Zone V.
✅It is associated with collisional tectonics because of the Indian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate.
✅The fault itself is a transpressional fracture that generates lower crustal dextral strike-slip earthquakes.
✅A tectonic depression filled up by the alluvium of the Kopili river and its tributaries, the Kopili fault zone has witnessed many seismic activities in the past including the 1869 earthquake (7.8 magnitude) and the 1943 earthquake (7.3 magnitude).
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Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary:
✅It is situated in H.D. Kote taluk of Mysuru district, Karnataka.
✅It lies north of Bandipur National Park.
✅The sanctuary includes the backwaters of Nugu Dam on its western side and shares borders with Alaganchi State Forest, a part of Bandipur Tiger Reserve on the southwest side.
✅Nugu Dam is built across the Nugu River, a tributary of the Cauvery.
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Hindon River
✅Origin: Upper Shivalik Hills in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh.
✅Length: Approximately 400 kilometers before merging Yamuna River.
✅Tributaries: Major tributaries include Krishni and Kali Rivers, which significantly impact its flow and pollution levels.
✅Historical and Cultural Significance: Once considered a lifeline for communities along its banks.Known as part of India’s Sugar Bowl due to its role in supporting sugarcane cultivation in the region.
✅Heavily Polluted: Reduced to a drain carrying industrial and domestic waste.
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Lonar Lake:
✅It is a lagoon lake in the Buldhana district of Maharashtra.
✅It was created due to the impact of a meteorite.
✅It is the only known saline crater lake in the world, formed by the impact of a meteorite about 50,000 years ago.
✅Its water is seven times saltier than average seawater.
✅The lake has a diameter of 1.2 kilometers and a depth of 150 meters, and is surrounded by a rim of hills that rise up to 75 degrees.
✅One of the most striking aspects is its color, which changes from green to pink depending on the season and the water conditions. This is caused by the presence of microorganisms that thrive in the saline and alkaline environment of the lake.
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Jolfa in news
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🔆The article discusses the recent floods in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry caused by Cyclone Mandous, and highlights the need for better preparedness to deal with increasing extreme weather events.
Key Points:
✅Cyclone Mandous:
🔸Caused widespread damage in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.
🔸Led to heavy rainfall, flooding, and landslides.
🔸Resulted in significant loss of life and property.
✅Increasing Frequency of Extreme Weather Events:
🔸Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather1 events.
🔸India is particularly vulnerable to such events due to its geographical location and climate patterns.
✅Need for Improved Preparedness:
🔸Strengthening infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events.
🔸Early warning systems and disaster management plans.
🔸Community-based disaster preparedness and response.
🔸Addressing climate change through mitigation and adaptation measures.
✅Possible UPSC Question: Discuss the impact of climate change on India's vulnerability to extreme weather events. What strategies can be implemented to enhance disaster preparedness and resilience?Читать полностью…
🔆 Bab al-Mandab strait
✅Yemen's Houthis have been targeting vessels in the southern Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandab strait.
✅It is strait between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest) that connects the Red Sea(northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
✅ It forms a vital strategic link in the maritime trade route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal
✅ It is one of the world's most important routes for global seaborne commodity shipments, particularly crude oil and fuel.
✅ It is bordered by Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea on the African coast.
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🔆40 years after the Bhopal gas tragedy, the toxic waste left behind by Union Carbide remains a significant environmental and health concern.
Key Issues:
✅Toxic Waste: Several hundred tonnes of toxic waste, including hexachlorobutadiene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and trichlorobenzene, remain at the site.
✅Health Concerns: Exposure to these toxins can lead to various health problems, including cancer, respiratory diseases, and organ damage.
✅Government Inaction: Despite numerous court orders, the Madhya Pradesh government has failed to effectively address the issue of waste disposal.
✅Environmental Contamination: The contaminated soil and water sources continue to pose a threat to public health.
✅Long-term Implications: The legacy of the Bhopal gas tragedy continues to affect the lives of survivors and their families.
✅Possible UPSC Question:Читать полностью…
Discuss the long-term environmental and health impacts of the Bhopal gas tragedy. What steps need to be taken to address the legacy of the disaster and ensure the well-being of the affected communities?