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Читать полностью…Where does the oxygen we breathe come from?
Gaseous oxygen was created on the Earth about 3.5 billion years ago.
At that time, the UV light of the sun decomposed the water vapour molecules present in the atmosphere, and released oxygen and hydrogen.
But a major part of the oxygen immediately reacted with other substances, so that it was no longer available in the atmosphere as gas.
Oxygen was also produced by the seas, where the 'blue algae' carried out photosynthesis.
These bacteria converted sunlight and carbon dioxide into energy.
In the process, gaseous oxygen was released as a 'waste product', which accumulated in the atmosphere.
About one billion years ago, about one-twentieth (4%) of the atmosphere consisted of oxygen.
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What is Paraffin Wax ?
Paraffin wax is a white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F); its boiling point is greater than 370 °C (698 °F).
Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons.
It is distinct from kerosene, another petroleum product that is sometimes called paraffin.
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How are bubbles formed in boiling water?
At room temperature, there is always some air dissolved in water.
The colder the water, the more air is dissolved. Air becomes less soluble in water as the temperature rises.
When the water boils the air is released in the form of bubbles. Two thousand years ago, an attempt was made to use the power of steam with Heron's ball, but the great breakthrough came only with the steam engines.
The steam engine improved by James Watt is the most well-known.
A little later the steam engines were used to drive locomotives and paddle steamers – the modern steam turbines followed later.
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Which is the shortest war ever fought?
The war between Zanzibar (presently part of Tanzania) and the imperial British is the shortest war ever fought.
It lasted for about 40 minutes. The immediate cause was the ascension of new sultan who was not ready to cooperate with the imperial power, thus British gave him an ultimatum to surrender which he rejected.
In the ensuing battle their defense failed pathetically before the mighty royal navy.
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Who invented the lock and key?
Linus Yale, Jr.
In 1861, Linus Yale, Jr. was inspired by the original 1840s pin-tumbler lock designed by his father, thus inventing and patenting a smaller flat key with serrated edges as well as pins of varying lengths within the lock itself, the same design of the pin-tumbler lock which still remains in use today.
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Which planet is the least dense?
If you're looking for a place a bit more airy, you could always visit Saturn.
The gas giant is the least dense planet in the solar system with an average density of a scant 0.70 grams per cubic centimeter.
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How do bats orient themselves with ultrasounds?
Bats cannot see very well. To orient themselves during their night flights, they emit ultrasounds.
We cannot hear these sounds. The ultrasonic waves falling on obstacles or preys get 'reflected' back and reach the sensitive ears of bats.
Thus, they come to know what all is present around them and where their prey is.
This concept is also used in shipping to determine the depth of the sea using a device called sonar.
It comprises a sound transmitter, a receiver, and a clock. The time difference between sending and receiving sound waves is measured, which is used to calculate the depth of the sea.
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Why is it difficult for the wandering albatross to take off?
Wandering albatrosses are quite heavy, and have to do a warm-up before lifting themselves up into the air-just like an aircraft that increases its speed on the runway.
They often have difficulty if the wind speed is below 12 km/h.
They usually glide when they are in the air because a lot of energy is consumed in flapping their wings.
Albatrosses, which have the largest wingspan of 3-5 m in the animal kingdom, cover thousands of kilometres in the air and are capable of remaining in the air without flapping their wings for several hours.
They mate for life and return to the small islands to the north of Antarctic for breeding.
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What did the Europeans gain by exploring Africa?
With the discovery of the sea route to India, the Europeans became increasingly familiar with the continent of Africa; explorers particularly took note of its extensive and diverse natural reserves. Gold and diamonds were found in plenty in the south of Africa. The British and the Boers fought here for a good bargain. Even the Churches began to take interest in this continent and sent their missionaries deep into interior of Africa. From all over Africa, especially Timbuktu, numerous tribal people were caught and forcibly sent over to America as slaves.
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How tattoo ink is made?
Manufacturers usually don't reveal their ingredients and recipes.
Commonly Professional tatto inks are made from iron oxides (rust), metal salts, plastics. Homemade or traditional tattoo inks are made from pen ink, soot, dirt, blood, or other ingredients.
Heavy metals used for colors include mercury (red); lead (yellow, green, white); cadmium (red, orange, yellow); nickel (black); zinc (yellow, white); chromium (green); cobalt (blue); aluminium (green, violet); titanium (white); copper (blue, green); iron (brown, red, black); and barium (white).
Metal oxides used include ferrocyanide and ferricyanide (yellow, red, green, blue). Organic chemicals used include azo-chemicals (orange, brown, yellow, green, violet) and naptha-derived chemicals (red). Carbon (soot or ash) is also used for black.
Other elements used as pigments include antimony, arsenic, beryllium, calcium, lithium, selenium, and sulphur.
Tattoo ink manufacturers typically blend the heavy metal pigments and/or use lightening agents (such as lead or titanium) to reduce production costs.
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What is Cyber Terrorism ?
Cyber terrorism is the use of Internet based terror attacks, done deliberately in order to create disturbances or havoc in usual working of the internet. Since, many computers are connected through internet, the chances of high disruption in computer related services in personal as well commercial devices. Attacks through cyber terrorism can be in form of various illegal activities whose number is on a constant increase, a few are most lethal and common.
These include attacks from viruses, attacks from Trojans, attacks from BOTS, attacks on databases, black hat hacking etc.
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What are the types of SIM ?
There are basically 3 types of SIMs:
Non-programable - cannot be programmed and must be replaced with a new SIM if changing SIM info.
Programable - integrated into the phone, can be reprogrammed, i.e., does not have to be replaced if changing info (also referred to as embedded).
Soft SIM - an application, not a separate piece of hardware, in the phone, it can be programmed.
Soft SIMs are not really deployed yet ,because of security concerns.
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How was pregnancy tested back then?
Ancient Egyptians mixed the urine with grains.
At least, they
knew where to look at. In the middle ages, urine samples were mixed with alcohol.
The samples were also analysed based on colour. Around the 19th century, focus
was on structures seen under the microscope.
Early 20th century, they injected the tested urine into rabbits. Early 60s, they reacted antibodies
with the samples.
It had a lot of false positive results.
Presently, blood and urine samples are tested for levels of a specific hormone hCG
(human chorionic
gonadotropin).
This is the most reliable of the bunch.
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