Today I Learn

12 Jul 2023 15:47

​​​​How Does Inflight Wifi Work?

In the past, there was no connectivity to mobile towers few hundred feet above the ground (after takeoff). Travelers have to wait until the aircraft lands at the airport to use their Smartphone.

This is an old story, technology has been changed a lot since then.
Similar to our mobile network, Inflight Wi-Fi connectivity requires a base station to send and receive signals. It works in two modes; Ground based connectivity and Satellite based connectivity.
Air to Ground (ATG) Ground based connectivity:
Ground based connectivity also known as Air to Ground connectivity works exactly like our conventional mobile network. It has a base station on the ground with antenna arrays facing upwards to maintain signal connectivity to moving airplanes.
Network of base stations are required to cover a large geographical area. Transceiver antenna module will be installed on the belly of an airplane.
Latency is lower since the airplane is only 35000 feet above ground (average approximation)

Less complex compared to satellite based system.

Operators can make use of existing network for this task.

Cost effective solution and infrastructure.
Easy to maintain the system.

Satellite based connectivity:
Satellite based connectivity uses a network of satellites dedicated to provide data connectivity to moving airplanes. Transceiver antenna module will be installed on top of airplane.
Each satellite can server more number of aircrafts at same time.

Fast network using higher bandwidth signals compared to ground based system.

More immune to atmospheric changes.

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07 Jul 2023 04:18

​​​​Why do Trucks carrying Explosives have a Metal chain Touching the Ground?

The trucks carrying explosives have a metal chain touching the ground ,True. This is all because of the charges produced by the friction which is generated by the tires moving. When the tires move they create certain amount of charges which are enough to blow up the explosive tank. The main motive is to do earthing so that the charges flow down in the earth and prevent the truck from getting blown up or you can also say preventing the explosives to blast. 

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30 Jun 2023 07:02

​​What is the difference between Venom and Poison?

Venom and Poison are both toxic substances. Still, some animals are called venomous and others are poisonous. The only difference between being called poisonous or venomous is in the way these animals deliver the harmful substance.

Venom: When animals like snakes use their sharp fangs to bite into the flesh and let the toxic substance move into the body of their prey,  through the punctured skin, they are called venomous animals. To deliver venom an animal has to use tools like fangs or stingers.

Poison: Poison is something that can get inhaled, ingested or seeped into the skin directly. For example, if you accidentally touch a brightly colored poison dart frog, you will transfer the toxins it secretes from its skin, to your own skin. And then the poison will seep into your blood stream.

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27 Jun 2023 04:18

​​How does Smoke Detector Alarm work?

The two most commonly recognized smoke detection technologies are ionization smoke detection and photoelectric smoke detection.
Ionization smoke alarms are generally more responsive to flaming fires.
How they work: Ionization-type smoke alarms have a small amount of radioactive material between two electrically charged plates, which ionizes the air and causes current to flow between the plates. When smoke enters the chamber, it disrupts the flow of ions, thus reducing the flow of current and activating the alarm. 
Photoelectric smoke alarms are generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering (called “smoldering fires”).

How they work: 

Photoelectric-type alarms aim a light source into a sensing chamber at an angle away from the sensor. Smoke enters the chamber, reflecting light onto the light sensor; triggering the alarm.
For best protection, it is recommended both (ionization and photoelectric) technologies be used in homes. In addition to individual ionization and photoelectric alarms, combination alarms that include both technologies in a single device are available.

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19 Jun 2023 14:41

New Words Daily with its Meaning.

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17 Jun 2023 17:12

​​Why Do We Lose Weight While We Sleep?

It's amazing how much water weighs! A gallon of water weighs 8 pounds, and a pint of water (16 ounces) weighs 1 pound (in metric, 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram). This means that if you drink a 1-liter bottle of soda, you instantly gain 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) from the water. That's a big weight change, and it can happen very quickly.

The main thing affecting overnight weight change is the amount of water in your system. Water weighs an amazing amount. In other words, if you drink a 1-liter bottle of soda, instantly you will gain 2.2 pounds, just from the water.

Overnight, two processes cause you to lose water gradually: breathing and sweating. In respiration, each time you exhale, you lose a small amount of water. If you exhale onto a cool piece of glass you will see this moisture. Through sweating, also called transpiration, you lose water through the skin. Over the course of one night, both of these processes eliminate more water than you might think.

Also contributing to the weight loss is the tradition of using the toilet prior to the morning weigh-in. That process alone can eliminate up to a pound of water. The average person eliminates about 1.2 liters of water just in urine every day. Another liter a day is eliminated through perspiration and respiration. That's 2.2 kilograms (or almost 5 pounds) throughout the day.

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11 Jun 2023 03:42

​​Why do Oil rigs have a Flame?

The flame at the top of an oil rig is an iconic image for the Oil & Gas Industry, yet few people understand why companies choose to burn natural gas. By burning excess natural gas, flaring protects against the dangers of over-pressuring industrial equipment.

A gas flare, alternatively known as a flare stack, flare boom, ground flare, or flare pit is a gas combustion device used in industrial plants such as petroleum refineries, chemical plants and natural gas processing plants.

Flaring is undertaken as a way to remove dangerous gasses with lower harm to the environment. It is used in safely regulating pressure in chemical plants, as well as handling natural gas release in wells. Alternatives, such as piping the gas to a plant or on-site capture and use, are of great interest.

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01 Jun 2023 02:29

​​What is Web 3.0, Web 2.0 and Web 1.0 ?

Web 3.0 is a term that is used to describe many evolutions of web usage and interaction among several paths. In this, data isn’t owned but instead shared, where services show different views for the same web / the same data. 

The Semantic Web (3.0) promises to establish “the world’s information” in a more reasonable way than Google can ever attain with their existing engine schema. This is particularly true from the perspective of machine conception as opposed to human understanding. The Semantic Web necessitates the use of a declarative ontological language like OWL to produce domain-specific ontologies that machines can use to reason about information and make new conclusions, not simply match keywords. 

Web 2.0 refers to worldwide websites which highlight user-generated content, usability, and interoperability for end users. Web 2.0 is also called the participative social web. It does not refer to a modification to any technical specification, but to modify the way Web pages are designed and used. The transition is beneficial but it does not seem that when the changes occur. Interaction and collaboration with each other are allowed by Web 2.0 in a social media dialogue as the creator of user-generated content in a virtual community. Web 1.0 is an enhanced version of Web 2.0. 

Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide Web evolution. Earlier, there were only a few content creators in Web 1.0 with a huge majority of users who are consumers of content. Personal web pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on free web hosting services. 

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18 May 2023 11:15

​​Hotness of Chilli Pepper is measured in which unit?

The Scoville scale is a measurement of the pungency (spiciness or "heat") of chili peppers and other spicy foods, as recorded in Scoville Heat Units (SHU) based on the concentration of capsaicinoids, among which capsaicin is the predominant component. The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville, whose 1912 method is known as the Scoville organoleptic test. The Scoville organoleptic test is the most practical method for estimating SHU and is a subjective assessment derived from the capsaicinoid sensitivity by people experienced with eating hot chilis.
An alternative method, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to analytically quantify the capsaicinoid content as an indicator of pungency. As of 2011, the subjective organoleptic test has been largely superseded by analytical methods such as chromatography.

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17 May 2023 19:06

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08 May 2023 07:31

​​Why Does Body Temperature Rise During Fever?

We have three groups of neurons in the hypothalamus, at the base of the brain, that are responsible for regulating body temperature: a hypothalamic thermostat that monitors skin temperature (via incoming signals from nerve fibers) and blood temperature; a heat-promoting center that raises body temperature; and a heat-losing center that lowers body temperature.

An infection stimulates the immune system to produce chemicals called endogenous pyrogens. These and prostaglandin E2 raise the set point of the hypothalamic thermostat (like turning up the thermostat in your house). The heat-promoting center constricts blood vessels near the skin surface so more heat is retained in the body, and if that’s not enough, it stimulates shivering to generate more heat, until the body temperature reaches the new set point.

The elevated temperature makes it harder for bacteria and viruses to multiply, so the immune system can overwhelm these pathogens faster than they reproduce and rid the body of the infection. Fever is thus a healthy mechanism that enables the body to recover from infection more quickly.

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29 Apr 2023 04:30

Why are the Pamirs called the Roof of the World ?

It is called the roof of the world because they are at high altitude.

The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia formed by the junction of the Himalayas with Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges.

Pamirs Mountainous region in central Asia, lying mostly in Tajikistan and partly in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China. The region forms a geological structural knot from which the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges radiate.

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25 Apr 2023 16:40

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24 Apr 2023 14:15

Why is yawning infectious?

Yawning is a result of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the lungs – often occurring as a result of a lower breathing rate when the body relaxes.

If a group are all relaxing together, it is probable they’ll all reach the same elevated level of CO2 at approximately the same time.

Hence they may feel the need to yawn at the same time.

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11 Apr 2023 19:15

New Words Daily with its Meaning.

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09 Jul 2023 04:57

​​How Long Can a Cockroach Live Without Its Head?

Even for major catastrophes like losing a head, cockroaches don’t bleed very much. Unlike humans, they have an open circulatory system: A system for distributing blood through their bodies that doesn’t depend on a closed network of arteries and veins. Their blood doesn’t pump under pressure like ours, but just sort of sloshes around, making its way into the cockroach’s tissues.

The great thing about this system, if you’re someday going to be headless is that when a major wound occurs, blood doesn’t suddenly get forced out. For a cockroach that loses its head, the blood just clots at the neck. The cockroach will have a nasty scab for sure (where its head used to be), but it won’t die from loss of blood.

Unlike humans, cockroaches don’t breath through a nose or their mouth. Instead they breathe through small holes in their bodies called spiracles that don’t need a brain to direct them. No nose, no mouth, and no need for a brain to regulate your breathing means that you can breathe all you want to without a head.

But it is going to die from being unable to eat. And well before that, it’s going to die from thirst. A headless cockroach has no mouth to drink with and will be dead from dehydration in less than a week. Which brings the total day count from the moment it loses its head to the moment it loses its life to somewhere around 7 days or less.

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30 Jun 2023 07:04

ELEPHANTS COOL DOWN BY USING NATURE'S AIR CONDITIONING

Behind the ears are extremely large blood vessels are close to the surface where the thinner skin helps to release excess heat. Moving the ears back and forth, helps the elephant to cool at a faster rate and then again when the days are cooler and the elephant needs to retain the heat, they will keep their ears can be kept close to their bodies to reduce the loss of heat.

𝗜𝗳 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝗶𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝘁.
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29 Jun 2023 16:05

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23 Jun 2023 05:17

​​What is Electric Muscle Stimulation?

Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS), also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or electromyostimulation, is a protocol that elicits a muscle contraction using electrical impulses that directly stimulate your motor neurons.  This stimulation creates muscle contractions that can be quick and frequent, fast with long pauses, or contractions that are held for several (uncomfortable) seconds or minutes at a time.
Normally, it is your body that fires your muscles by sending electrical impulses from your brain through your central nervous system (CNS). But an EMS device allows you to engage in deep, intense, and complete muscular contractions without actually activating (or stressing) your CNS not to mention your joints and tendons.

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19 Jun 2023 03:49

​​Why Earth Pin of three Pin plus is Longer and Thicker than other?

The earth pin on a plug is longer than the live and neutral pins. This means the earth pin is the first to connect and the last to disconnect.

When inserting the plug, the earth connection is made before the current carrying contacts of the plug become live.
When withdrawing the plug, the current carrying contacts shall separate before the earth connection is broken.
Thus, the earthing connection is always maintained to improve safety.
Many wall sockets have safety shutters (see image) on the live and neutral lines to prevent children from inserting conducting materials which may result in electric shock. Insertion of a longer (earth) pin helps in opening the shutters, facilitating the insertion of other two pins. These are called Earth-pin operated shutters.
Though it is impossible to insert the plug into the socket upside down, one may try to insert the plug top in a misaligned position (for e.g. trying to insert the earth pin into the phase socket with the other two pins further down out of the socket). Hence, the earth pin is made thicker so that even by mistake it cannot be inserted into the live or neutral hole of the socket. This prevents earth pin from establishing an electrical contact with the live terminal.

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13 Jun 2023 06:25

​​Why Do Humans Sweat?

While most other mammals can sprint faster than we can (a perk of having four legs), humans have basically evolved to be endurance runners. The theory is that this made us more efficient hunter-gatherers. So what does this have to do with sweat? Well, if it weren't for how efficiently we produce and dissipate sweat, our ancestors wouldn't have been able to run long distances while hunting and we probably wouldn't be able to do things like run marathons.

Sweating gets a bad rap, and, sure, it is sort of gross. But sweating is vitally important for body temperature regulation and your overall health. A person's internal body temperature generally hangs around 98 degrees Fahrenheit. There's flexibility here, but if your body gets too hot, whether it's due to the temperature outside, being physically active or having a fever, bad things can happen, for instance, heat stroke. Fortunately, your body has very sophisticated mechanisms for sensing and regulating body temperature.

As soon as your body's internal temperature starts rising, your hypothalamus (a small region in your brain) tells eccrine sweat glands distributed all over your body that it's time to start cooling you down by producing sweat. Cooling down, however, isn't as easy as this sweat just dripping off of you. Some of this sweat has to evaporate off of your skin for this process to actually work. That's because cooling your body via sweating relies on a principle of physics called "heat of vaporization."

It takes energy to evaporate sweat off of your skin, and that energy is heat. As your excess body heat is used to convert beads of sweat into vapor, you start to cool down.

The other trade off here, though, is that you also lose water as you sweat and water is critically important for just about every organ in your body. This means that when you're sweating, you also need to make sure you're drinking plenty of water. so you can replace the water you lose with water you can use.

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07 Jun 2023 15:20

​​Why do Passports only come in Four Colors?

Red, green, blue and black are the shades that control the universe of passports and all of these have a good reason for it. There are some reasons to attribute to the choice of passport colors. The colors of the passports are limited, nations keep testing with the shades of these four main colors that may be attributed to "many possible scenarios."

Blue: Countries having blue colored passports are supposed to be the part of the so-called 'new-world' League of Nations. These nations are India, North America, South America and Australia among others.

Red: Red is supposed to be the color of the communist movement in all over the world. This color usually belongs to countries, which are known for having a communist history or still have its influence. Key examples of this type are China, Russia Serbia and Latvia.

Green: As per the Business Insider, religious faiths play a role in the color of the passport. This is the reason; Islamic nations like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan choose the different colors of green for their passport. Green is the color that Islam connects with Prophet Muhammad. Shades of green are also used in West African countries like Nigeria, Niger and Senegal, where it indicates their belonging to ECOWAS (the Economic Community of West African States)."

Black: Black is the most unique color used in a passport. One of the major nations to have black passports is New Zealand. The country chose this shade to be in sync with its national color. Other countries that also have black passport are mainly African countries, including Zambia and Angola.

It should be noticed that while the standard colors of passports are definitely four, but the shades and variations of these colors create hundred different shades. But it is not mandatory that all nations have the above mentioned reasons for having particular color on their passports. In fact, US has seemingly, tried all four colors for passports. The temporary passport of Canada is white in color. This is also an exception.

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30 May 2023 03:11

​​Why 2-stroke Engines are Used More commonly than 4-stroke on Ships?

Both 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines are widely available in the market but for a large ocean-going merchant vessel, a 2 stroke engine is more commonly used as the main engine and has a much better market.

Even with a wide variety of advantages that 4 stroke engine offers like the compact size of the plant, much more RPM or speed etc, a 2 stroke engine outshines with few but vital advantages.

Fuel Selection: The fuel prices have gone sky high and better grade fuel is adding higher costs to vessel operation. A two-stroke engine can burn low-grade fuel oil and hence reduce the running cost of the ship.

Efficiency: The thermal and engine efficiency of 2 stroke engine is much better than that of a 4 stroke engine.

Power: Most of the 2 stroke engines are now large stroke engines that produce more power. Hence they have high power to weight ratio as compared to 4 stroke engines.

More Cargo: Ship can carry more weight and hence more cargo with 2 stroke engines because of high power to weight ratio.

Reliability: Two stroke engines are more reliable in operation as compare to 4 stroke engines.

Less Maintenance: The maintenance requirement of the two-stroke engine is much lesser than 4 stroke engine.

Direction control: Direct starting and reversing are easier with two stroke engine.

No reduction attachments: As two stroke engines are low-speed engines, there is no requirement of reduction gear or speed reduction arrangement as required for high-speed four-stroke engines.

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18 May 2023 01:09

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10 May 2023 02:19

​​What is Footing in a Building Construction?

Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically made of concrete with rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and prevent settling. Footings are especially important in areas with troublesome soils.

The construction of footings is best left to the pros that can assess the soil conditions and decide on the proper depth and width for the footings as well as the proper placement. The dimensions of footings also depend on the size and type of structure that will be built. Placement of footings is crucial to provide the proper support for the foundation and ultimately the structure.

Concrete footings may also be needed for projects such as a deck, pergola, retaining wall or other types of construction.

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06 May 2023 06:18

​​What are Anti-Collision Lights?

Anti-collision lights, also known as Beacon lights or Strobe lights are a set of lights required on every aircraft to improve visibility to others, as well as collision avoidance measures by warning other pilots. Historically they have used incandescent bulbs, but recently Light-emitting diodes have been used.

Beacon lights are flashing red lights fitted on the top and bottom fuselage of an aircraft usually on larger passenger aircraft. Their purpose is to alert ground crew and other aircraft that an engine is starting up, running or shutting down, or that the aircraft is about to start moving. Some spin to produce the flashing effect, increasing the chance they will be noticed. Beacon lights are bright enough to be seen from the ground, and can be used to identify aircraft from the ground in dark or overcast conditions where the plane itself isn't completely visible.

Strobe lights are flashing white lights on the furthest left, right and, on larger aircraft and some smaller ones, back points of an aircraft. They are the brightest lights on the aircraft, and are used to signal that an aircraft is entering or approaching an active runway, or for visibility in dark, clear sky. They are sometimes turned off in cloud or fog, as they can further obscure the pilot's sight outside of the aircraft by reflecting off water particles.

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26 Apr 2023 03:14

Which Animal that never drinks water in its entire life ?

The tiny kangaroo rat found in the south western deserts of the united states does not drink water in its entire life. Kangaroo rats are an important part of desert life. They are often eaten by other animal for the water in their bodies.

The rats can run very fast, covering 6 meters in one second, Because of their long powerful legs and the strong tail which resemble those of the kangaroo they are called the kangaroo rats.

They grow to about 38 cm long, including a tail of 20cm.

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25 Apr 2023 15:45

New Words Daily with its Meaning.

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23 Apr 2023 09:23

How many planets do not have natural satellites ?

Two planets, Venus and Mercury, are the only planets in the solar system that do not have any natural satellites or moons.

Mercury, Venus, Mars and Earth are inner planets. 

The outer planets are Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn and Neptune.

Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos.

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11 Apr 2023 02:04

How does the blood type work?

The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

Blood typing procedure:

•Mix! First mix the patient's blood with three different reagents including either of the three different antibodies, A, B or Rh antibodies!

•Look for agglutination!

•Then you take a look at what has happened.

•Figure out the ABO blood group!

•Figure out the Rh blood group!

•Figure out the blood type!

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