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Next Medical Academy App For
2023 MBBS BATCH
Next Medical Academy is An Online Coaching App For NEETPG/NEXT/INICET
We are launching our app first for 2nd proff Mbbs Students (2023 MBBS BATCH)
8 INNOVATIVE FEATURES:
3 Level Tests.
DD BOXES(Differential Diagnosis Boxes)
NOCC BOXES(NO Confusion Clarity Boxes)
SA BOXES(Subject Analysis Boxes)
HTR BOXES(How To Remember Boxes)
NMA Nutshells
TOPIC WISE TESTS.
STEP WISE EXPLANATION of Level 3 Tests
App Validity: 4 & Half Years.
APP IS COMPLETELY FREE TILL AUG 11th/2025
Payments window will open on Aug 11/2025
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Ai Generated Youtube video explaining Next Medical Academy Features
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App Link
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Correct Answer-D
Answer-D. Bone marrow
Dutcher bodies, which are attributed to immunoglobulin filled
cytoplasm invaginating into the nucleus creating the appearance of
an intranuclear inclusion.
Dutcher bodies are described as intranuclear inclusions in patients
with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
The inclusions are positive on a periodic acid-Schiff reaction and
were present in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus.
They identified the inclusions as glycoprotein and postulated that
they might be chemically identical to the macroglobulin in the
plasma.
Correct Answer: a) Epstein-Barr virus
---
💡 Why others are incorrect:
b) CMV – Can cause mononucleosis-like illness, but Monospot is negative and atypical lymphocytes are less prominent.
c) Streptococcus pyogenes – Causes bacterial pharyngitis, no atypical lymphocytes, no positive Monospot.
d) HIV – May cause acute retroviral syndrome, but lacks Monospot positivity and typical triad.
e) Toxoplasma gondii – Can mimic mono, but Monospot negative, and rare in immunocompetent hosts.
A 19-year-old college student presents
with fatigue and sore throat. His
peripheral smear shows atypical
lymphocytes. His Monospot test is
positive.
What is the likely causative organism?
Comment upon this.
Try without options.
We have discussed it so many times.
Correct Answer - C
Malakoplakia [Ref. Robbins 7th/e p 1027-1028]
• Malakoplakia is a variant of cystitis, it is related to chronic bacterial
infection mostly by E.coli or occasionally by proteus species.
• It is characterized by unusual appearing macrophages and giant
phagosomes.
• It points to defect in phagocytic or degradative function of
macrophage.
• It is apeculiar pattern of vesical inflammatory reaction characterized
microscopically by soft, yellow, slightly raised mucosal plaques 3-4
cm in diameter.
• Histologically it is characterized by infiltration with large foamy
macrophages with occasional multinucleate giant cells and
interspersed lymphocytes.
• The macrophages have an abundant granular cytoplasm and the
granularity is PAS positive.
• In addition to these histological changes, malakoplokia is also
characterized by Michaelis Guttman bodies. - Michalies Guttman
bodies are Laminated mineralized concretions resulting from
deposition of calcium in enlarged lysosomes.
⁃ They are typically present both within the macrophages and
between cells
Based on the above keywords hint:*
Raised, shiny scar
Extends beyond original wound
Progressive growth
Type III collagen
Ans is keloid
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SNPs are
said to be bi-allelic.
The two most common genetic variations or
polymorphisms are
◦ Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
◦ Copy number variations (CNVs)
A. SNPs
◦ These are variations in a single nucleotide
that occurs at a specific position (locus) in
the genome
• They are always bi-allelic, that is, only two
choices exist at a given locus in a populati
(-CorA-).
The image below shows a C/A SNP. The upper
DNA molecule differs from the lower DNA
molecule at a single base-pair location.
45-year-old woman having salt and pepper
appearance in skull with dentine defects and
loss of lamina dura most likely suggests
hyperparathyroidism
Radiological features of hyperparathyroidism:
◦ Classical and pathognomonic feature of
hyperparathyroidism is sub-periosteal
cortical resorption of middle phalanges,
seen especially in the second and third
fingers. This feature can also be visualised in
lateral end of clavicle and symphysis pubis
◦ Loss of lamina Dura (thin cortical bone of
tooth socket surrounding teeth is seen as
thin white line)
◦ Generalized osteopenia, thinning of cortices,
and indistinct bony trabeculae
◦ Expansile lytic lesion, otherwise known as
brown's tumor generally affecting
maxilla/mandible
◦ Salt and pepper appearance of skull
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
* This is most common type of necrosis.
* This type of necrosis is most frequently caused by sudden
cessation of blood flow (ischemia) in organs such as heart (MI),
Kidney (ATN), adrenal gland, and spleen.
Note: Brain is the only exception, i.e.,. It is the only solid organ in
which ischemia leads to liquifactive necrosis not coagulative
necrosis.
* It is also seen with other types of injury e.g.,liver necrosis in viral
hepatitis, Coagulative necrosis of skin after burns (Thermal injury).
Why there is predominant protein denaturation and no enzymatic
digestion ?
Hypoxia causes intracellular acidosis (has been explained earlier)
> .t pH results in denaturation ofproteins which includes not only
structural proteins hut also enzymes
So, there is no enzymatic digestion. o The necrotic cells retain their
cellular outline for several days.
Liquefactive necrosis
* It is the necrotic degradation of tissue that rapidly
undergo softening and liquefaction
Correct Answer-A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hyertension
More than 90% of dissections occur in men between the ages of 40
and 60 with antecedent hypertension
Correct Answer -C
ED50 refers to Effective Dose of a drug needed to produce a particular response in 50%
of population. It is a quantitative measure of the potency of a drug. Smaller the ED50 value,
more potent is the drug
Ref: Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology By lan P. Stolerman, Volume 2, Page 456
Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c" i.e., Dystrophic calcification
Correct Answer - A
Acute promyelocytic leukemia [Ref. Harrison 16'
11
/e p 636]
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is associated with
promyelocytic leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML-M3
) constitutes 5-10% of all
cases of AML
The leukemic cells of these type of anemia are hypergranular.
Granules of these leukemic cells (promyelocytes) contain
thromboplastin like material resulting in widespread disseminated
intravascular coagulation.
Also know
Majority of M3 cases demonstrate a reciprocal translocation
involving chromosome 15 and 17, t (15 ; 17)
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A 19-year-old college student presents
with fatigue and sore throat. His
peripheral smear shows atypical
lymphocytes. His Monospot test is
positive.
What is the likely causative organism?
Comment upon this.
Try without options.
We have discussed it so many times.
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H1 Histone protein binds to the linker DNA.
Structure of chromatin:
• Within the cell nucleus, the DNA is wrapped in
1.8 loops, around a core of histone proteins
• This DNA which encircles the histone
proteins consists of 147 base pairs.
◦ The core histone proteins consist of 2 sets
each of the histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3
and H4, giving a total of 8 histone proteins
known as the histone octamer.
◦ This DNA-histone complex is known as
the nucleosome.
• The nucleosomes are connected by DNA
segments called linker DNA. Both together
constitute the chromatin, giving the
appearance of "beads on string, where the
beads represent nucleosomes and the string
represents the linker DNA.
• The H1 histone protein binds to the linker
DNA and helps stabilize the overall chromatin
architecture.
◦ Notably, the histone proteins are positively
charged, which facilitates the compaction of
the negatively charged DNA.
Ans. is 'd" i.e., High risk of malignacy
o Malignancy is rare in harmartomatous polyps of Peutz-Jeghers
syndrome.
. Other three options are correct
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Correct Answer - B
Ans.is 'b'i.e., Atheromatous plaque
Dystrophic calcification
* When pathological calcification takes place in dead, dying or
degenerated tissue, it is called dystrophic calcification. o Calcium
metabolism is not altered and serum calcium level is normal.
Dystrophic calcification in Dystrophic calcification in
dead tissues
degenerated tissues
1.In caseous necrosis of 1. Atheromatous plague
tuberculosis
2. Monkeberg's sclerosis
(most common which may b& Psommama bodies
in lymph nodes)
4. Dens old scars
2.Chronic abscess in 5. Senile degenrated changes such
liquifactive necrosis
as in costal cartilage, tracheal,
3.Fungal granuloma
bronchial rings, Pineal gland in
4.Infarct
brain.
5.Thrombi 6. Heart valves damaged by
6.Haematomas
rheumatic fever.
7.Dead parasites-
Cystecercosis/Toxoplasma
Hydatid/Schistosoma
8.In fat necrosis of breast &
other tissues
Answer -C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cytoplasmic vacuole
o Fatty changes occur in alcoholic steatosis (fatty liver). It is
manifested by appearence of lipid vacuole in the cytoplasm, which is
a sign of reversible injury.
○ Other three options (loss of cell membrane, nuclear karyolysis and
pyknosis) are signs of irreversible injur
Correct Answer - B
Ans.is 'b'i.e., Atheromatous plaque
Dystrophic calcification
* When pathological calcification takes place in dead, dying or
degenerated tissue, it is called dystrophic calcification. o Calcium
metabolism is not altered and serum calcium level is normal.
Dystrophic calcification in Dystrophic calcification in
dead tissues
degenerated tissues
1.In caseous necrosis of 1. Atheromatous plague
tuberculosis
2. Monkeberg's sclerosis
(most common which may b& Psommama bodies
in lymph nodes)
4. Dens old scars
2.Chronic abscess in 5. Senile degenrated changes such
liquifactive necrosis
as in costal cartilage, tracheal,
3.Fungal granuloma
bronchial rings, Pineal gland in
4.Infarct
brain.
5.Thrombi 6. Heart valves damaged by
6.Haematomas
rheumatic fever.
7.Dead parasites-
Cystecercosis/Toxoplasma
Hydatid/Schistosoma
8.In fat necrosis of breast &
other tissues