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Correct Answer - B Minute 1- to 2-mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called petechiae. These are most commonly associated with locally increased intravascular pressure, low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), or defective platelet function (as in uremia).
Ref: Robbins 8th edition Chapter 4.
Hey newbeezz!!!
I know there's so much to learn but isn't fun...
Okay so I guess in the childhood we all have heard the song, Baby.. Yeah that same which you tried to sing but for someone... .Ok let's not go that way...
So yeah the singer justin bieber is suffering from a condition ----------- which affects------- nerve....
A) bell's palsy, VIIth nerve
B) Bell's palsy, VIIIth nerve
C) Ramsay hunt syndrome, VIIIth nerve
D) Ramsay hunt syndrome, VIIth nerve
E) Sir, mujhe koi mili hi nhi...
PGI PG CHANDIGARH 2009
Q.]During acclimitisation, decreased sweating is due to down regulation of?
a) Epinephrine receptors
b) Norepinephrine receptors
c) Acetylcholine receptors
d) Dopamine receptors
Correct Answer-A Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cong-Bicuspid aortic valve Aortic stenosis causes pressure overload that results in concentric hypertrophy. ◦ Congenital bicuspic aortic valve causes valvular aortic stenosis.
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Correct Answer-A Ans. is 'a" i.e., Hyertension More than 90% of dissections occur in men between the ages of 40 and 60 with antecedent hypertension
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Correct Answer -C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy . Rupture occurs in advanced atherosclerotic lesion. . In advanced atheroma, smooth muscle cells undergo apoptosis and advanced atheromatous plaque often have mostly fibrous character with lack of smooth muscle cells that are seen in less advanced lesion.
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Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Monckebergs sclerosis First see types of arteries Based on their size and structural features, arteries are divided into three types. Large or Elastic arteries Aorta • Its large branches, eg. - Innominate, Subclavian, common carotid. iliac • Pulmonary arteries. Medium sized or muscular arteries • Small branches of aorta Coronary, Renal T • Small arteries and arterioles • Within substance of the tissue • Now see their affection ? Arteriosclerosis • Dont get confuse with atherosclerosis. .| Arteriosclerosis means hardening of arteries by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall. o There are three patterns of arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis • Characterized by intimal lesions, i.e. atheromas, which project into vascular lumen and may obstruct it. o This is the most common
pattern of arteriosclerosis. • It involves elastic arteries, and large & medium size muscular arteries. Arteriolosclerosis .| Seen in arterioles of patiens with hypertension and diabetes • Two anatomic variants are common --> hyaline and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis. Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis • It is seen in small and medium sized muscular arteries • It is a degenerative and apparently non-inflammatory disease • Media of these arteries becomes calcified. • It occurs in patients older than 50 years.
Correct Answer - B Minute 1- tO 2-mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called petechiae. These are most commonly associated with locally increased intravascular pressure, low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), or defective platelet function (as in uremia).
Ref: Robbins 8th edition Chapter 4.
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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Membrane defect
* Among the defects in hexose monophosphate shunt, the most
common is G6PD deficiency.
* G6PD gene is located on the X chromosome and its deficiency is,
therefore, a sex (X)-linked trait affecting males, while the females
are carriers and are asymptomatic.
* PATHOGENESIS: Normally, red blood cells are well protected
against oxidant stress because of an adequate generation of
reduced glutathione via the hexose monophosphate shunt.
* Individuals with inherited deficiency of G6PD, an enzyme required for hexosemonophosphate shunt for glucose metabolism, fail to develop adequate levels of reduced glutathione in their red cells.
* The clinical manifestations are those of acute hemolytic anemia
within hours of exposure to oxidant stress.
* The hemolysis is, however, self-limiting even if the exposure to the oxidant is continued since it affects the older red cells only
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A 30-year-old woman presents with complaints of fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath on exertion for the past few weeks. On physical examination, a systolic murmur is noted at the left sternal border, with no signs of heart failure or valvular abnormalities. Laboratory findings reveal a hemoglobin of 7.5 g/dL, MCV of 72 fL, and low ferritin levels. Her reticulocyte count is slightly elevated. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the murmur in this patient?
A) Iron-deficiency anemia
B) Thalassemia minor
C) Aortic regurgitation
D) Mitral valve prolapse
E) Sickle cell disease
Correct Answer - C The next step in the process of leukocyte recruitment is migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium, called transmigration or diapedesis.
Transmigration of leukocytes occurs mainly in post-capillary venules. Chemokines act on the adherent leukocytes and stimulate the cells to migrate through interendothelial spaces toward the chemical concentration gradient, that is, toward the site of injury or infection where the chemokines are being produced.
Ref: Robbins 8th edition, Chapter 2.
Correct Answer -C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Most commonly involved artery is abdominal aorta It is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults, is an acute and chronic, often granulomatous, inflammation of arteries of large to small size It affects principally the arteries in the head-especially the temporal arteries- but also the vertebral and ophthalmic arteries and the aorta, where it may cause thoracic aortic aneurysm
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Correct Answer - D Ans. is 'd' i.e., Old age .. Old age is a non-modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). ?. Other three (given in question) are modifiable risk factors
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Wishing you all bright and prosperous Diwali. Let this Diwali be a time of renewal and prosperity in both our professional and personal lives.
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Correct Answer - C Ans: C. Both of the above Bridging necrosis is a more severe form of hepatocellular injury in acute viral hepatitis and may progress to fulminant hepatitis or chronic hepatitis. Bridging necrosis is characterized by bands of necrosis linking portal tracts to central hepatic veins, one central hepatic vein to another, or & portal tract to another tract. In severe cases of acute hepatitis, confluent necrosis of hepatocytes may lead to bridging necrosis connecting portal-to-portal, central-to- central, or portal-to-central regions of adjacent lobules. Hepatocyte swelling and regeneration compress sinusoids, and the more or less radial array of hepatocyte plates around terminal hepatic veins are lost. Bridging fibrosis is an important component of severe examples of chronic viral hepatitis and steatohepatitis
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Correct Answer - D
Answer- D. 2
A normal CD4/CD8 ratio is 2.0, with CD4 lymphocytes equal to or
greater than 400/mm3 and CD8 lymphocytes equal to 200 to
800/mm3.
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