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Correct Answer-A Ans. is 'a" i.e., Hyertension More than 90% of dissections occur in men between the ages of 40 and 60 with antecedent hypertension
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Correct Answer -C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy . Rupture occurs in advanced atherosclerotic lesion. . In advanced atheroma, smooth muscle cells undergo apoptosis and advanced atheromatous plaque often have mostly fibrous character with lack of smooth muscle cells that are seen in less advanced lesion.
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Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Monckebergs sclerosis First see types of arteries Based on their size and structural features, arteries are divided into three types. Large or Elastic arteries Aorta • Its large branches, eg. - Innominate, Subclavian, common carotid. iliac • Pulmonary arteries. Medium sized or muscular arteries • Small branches of aorta Coronary, Renal T • Small arteries and arterioles • Within substance of the tissue • Now see their affection ? Arteriosclerosis • Dont get confuse with atherosclerosis. .| Arteriosclerosis means hardening of arteries by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall. o There are three patterns of arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis • Characterized by intimal lesions, i.e. atheromas, which project into vascular lumen and may obstruct it. o This is the most common
pattern of arteriosclerosis. • It involves elastic arteries, and large & medium size muscular arteries. Arteriolosclerosis .| Seen in arterioles of patiens with hypertension and diabetes • Two anatomic variants are common --> hyaline and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis. Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis • It is seen in small and medium sized muscular arteries • It is a degenerative and apparently non-inflammatory disease • Media of these arteries becomes calcified. • It occurs in patients older than 50 years.
Correct Answer - B Minute 1- tO 2-mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called petechiae. These are most commonly associated with locally increased intravascular pressure, low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), or defective platelet function (as in uremia).
Ref: Robbins 8th edition Chapter 4.
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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Membrane defect
* Among the defects in hexose monophosphate shunt, the most
common is G6PD deficiency.
* G6PD gene is located on the X chromosome and its deficiency is,
therefore, a sex (X)-linked trait affecting males, while the females
are carriers and are asymptomatic.
* PATHOGENESIS: Normally, red blood cells are well protected
against oxidant stress because of an adequate generation of
reduced glutathione via the hexose monophosphate shunt.
* Individuals with inherited deficiency of G6PD, an enzyme required for hexosemonophosphate shunt for glucose metabolism, fail to develop adequate levels of reduced glutathione in their red cells.
* The clinical manifestations are those of acute hemolytic anemia
within hours of exposure to oxidant stress.
* The hemolysis is, however, self-limiting even if the exposure to the oxidant is continued since it affects the older red cells only
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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Squamous cell carcinoma
-MYC and RB - small cell cancer
RAS and p16 - non-small cell cancer
p53 - both small and non-small cell, but highest in squamous cell
carcinoma
K-RAS –adenocarcinoma
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Mesothelioma
Pleural tumors
* The pleura may be involved by primary or secondary tumors.
Primary tumors
* Benign --> Solitary fibrous tumor (benign fibrous mesothelioma or benign mesothelioma or pleural fibroma).
* Malignant —> Malignant mesothelioma.
Secondary tumors
* More common than primary tumors.
* Most common primary sites are lung and breast.
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Correct Answer - D Ans. is 'd' i.e., Old age .. Old age is a non-modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). ?. Other three (given in question) are modifiable risk factors
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Wishing you all bright and prosperous Diwali. Let this Diwali be a time of renewal and prosperity in both our professional and personal lives.
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Correct Answer - C Ans: C. Both of the above Bridging necrosis is a more severe form of hepatocellular injury in acute viral hepatitis and may progress to fulminant hepatitis or chronic hepatitis. Bridging necrosis is characterized by bands of necrosis linking portal tracts to central hepatic veins, one central hepatic vein to another, or & portal tract to another tract. In severe cases of acute hepatitis, confluent necrosis of hepatocytes may lead to bridging necrosis connecting portal-to-portal, central-to- central, or portal-to-central regions of adjacent lobules. Hepatocyte swelling and regeneration compress sinusoids, and the more or less radial array of hepatocyte plates around terminal hepatic veins are lost. Bridging fibrosis is an important component of severe examples of chronic viral hepatitis and steatohepatitis
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Correct Answer - D
Answer- D. 2
A normal CD4/CD8 ratio is 2.0, with CD4 lymphocytes equal to or
greater than 400/mm3 and CD8 lymphocytes equal to 200 to
800/mm3.
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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Bronchi and bronchioles
-Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a condition
characterized by a hypersensitivity response to the Aspergillus (most
commonly Aspergillus fumigatus).
-An allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a form of lung disease that occurs in some people who are allergic to Aspergillus.
-With ABPA, this allergic reaction causes the immune system to
overreact to Aspergillus leading to lung inflammation.
-ABPA causes bronchospasm (tightening of airway muscles) and
mucus buildup resulting in coughing, breathing difficulty and airway obstruction.
*it also causes airway inflammation, leading to bronchiectasis—a
condition marked by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and
bronchioles.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5 weeks
* Once blood is removed from the donor, it starts a sequences of in
vitro changes that change its physiological properties.
* Ensuring the blood and its products transfusion safe, their storage is a must.
* The main aim is to minimize damage to store blood.
* Addition of some additive solutions increases the viability of blood, particularly RBCs:
Additive Shelf life of RBC
Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) 21
days
Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) 21 days
Citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (CPD-A)
35 days
Saline-adenine-Glucose-Mannitol (SAGM)
42 days
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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Type -2 hypersensitivity
Type II reactions (Antibody mediated) → Involve immunoglobulin G
or Immunoglobulin M bound to cell surface antigen, with subsequent
complement fixation.
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Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Squamous metaplasia
It occurs most frequently in respiratory tract as a result of chronic irritation by cigarette smoking.
The columnar epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium.
This squamous metaplasia represents an attempt by the host to repair or prepare an epithelial tissue that has been damaged by environmental toxicants with a more resistant tissue.
Squamous metaplasia is also encountered in other location such as pancreatic duct (Vit A deficiency, stones in pancreatic duct), gall bladder (gall stones), urinary bladder (bladder calculi, Schistosomiasis), and in endocervix.
Though the metaplasia is reversible, if the influences that predispose to metaplasia is persistent, malignant transformation may occur in
metaplastic epithelium
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