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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cong-Bicuspid aortic valve
Aortic stenosis causes pressure overload that results in concentric
hypertrophy.
o Congenital bicuspic aortic valve causes valvular aortic stenosis
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is a and b i.e. Gestational diabetes and Maternal obesity
Macrosomia is the term used to describe a large fetus.
The recommended definition is fetal (neonatal) weight exceeding
two standard deviations or above 90th centile for the appropriate
normal population.
According to ACOG : birth weight of > 4500gm is called as
macrosomia.
In Indian context Birth weight of > 4000 gm is called as macrosomia
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd i.e., VEGF
Two most important angiogenic factors are :
i) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) —> most
important.
ii) Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2).
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Polyatrteritis nodosa
The hepatitis B surface antigen is present in 25% of patients with
Polyarteritis Nodosa.
Hepatitis C antibody is present in patients with essential mixed
cryoglobinuria and rarely in patients with poly arteritis nodosa.
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Discount code is KUCH40
https://www.dbmci.com/test-discussion
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Left lower lobe
Bronchogenic sequestration refers to the presence of a discrete
mass of lung tissue without any normal connection to the airway
system.
Intralobar sequestrations are found most frequently in the posterior
basal segment of the left lower lobe.
Blood supply to the sequestered area arises not from the pulmonary
arteries but from the aorta or its branches.
Extralobar sequestrations are external to the lung. Found most
commonly in infants as abnormal mass lesions, they may be
associated with other congenital anomalies.
Intralobar sequestrations are found within the lung substance and
are usually associated with recurrent localized infection or
bronchiectasis.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans: C. Both of the above
Bridging necrosis is a more severe form of hepatocellular injury in
acute viral hepatitis and may progress to fulminant hepatitis or
chronic hepatitis. Bridging necrosis is characterized by bands of
necrosis linking portal tracts to central hepatic veins, one central
hepatic vein to another, or a portal tract to another tract.
In severe cases of acute hepatitis, confluent necrosis of hepatocytes
may lead to bridging necrosis connecting portal-to-portal, central-to-
central, or portal-to-central regions of adjacent lobules.
Hepatocyte swelling and regeneration compress sinusoids, and the
more or less radial array of hepatocyte plates around terminal
hepatic veins are lost.
Bridging fibrosis is an important component of severe examples of
chronic viral hepatitis and steatohepatitis.
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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Partial thromboplastin time
1) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) : It tests the intrinsic and
common coagulation pathways. So, a prolonged PTT can results
from deficiency of factor V, VIII (factor VIIIc, Von willebrand factor),
IX, X, XI, XII, prothrombin or fibrinogen.
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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Hereditary spherocYtosis
Increased Osmotic fragility-
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hemolytic anemia (acquired immune)
Malaria
Severe pyruvate kinase dificiency
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Correct Answer - A
Reed Sternberg cells are you derived from B lymphocytes,
classically considered crippled germinal center B cells, Seen against
a sea of B cells which give the tissue a moth-eaten appearance.
They are large and are either multinucleated or have a bibbed
nucleus (thus resembling an "owl's eye" appearance) with prominent
eosinophilic inclusion-like nucleoli.
They are CD30 and CD15 positive, usually negative for CD20 and
CD45.
The presence of these cells is necessary for the diagnosis of
Hodgkin's lymphoma - the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells has very
high negative predictive value.
They can also be found in reactive lymphadenopathy (such as
infectious mononucleosis, carbamazepine associated
lymphadenopathy) and very often in other types of non-Hodgkin
lymphomas
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Spongiform change in brain
o The classic histologic appearance in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is
spongiform change in the gray matter : in all six cortical layers in the
cerebral cortex or with diffuse involvement of the cerebellar
molecular layer. These vacuoles appear glassy or eosinophilic and
may coalesce. Neuronal loss and gliosis are also seen
Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., M4
In acute leukemias the clinical features are primarily seen
because of :
Replacement of normal cells of bone marrow by leukemic cells
resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia. Infiltration of
leukemic cell in various extramedullary organs causing,
hepalomegaly, splenomegaly. Gum hypertrophy due to infiltration of
gums by leukemic cells is one such feature. It is characteristically
associated with AML-M5 and AML-M4 i.e. (acute monocytic
leukemia).
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Vegetation > 5 mm
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)
NBTE is characterized by the deposition of small sterile thrombi on
the leaflets of the cardiac valves.
The lesions are small, ranging from 1 mm to 5 mm.
They occur singly or multiply along the lines of closure of leaflet or
cusps.
They are composed of bland thrombi that are loosely attached to the
underlying valve.
The vegetations are not invasive and do not elicit any inflammatory
reaction. Thus, the local effect of vegetations is usually unimportant
but they may be the source of systemic emboli.
NBTE is often encountered in debilitated patients. It is seen in
hypercoagulable states, e.g. cancer, promyelocytic leukemia,
mutinous adinocarcinomas and increased estrogenic state.
https://youtu.be/-Ncg2KP--5k
NMC original Video- Meet about Next held today in detail
Correct Answer - B
Ans B. Hyaline
Most common degeneration overall _ hyaline
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. d. Lymphocytes
"Flow cytometry can rapidly and quantitatively measure several
individual cell characteristics, such as membrane antigens and the
DNA content of tumor cells. Flow cytometry has also proved useful
in the identification and classification of tumors arising from T and B
lymphocytes and from mononuclear-phagocytic cells."- Robbins 8/e
p324
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Correct Answer - A
Acute promyelocytic leukemia [Ref. Harrison 16'
11 e p 636]
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is associated with
promyelocytic leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML-M3
) constitutes 5-10% of all
cases of AML
The leukemic cells of these type of anemia are hypergranular.
Granules of these leukemic cells (promyelocytes) contain
thromboplastin like material resulting in widespread disseminated
intravascular coagulation.
Also know Majority of M3 cases demonstrate a reciprocal translocation
involving chromosome 15 and 17, t (15 ; 17)
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Correct Answer - B
Answer: B - Increases afferent arteriole resistance
Kidney utilizes the following mechanisms as a response to
shock:
Release aldosterone due to hypoxic kidney.
.Release ADH due to decrease effective circulatory blood volume.
.reduce GFR due to afferent arteriole constriction.
.Tissue fluid shift to plasma due to lower hydrostatic pressure (hypotension).
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Class V
There are several versions of WHO classification of lupus nephritis ?
1) Minimal or no detectable abnormalities (class 1)
2) Mesangial lupus glomerulonephritis (class II)
3) Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis (class III)
4) Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (class IV)
5) Membranous glomerulonephritis (class V)
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Gardner's syndrome
o Gardner syndrome includes adenomatous polyps of the
gastrointestinal tract, desmoid tumours, osteomas, epidermoid cysts, lipomas, dental abnormalities and periampullary carcinomas.
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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. 80-100 days
Normal average life span of red blood cells in adults is about 120
days, whereas that of transfused RBCs is about 50-60 days"
After an RBC transfusion, the mean potential life span of RBC is 85
days with a mean half life of 43 ± 11 day
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Correct Answer - C
Answer: C - Lymphocyte predominance
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) - common “Malignant Lymphomas”
2 entities:
Classical HL (cHL)
Nodular Lymphocyte–predominant HL (NLPHL).
Cells :
Classical HL - Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) cells
Nodular Lymphocyte predominant HL - Lymphocytic & Histiocytic
(L&H) cells
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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Wet gangrene
When overlying skin of dry gangrenous tissue is devitalized,
bacterial infection is superimposed and the coagulative necrosis
is modified by liquifactive necrosis. More commonly due to venous
occlusion then arterial occlusion.
Occurs in diabetic foot and bed sores
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Correct Answer D .All
Positive for Rheumatoid factor in blood is seropositivity.
Patients with positive rheumatoid factor usually present with
symptoms like-
Joint deformities & disability
Symmetrical involvement of joints
Inflammation
Swelling and painful in multiple joints, especially of hands and
feet.
Morning stiffness (short term)
Development of firm lumps near joints - “Rheumatoid nodules”
Deterioration of bone & cartilage (X- ray findings)
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Correct Answer - D
Ans: D. Endothelial injury
The three primary abnormalities that lead to thrombus formation
(called Virchow's triad) are
(1) endothelial injury,
(2) stasis or turbulent blood flow, and
(3) hypercoagulability of the blood.
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Isopropyl alcohol
Risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of bladder ?
Smoking -4 Major etiological factor.
Occupational exposure to chemicals → Nephthylamine benzidine,
aniline dyes, acrolein.
Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharziasis)→ It is a risk factor for both
TCC & SCC.
Drugs —> Phenacetin
Cyclophosphamide therapy
Pelvic irradiations
Correct Answer - C
Ans. is `c' i.e., Thalassemia
Intracorpuscular hemolysis : Hereditary sphlerocytosis, G6PD
deficiency, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, PNH.
Extracorpuscular hemolysis : Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
(TTP, HUS, DIC), infection (malaria), prosthetic valve,
immunohemolytic anemia and hyperplenism
Correct Answer - B
Ans: B. Eosinophilic contraction bands
Microscopically, irreversibly damaged myocytes subject to
reperfusion show contraction band necrosis;
In this pathologic process, intense eosinophilic bands of
hypercontracted sarcomeres are created by an influx of calcium
across plasma membranes that enhances actin-myosin
interaction