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انجمن علمی گیاهپزشکی دانشگاه تبریز حوزه فعالیت ها: چاپ گاهنامه دانش گیاهپزشکی فعالیت های ترویجی برگزاری کارگاه های آموزشی برگزاری مسابقات ارتباط با ما : Plantprotection.tau@yahoo.com @Alimohammadpouryan
How citrus greening affects citrus industry?🍋🍊🌱🪴🌳🚜
🍊Citrus Huanglongbing, previously known as Citrus Greening Disease is a highly destructive and incurable bacterial disease that affects citrus plants.
🦠The disease is caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which is primarily transmitted mostly by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri).
🍋The disease can affect various citrus species, including oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, and grapefruits.
🌱The disease causes a range of symptoms, including yellowing of leaves (mottling), blotchy and asymmetrical patterns on leaves, misshapen, small, and bitter-tasting fruit, premature fruit drop, and dieback of branches.
🌳Infected trees gradually decline in health, leading to reduced fruit production and eventual tree death.
🦗The disease can be transmitted when the vector insect, the Asian citrus psyllid acquires the bacterium during feeding on HLB infected citrus plants. During feeding, the bacterium enters the psyllid's body and infects its internal tissues.
🔎Once infected, the bacterium multiplies within the psyllid's body and moves through its circulatory system.
🔄When the infected Asian citrus psyllid feeds on a healthy citrus plant to obtain nutrients, it releases the bacterium from its salivary glands into the plant's vascular system. The bacterium then spreads throughout the plant, affecting its various tissues and organs.
🪴The disease can also be spread through the movement of infected plant material and grafting of infected buds or branches onto healthy trees.
🧪Given the severity of the disease, early detection, quarantine measures, insect vector control and immediate action are crucial in preventing the spread of citrus greening disease.
📓Information Source:
https://lnkd.in/gd-_sy7j
https://lnkd.in/gY5TS7mK
📹Video Credit:
https://lnkd.in/gBYwKYHp
#florida #oranges #citrus #linkedin #bacteria #agriculture #nursery #diseasecontrol #ecosystem #farming #usa #india #china
The amazing world of mycorrhizal fungi in a timelapse 📹🕕⌛️
🍄Most mycorrhizal fungi depend heavily on plant photosynthate to meet their energy requirements.
🌱Mycorrhizas are beneficial fungi growing in association with plant roots, and exist by taking sugars from plants 'in exchange' for moisture and nutrients gathered from the soil by the fungal strands. The mycorrhizas greatly increase the absorptive area of a plant, acting as extensions to the root system.
📍There are many abiotic factors that affect the activity of mycorrhizal fungi, including soil fertility, temperature, pH, soil moisture and aeration, soil type, salinity, plant readiness for infection, soil organic matter, and others.
🦠When applied to soil, they can start growing into the plant root and will take about four weeks to establishe the symbiotic relationship. Though it varies by plant species, growing protocol, etc., it generally takes about eight weeks for benefits to become visible in the field.
🚜Other ways to increase mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, some of which include reduced tillage, using cover crops, polyculture, planting mycorrhizal friendly crops, increasing soil organic matter, avoid usage of fertilizers and responsible use of crop protection products.
🔎Many mycorrhizal fungi are obligately symbiotic and therefore are unable to survive in nature for extended periods of time without their host. Because the relationship between the fungus and the plant is symbiotic, both members of the relationship obtain a benefit from each other.
📓Information references:
https://lnkd.in/g3Wk4rWn
https://lnkd.in/geWT9UsY.
📹Video credit:
https://lnkd.in/gRwBBB_E
#linkedin #mycology #community #ecology #agriculture #farming #sustainableagriculture #sustainable
How are crop protection products approved?
All countries except Iran
1. Before selling crop protection products, they need to undergo strict evaluation by authorities for each country to ensure that they are safe for humans and have no unacceptable effects on the environment.
2. Hundreds of residue, toxicological, eco-toxicological, environmental, physical-chemical, and efficacy studies.
3. All this scientific information is compiled in a registration dossier, containing individual study reports, summaries and risk assessments, including proposals for risk mitigation.
4. These dossiers are submitted to regulatory authorities around the world who review the submitted data and risk assessments, and grant or deny approval of active substances and products based on their specific regulations and conclusions.
To decide whether a crop protection product is safe, multiple areas are investigated including:-
1. Dietary safety: Evaluates the exposure to the human population, including sensitive populations such as infants and children, from potential residues of chemicals in food and drinking water to ensure the levels are safe.
2. Toxicology: Studies the adverse effects of chemicals in mammals to assess potential effects in humans.
3. Environmental fate: Investigates the behavior, metabolism and distribution of substances in the environment (soil, water, groundwater, air).
4. Environmental effects: Assess the potential effects of chemical or biological agents to non-target organisms in the environment.
5. Occupational exposure: Evaluates exposure to workers resulting from the manufacture and use of chemicals and determines required personal protection equipment to ensure safety.
6. Product chemistry: Determines the physical chemical properties of a chemical (e.g. solubility, volatility, chemical reactivity) that are important to ensure safe storage, transport, use and disposal of a chemical.
7. Agronomic development: Evaluates how a product should be used in the field to ensure maximum efficiency and crop safety.
#innovation #agriculture #cropprotection
🌱🐞 Nature's Pest Control Experts - Embrace Organic Gardening! 🌿🦋
Before reaching for insecticides or slug pellets, let's remember our incredible garden allies! 🐌❤️ Aphid-eating ladybugs, caterpillar-munching birds, and snail-hunting frogs are among the free and eco-friendly pest control squad in your garden!
Let's create a welcoming space for these helpful species and embrace organic crop production! 🌿🌼 Together, we can nurture a balanced ecosystem that thrives without harming our natural allies
(Ref: Collected from Marian Hill's Instagram post).
Improvement of entomopathogenic fungi based formulations 🧪🪴🌱♻️🐞🦗🪲
Читать полностью…
How aphids become delicious food with the perfect soundtrack for ladybugs 🐞
/channel/plantprotectionTAU
Learn how to recognize the eggs of predatory arthropods employed in augmentative biological control.
Sizes are not scaled -> relative differences in egg size among species are not real.
#biologicalcontrol #ipm #ipmanagement #predators #cropprotection
🦠Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete microorganism that causes serious disease known as potato late blight.
🗓️During 1840s, late blight disease was a major culprit of epidemics in the United States and expanded to Europe causing the Irish Famine (1845) and the Scottish Highland Potato Famine (1846).
📍This period is also known as the 'Hungry Forties' because that time many people starved due to lack of access to other staple food sources and also caused emigration of people.
🥔During that time, the most popular variety widely cultivated is the Irish Lumper. Due to its susceptibility to the pathogen, massive areas of potato fields were wiped out.
👨🏼🔬Due to great losses attributed to this, it paved opportunities for plant pathologists study the disease. The pathogen was first described by M. J. Berkeley and subsequently named Phytophthora infestans by Heinrich Anton de Bary in the 1870’s.
🧫De Bary worked out the life cycle of potato late blight pathogen and first to prove experimentally that Phytophthora infestans is the cause of potato late blight.
🔬He convinced the scientific community that the white sporulation on infected potato plants was the causal agent of the disease and not the result of spontaneous generation from the decaying vegetation or the wrath of God. He proved that fungi are causes but not the results of diseases.
🌎Years after this disease has been identified, debates have evolved on the center of origin of the pathogen: South America or Central Mexico.
📌Although it is widely accepted that Peru is the center of origin of potato, tomato and pear melon which are known hosts of the pathogen, it was not clearly proven to be center of origin of the pathogen.
👩🔬In 2014, Goss et al published their studies and finally elucidated the center of origin of the pathogen. They conducted phylogeographic and approximate Bayesian computation analyses to unraveling complex demographic histories of nuclear genes sampled from populations in the Andes, Mexico, and elsewhere using microsatellite markers and sequences.
🇲🇽They did not find support for an Andean origin of Phytophtora infestans; rather, the sequence data suggest a Mexican origin.
🌱The authors provided basis to understand the coevolution of hosts and pathogens which is vital in disease management programs to manage future epidemics of this disease.
📓Information sources:
https://lnkd.in/gqjBwC_C
https://lnkd.in/g6QQhvHj
https://lnkd.in/gGj_V9tB.
📷Image credit:
©️Margaret Senior.
#ag #knowledge #euroblight #linkedin #research #innovation
Fighting pathogenic fungi with great help from little friends 🦠🔬
📚 Rhizoctonia solan is a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus with a wide range of hosts (causes diseases of over 200 plant species) that contribute to significant crop yield losses worldwide.
👨🌾 Besides the introduction of certain agronomic practices (e.g. crop rotation), use of resistant cultivars, and chemical pesticides, specific microorganisms can be applied as biocontrol agents to manage R. solani.
🦠 Due to its broad range of antibiotic-producing abilities (including lipopeptides, antibiotics and enzymes), Bacillus spp. is widely used against the pathogen.
🔃 Besides the direct biocontrol effect, Bacillus also competes with pathogenic fungi for space and nutrients.
🧪 Several Bacillus spp.-based bio-pesticides (originating from B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. pumilus) have been commercialized for the effective management of R. solani.
Video: timelapse showing inhibition of the R. solani growth by Bacillus spp. inoculant (credits: Plant Pathology).
#soil #biology #agriculture #farming
دومین المپیاد قارچ شناسی توسط انجمن قارچ شناسی ایران روز دوشنبه ۴/۱۲ برگزار خواهد شد
اسامی حوزه های امتحانی المپیاد
A 61-year-old plant mycologist from India is the first person in the world to contract a plant fungal disease.
The man was diagnosed with Chondrostereum purpureum, the fungus that causes silver leaf disease in plants, according to a study published in Medical Mycology Case Reports .
Silver leaf disease mostly attacks species of the rose family and is often fatal. It is spread by airborne spores landing on freshly exposed sapwood.
The man suffered persistent symptoms, including a hoarse voice, cough and difficulties swallowing for three months before visiting a doctor. After conventional techniques, including microscopy, failed to identify the fungus, a CT scan revealed a paratracheal abscess in his neck and a sample tested positive for the fungal infection.
Alternative thrips control with entomopathogenic nematode 🌱🪴🪱🍂🚨
🪱Steinernema feltiae is a species of entomopathogenic nematode that is known to attack and control various insect pests, including thrips.
🌱Thrips are small, slender insects that feed on the leaves and flowers of plants, causing damage to crops and ornamental plants.
🎛️Steinernema feltiae is often used to manage thrips populations in agricultural and horticultural systems. This nematode has a mutualistic relationship with specific bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp.), which they carry in their gut. When they infect a host insect, such as thrips, they release the bacteria, which rapidly multiply and cause septicemia, ultimately killing the insect.
🐛The infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae actively seek out thrips larvae or pupae in the soil or plant debris.
🌿Once they locate a suitable host, they enter the body of the thrips through natural openings or by penetrating the cuticle.
🦠Inside the thrips, the nematodes release the bacteria, which start multiplying and eventually cause the death of the insect.
🍅Steinernema feltiae is considered an effective biological control agent for thrips, especially in greenhouse and indoor settings.
✅However, it's important to follow proper application guidelines and consider factors such as temperature, humidity, and the specific thrips species present for successful control.
📹Video credit: https://lnkd.in/gaNFv6KY
📑Useful reference materials:
https://lnkd.in/gi3avq5w
https://lnkd.in/gMa_iJNq
https://lnkd.in/g_zR_Bci
https://lnkd.in/g8emNtSh
اصطلاحات ترکی در گیاهپزشکی
با وجود تخصصی و فنی بودن رشته گیاهپزشکی به عنوان یکی از شاخه های کشاورزی که اغلب با آفات و بیماری های گیاهی و آفتکش های شیمیایی سر و کار دارد، کشاورزان به عنوان عمده افراد درگیر با این رشته، واژه هایی را برای بیان مفاهیم مرتبط با این رشته ابداع نموده و مورد استفاده قرار می دهند.
آشنایی با این واژه ها برای یک گیاهپزشک و به ویژه آنها که با افراد محلی ارتباط کاری دارند، یک امر حیاتی و گاه حیثیتی است. عدم آشنایی با این واژه ها، به معنی ضعف و حتی عدم توانایی در برقراری ارتباط گفتاری با مراجعه کنندگان و کشاورزان و باغدارانی است که جهت دریافت مشاوره به گیاهپزشکان مراجعه می کنند.
در این مجموعه تلاش شده تا مطابقت این واژه ها تا حد امکان با واژه های مورد استفاده در زبان فارسی صورت گیرد. به طور یقین، گوناگونی این اصطلاحات در پهنه آذربایجان در حد بالایی است و مردمان هر منطقه زبان عامیانه خود را برای بیان مفاهیم گیاهپزشکی به کار می گیرند. بنابراین، همه عزیزان را به کمک به تکمیل شدن این مجموعه دعوت نموده و دست تک تک دوستان را در درج نظرات تکمیلی، اصلاحی و نقادانه می فشاریم.
بیماری های گیاهی
آغ باسماخ/پامبوخچا: سفیدک پودری یا سطحی یا حقیقی
ارککلَماخ: تورم جوانه گوجه فرنگی
اولوششَمَک: پژمردگی
پاس باسماخ: زنگ
چارپاناخ: زنگار
چور ورماخ: برق زدگی نخود، سفیدک
چورومک: پوسیدگی
ساریلیخ: زنگ زرد گندم
شَرِح ورماخ: ابتلا به بیماری قارچی مثل برق زدگی نخود
قاراجا، قَرَجه: سیاهک (در جمهوری آذربایجان به آن سورمه گوبلیی) می گویند.
لَکَه/قارا خال: لکه سیاه سیب
کیف توتماخ : کپک زدن یا رشد توده قارچی
حشره شناسی و کنه شناسی
آلما قوردو: کرم سیب
اَریک قیزاردان: حشره بالغ کرم سفید ریشه
تورسالان: عنکبوت
پیسپیدا/پیسپیسا: سن گندم
سیم ورماخ: سرخرطومی یونجه/لیسه سیب
شیره ، شیرنه: شته
فاطما نَنَه: کفشدوزک هفت نقطه ای
کَپَنَک: پروانه، شب پره
گَنَه قرمز: کنه قرمز
قورد: کرم، لارو مخصوصاً کرم سیب و کرم ساقه خوار برنج
موزا: سوسک های طلایی (Buprestis spp)
چاپاغان : سیرسیرک
وریان دلن : آبدزدک
سیم قوردی : کرم مفتولی یا کرم خراط
گیاهان انگل
ایلیشیم، سرطان/ ساراطان، چور، لیف: سس
کلوخا/کلوشا/بوستان گولو: گل جالیز
بورک آغاجی: دارواش
سم و مواد شیمیایی کشاورزی
آغ کود: کود اوره
جَیَن داواسی: بنتازون و بن سولفورون
ساری کود: گوگرد
سیم داواسی: حشره کش های مورد استفاده برای مبارزه با سرخرطومی یونجه و لیسه سیب
شیره داواسی: شته کش
قارا/قَرَه کود: کود فسفره
قاراجا/قَرَجه داواسی: قارچکش های کاربوکسین تیرام و توبوکونازول مورد استفاده برای ضدعفونی بذر غلات برای مبارزه با سیاهک ها
قورد داواسی: بیشتر به حشره کش های معمول برای کرم سیب اطلاق می شود.
منبع : سایت آقای دکتر جمشیدی
با اضافه کردن موارد دیگر توسط احسان میرزائی
با توجه به نتایج اولیه کنکور ارشد
کسب رتبه دوم حشره شناسی رو به آقای امیر فاروق مستغنی و کسب رتبه هشتم بیماری شناسی رو به آقای جاوید ساکتی تبریک میگیم
هردو از دانشجویان فوق العاده دانشگاه تبریز
How citrus greening affects citrus industry?🍋🍊🌱🪴🌳🚜
Читать полностью…
The amazing world of mycorrhizal fungi in a timelapse 📹🕕⌛️
Читать полностью…
How are crop protection products approved?
All countries except Iran
/channel/plantprotectionTAU
🪲Over the years, control of many econonomically important insect pests are achieved through in wide array of options that are suitable to farmer's convenience and preferences.
🧪The introduction of alternative insect control measures like use of entomopathogenic fungi has drawn increasing attention and popularity amongst growers.
🦠Entomopathogenic fungi are group of soil borne microorganisms that attacks and kills insects and other arthropods.
🌱The most popular strains of these fungis belong to the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium, Isaria, Hirsutella, and Lecanicillium.
🌱Once came contact with the insects, it adheres to their cuticle and penetrates their body. Then the fungus starts to grow and multiply.
🪴However, the field efficacy of these products are usually being questioned for consistency and practicability leading to low adoption rate.
♻️In order to address challenges on the formulation associated to its field applications, here are some recommendations:
📍Focus on stabilizing the fungal spores to extend shelf life. Encapsulating spores in protective coatings or using stabilizing agents can enhance viability and effectiveness over time.
📍Incorporate UV protectants into formulations to shield fungal spores from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can reduce their viability when applied outdoors.
📍Develop formulations with improved adhesion to insect cuticles and substrates. Add surfactants or adhesion promoters to enhance spore attachment and spread on the target pests.
📍Modify formulations to withstand a wider range of temperatures, allowing the fungi to remain effective under varying environmental conditions.
📍Improve rainfastness by designing formulations that resist washing away during rain events, ensuring prolonged efficacy.
📍Test compatibility with commonly used pesticides and fertilizers to create integrated pest management solutions that can be used in combination with other products.
📚Related information: https://lnkd.in/gpvC5eMJ
📸Image details: Image: https://lnkd.in/gdSPM6Pv
Insects infected with Metarhizium strains showing sporulation on cadavers. (A) Melanoplus femurrubrum infected with wild type Metarhizium acridum Ma324. Galleria mellonella infected with transgenic Ma324-Mest1 (B) and wild type Metarhizium robertsii Mr2575 (C). Manduca sexta infected with transgenic M. acridum Ma324-Mest1 (D) and wild type M. robertsii Mr2575 (E).
📱Via:https://lnkd.in/gTWyqr-K
#linkedin #linkedinforcreators #linkedinlearning #agriculture #agribusiness #farming #product #formulation
Ladybugs are capable of consuming up to 50 to 60 aphids per day but will also eat a variety of other insects and larvae including scales, mealy bugs, leaf hoppers, mites, and various types of soft-bodied insects.
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پیام حسین و عاشورا همین چند جمله از شهید بهشتیست:
«ستمپذیری هم اندازهی ستمگری گناه است. ای انسان تو آزادی...»
عاشورای حسینی تسلیت باد 🖤
کانال نماتد شناسی حیدرپور
پیشنهاد میکنم حتما عضو شوید
🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱🪱
⚡ طرح کنترل نماتد پسته در ایران
✨ معرفی چند ترکیب جدید حرفه ای
💡 آنچه باید از نماتدها بدانیم
🗞️ بررسی تئوری هایی که هرگز به عمل منجر نشد
💡شناخت بهترین نماتد کش ها
پوزیشن استادیاری در دانشگاه ماناس قرقیزستان.
مطابق آیین نامه دانشگاه ماناس باید یکسال از تاریخ دفاع گذشته باشد.
Some interesting facts about potato late blight disease 🌱🚜🥔🍅🧫🔬🍂👨🏼🔬🧬
Читать полностью…
Fighting pathogenic fungi with great help from little friends 🦠🔬
Читать полностью…
“This case highlights the potential of environmental plant fungi to cause disease in humans and stresses the importance of molecular techniques to identify the causative fungal species,” the study notes.
The man worked with decaying plant and fungi material as part of his research activities and has since recovered after receiving two antifungal medications for two months. The unnamed man is said to have no complications as a result of the disease.
Of the millions of fungi that exist, only a few hundred are capable of infecting humans. The fungal species that can grow at 35—37 °C can become a human pathogen or commensal flora, notes the report, adding that the pathogen enters the human body through damaged skin and the respiratory tract.
“That animal and human diseases can be caused by plant pathogens is a new concept that raises serious questions regarding the propensity of such infection to occur in healthy as well as immunocompromised individuals. If the fungi can escape the phagocytosis pathway and is able to evade the host immune system, then they can establish themselves as human pathogens.”
The report points to climate change as causing a rise in new pathogenic fungi, stating that “the worsening of global warming and other civilization activities opens Pandora’s Box for newer fungal diseases.”
Some fungi that are sensitive to high temperatures and have the potential to cause illness can develop the ability to survive in the human body at elevated temperatures. This is a significant concern as certain fungi can utilize “a natural selection-adaptation strategy” and adjust to higher temperatures through thermal selection.
Mycologist becomes first person in the world to contract a plant fungal disease
Читать полностью…
Alternative thrips control with entomopathogenic nematode 🌱🪴🪱🍂🚨
🪱Steinernema feltiae is a species of entomopathogenic nematode that is known to attack and control various insect pests, including thrips.
تقدیم به اساتید گرامی که در فصل امتحانات به هیچ وجه من الوجوه کم نگذاشتند
#شوخی
با عرض سلام و احترام
با عنایت به درخواست های مکرر و پیام های دریافتی از پژوهشگران و دانشجویان سراسر کشور مبنی بر نیاز به فرصت بیشتر جهت تکمیل و ارسال خلاصه مقالات، به اطلاع می رساند براساس تصمیم هیات اجرایی پنجمین کنگره قارچ شناسی ایران، مهلت ارسال خلاصه مقالات تا ۱۶ خرداد ماه ۱۴۰۲ تمدید شد. شایان ذکر است کلیه پژوهشگرانی که تاکنون موفق به ارسال خلاصه مقاله خود نگردیده اند می توانند خلاصه مقالات خود را تا تاریخ فوق الذکر از طریق سامانه کاربران سایت کنگره ارسال نمایند. لازم به توضیح است مهلت مذکور مجددا تمدید نخواهد شد.
کمیته اجرایی پنجمین کنگره قارچ شناسی ایران