UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

24 Sep 2024 05:12

📌NeoBanks

📌Main Points 👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

24 Sep 2024 05:12

📌Civil Registration System (CRS)

📌Main Points👇

🔹1st:-

🔹2nd:-

🔹3rd:-

🔹4th:-

🔹5th:-

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

23 Sep 2024 08:09

📌Centre for Rural Enterprise Acceleration through Technology (CREATE)👇

✔️Main Points 👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

23 Sep 2024 08:09

📌PMJDY Empowered Women Financially 👇

📌Main Points 👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

20 Sep 2024 05:57

📌World Economic Forum ( WEF )

✔️The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.
✔️Established in 1971
✔️Not-for-profit foundation
✔️Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

Major Reports

✔️Energy Transition Index.
✔️Global Competitiveness Report.
✔️Global IT Report
✔️WEF along with INSEAD, and Cornell University publishes this report.
✔️Global Gender Gap Report
✔️Global Risk Report
✔️Global Travel and Tourism Report

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

20 Sep 2024 05:57

✅Open Market Operations(OMOs)

OMOs is one of the quantitative monetary policy tools which is employed by the central bank of a country to control the money supply in the economy.

It is a part of the Market Stabilization Scheme (MSS) by the RBI.

OMOs are conducted by the RBI by way of sale or purchase of government securities (g-secs) to adjust money supply conditions.

The central bank sells g-secs to remove liquidity from the system and buys back g-secs to infuse liquidity into the system.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

19 Sep 2024 05:26

📌Malnutrition in India👇

📌Main Point👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

17 Sep 2024 05:47

📌Human Capital Index

✔️It was launched in 2018 as part of the Human Capital Project, a global effort to accelerate progress toward a world where all children can achieve their full potential.

✔️Released by World Bank

✔️It measures the following criteria :-

✅Mortality rates of children under 5 years
✅Expected years of Quality-Adjusted Schooling
✅Health Environment as indicated by:-  Rate of stunting in children under 5 years and Adult survival rates

✔️India has ranked 115 out of 157 countries

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

17 Sep 2024 05:47

📌Liquidity Trap

✔️A liquidity trap is an economic phenomenon that occurs when the central bank's efforts to stimulate the economy through monetary policy become ineffective.

✔️In a liquidity trap, interest rates are already low, but people and businesses are still not investing or spending enough to boost the Economy.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

17 Sep 2024 05:45

📌Corporate Debt Market Development Fund(CDMDF)

✔️About👇

✔️The Corporate Debt Market Development Fund (CDMDF) is a backstop facility for specified debt funds during market dislocations.

✔️The fund is intended to provide liquidity support in the event of a financial crisis.

✔️The proposed Corporate Debt Market Development Fund(CDMDF) will have an initial corpus of Rs 3,000 crore contributed by mutual funds.

✔️The government has approved a 10-time leverage of the fund (Additional corpus), thus Corporate Debt Market Development Fund(CDMDF) may raise funds up to Rs 30,000 crore.

✔️Contributions to the fund can be done by the specified debt-oriented mutual fund schemes and asset management companies of mutual funds.

✔️This fund is guaranteed by the National Credit Guarantee Trust Company (NCGTC) and the backstop facility will be managed by SBI Mutual Fund.

✔️Recently:- the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced the ‘Corporate Debt Market Development Fund’ to prevent financial crisis.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

15 Sep 2024 15:16

📌Malnutrition in India👇

📌Main Point👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

15 Sep 2024 15:13

📌Technical Recession

📌Main Points 👇

🔹1st:-

🔹2nd:-

🔹3rd:-

🔹4th:-

🔹5th:-

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

15 Sep 2024 15:10

📖 Concept of National Income 📖
==============================

National income estimates are the most reliable macroeconomic indicators of an economy. Therefore, it is essential for students to be aware of National Income Concepts. Changes in national income measure the rate of growth of the economy.

Similarly, changes in the structure of national income of an economy reflect the changing significance of different sectors. In India,
national income, as also per capita income, have been continuously increasing. In more recent years, the rate of growth of national income has
accelerated. It indicates that the economy has been growing at a faster rate in recent years than in the past. Along with this, the structure of national income has also undergone a change, the tertiary sector has emerged as the dominant sector of the economy.

National income accounting comprises of four concepts of calculations- GDP, NDP, GNP, NNP.

1. Factor cost is the input cost that producer has to incur in the process of production. It includes cost of capital – loan inetrest, prices of raw materials, labour, power, rent, etc. Can be termed as Production cost.

2. Market cost is calculated after adding indirect taxes to the factor cost of the product. It is basically the cost at which the goods reach the market. Also termed as EX-FACTORY PRICE. In India we calculate income at factor cost because of non-uniform taxes.

➖National Income:The sum total of factor of incomes accruing to the residents of the country, both from their activities within and outside the economic territory is the national income of the country.

➖National income is calculated for a particular period, normally a financial year (In India, financial year means April 1 to March 31 of next year). Net factor income from abroad is added to the domestic product to get the value of National Income.

➖National Income = C + I + G + (X – M)
Where,C = Total consumption expenditure
I = Total investment expenditure
G = Total government expenditure ; X – M = Export – Import


🔹 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross domestic product is the value of all final goods and services produced within the boundary of a nation during one year. In India one year means from 1st April to 31st March of the next year.
GDP calculation includes income of foreigners in a Country but excludes income of those people who are living outside of that country.

🔹 Net Domestic Product (NDP)
NDP is calculated by deducting the depreciation of plant and Machinery from GDP.
NDP = Gross Domestic Product – Depreciation

🔹 Gross National Product (GNP)
GNP is the value of all final goods and services produced by the residents of a country in a financial year (i.e., 1st April to 31st March of the next year in India).
While Calculating GNP, income of foreigners in a country is excluded but income of people who are living outside of that country is included. It is the GDP of a country added with its income from abroad.
GNP = GDP + X – M
Where,X = income of the people of a country who are living outside of the Country

and     M = income of the foreigners in a country

➖India’s  GNP is always lower than its GDP.
➖This is the national income according to which the IMF ranks nations.
➖It allows for knowledge of factors in production behaviour and pattern of an economy’s dependence on outside world, nature of human resources internationally, position in world economics.
➖It indicates both qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of an economy in a more exhaustive fashion than GDP.

Intermediate products = one production unit purchasing from other for resale

Final product = all goods and services purchased for consumption and investment , and not for resale

Value added = Value of output – Intermediate cost

Gross value added = net value added + depreciation

Indirect tax = all taxes levied on production, finally paid by consumer of buyer Ex – sales tax, excise, customs

Subsidies = Financial help given by the government to the production units for selling the product at lower prices.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

12 Sep 2024 05:34

📍 SLR

#Monetarypolicy

💡 The Statutory Liquidity Ratio commonly known as SLR is a monetary tool employed by the central bank (RBI) to manage the liquidity.

💡 SLR is a proportion of the Net Time and Demand Liabilities (NTDL) of commercial banks, which are supposed to be retained by them in the form of gold, cash, government securities or any other RBI approved securities and bonds.

💡 Mostly the banks maintain SLR by investing in government securities, as it will earn them interest.

💡 Unlike the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), the SLR is maintained in the own vault of every commercial bank.

💡 The percentage of SLR is fixed by the Reserve Bank of India and varies according to the economic condition prevailing in the country.

💡 As of June 2021, RBI has fixed SLR at 18%, which means all the banking institutions falling under the guidelines of RBI are required to maintain 18% of their Net Time and Demand Liabilities in their vault.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

08 Sep 2024 08:36

📍 RECESSION

Major traits of recession can be summed up as follows:

💡 There is a general fall in demand as economic activities take a downturn.

💡 Inflation remains lower or/and shows further signs of falling down.

💡 Employment rate falls/ unemployment rate grows.

💡 Industries resort to ‘price cuts’ to sustain their business.

💡 In the financial year 1996–97, the Indian economy was taken up by the cycle of recession, due to a general downturn in domestic as well as foreign demands, initiated by the South East Asian Currency Crisis of mid-1990s. The whole plan of economic reforms in India was derailed and it was only by the end of 2001– 02 that the economy was able to recover.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

24 Sep 2024 05:12

📌Technical Recession

📌Main Points 👇

🔹1st:-

🔹2nd:-

🔹3rd:-

🔹4th:-

🔹5th:-

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

23 Sep 2024 08:12

Measures of Money Supply

RBI uses four measures of money supply denoted as M1, M2, M3, M4.

M1 = Currency notes and coins in circulation with public (but not those held by banks) + Net demand deposits with the commercial banks + Other deposits

M2 = M1 + Deposits with post-office savings banks

M3 = M1 + Fixed deposits with banks

M4 = M3 + All post-office savings bank deposits.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

23 Sep 2024 08:09

📌Index of Industrial Production (IIP) 👇

✔️Main Points 👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

20 Sep 2024 05:57

📌Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)

✔️CPCB promotes Zero Liquid Discharge as a sustainable solution for industrial wastewater management. ZLD is implemented primarily in Distillaries, Textile, Pharmaceutical and other organo-chmecial industries.CPCB has also evolved guidelines for industries to adopt ZLD systems as part of their pollution control measures.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

20 Sep 2024 05:57

🙂Special Drawing Rights (SDR)

✔️SDR is an international reserve asset created by the IMF to supplement the official reserves of its member countries.

✔️Note: SDR is not a currency.

✔️It is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members.As such, SDRs can provide a country with liquidity.

✔️A basket of currencies defines the SDR: the US dollar, Euro, Chinese Yuan, Japanese Yen, and the British Pound.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

19 Sep 2024 05:26

📌Estimation of National income in India👇

📌Main Point 👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

17 Sep 2024 05:47

📌Bonds

✔️Green Bond

Also known as Climate Bonds
-Bonds which are used to fund projects that have positive environmental & climate benefits.
-Eg. Sovereign Green Bond by GoI

✔️Blue Bond

Bonds to raise fund for sustainable maritime sector/aquatic ecosystem /
-Eg. Seychelles launched world’s first sovereign blue bond

✔️Yellow bonds

Bonds for raising  funds for solar energy generation

✔️Transition bonds

Bonds to raise fund for transitioning to a more sustainable form of economy

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

17 Sep 2024 05:47

📌Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate (AIM4C)

✔️Is a joint initiative launched by UAE and USA in 2021, with aim of addressing climate change and hunger by promoting innovative and climate-smart agricultural systems

✔️Three major stakeholders in the mission:- Government partners, Innovation-sprint partners, Knowledge partners

✔️Objectives:-  Increasing investments in smart agriculture and innovative agricultural technologies, creating frameworks for knowledge sharing and technical discussions and developing platforms for stakeholders to take climate-related actions.

✔️India recently joined AIM4C

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

17 Sep 2024 05:47

📌Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)

✔️EKC:- Hypothesised relationship between  environmental degradation and per capita income.

✔️In the early stages of economic growth,  environmental quality declines, but beyond some level of per capita income  the trend reverses.

✔️This implies that environmental impacts per capita are an inverted U-shaped function of per capita income.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

15 Sep 2024 15:16

📌Estimation of National income in India👇

📌Main Point 👇

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

15 Sep 2024 15:14

📌Unified Pension Scheme(UPSC)

📌Main Points 👇

🔹1st:-

🔹2nd:-

🔹3rd:-

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

15 Sep 2024 15:13

📌Civil Registration System (CRS)

📌Main Points👇

🔹1st:-

🔹2nd:-

🔹3rd:-

🔹4th:-

🔹5th:-

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

12 Sep 2024 05:34

📍 LIQUIDITY ADJUSTMENT FACILITY

#Monetarypolicy

💡 Banks need liquidity to meet their daily mismatches between need and availability.

💡 RBI helps them with a limited amount on a short-term basis through LAF.

💡 Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) was introduced by RBI in 2000. It is the window through which RBI adjusts liquidity (credit) in the market against the collateral of government securities.

💡 When banks borrow under LAF, they do so at Repo rate. Banks undertake to repurchase the security at a later date, be it over night or a few days.

💡 Reverse Repo is when RBI borrows short-term from the market (absorbs excess liquidity) based on government securities and repurchases them. The rate at which it borrows is called Reverse Repo rate as it is the reverse of the Repo.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

09 Sep 2024 09:27

✅ Special Mention Account (SMA)
Assets or accounts designated as Special Mention Accounts exhibit signs of poor asset quality within the first 90 days or before they are classified as Non Performing Assets (NPA).

💡 In order to identify accounts that may eventually become NPAs or stressed assets, the RBI developed the Special Mention Accounts (SMA) categorization in 2014.

💡 This classification is justified by the possibility that some accounts will shortly become NPAs. Here, early detection will help to better address the issue.

💡 Special Mention Accounts come in four varieties: SMA-NF, SMA 0, SMA 1, and SMA 2.

💡 The Special Mention Accounts are typically divided into categories based on their duration. For instance, the overdue time for SMA-1 is between 31 and 60 days. On the other hand, an asset will become SMA -2 if it is overdue by 61 to 90 days.

💡 However, some assets designated as “Special Mention” are chosen based on other variables that represent illness or anomalies in the account (SMA -NF).

💡 Non-financial indicators of the stress on an asset are taken into account in the case of SMA -NF.

UPSC Economics Quiz Notes PDF

08 Sep 2024 08:36

📍MEANS OF DEFICIT FINANCING

#Publicfinance

➡️ PRINTING CURRENCY

💡  is the last resort for the government in managing its deficit. But it has the biggest handicap that with it the government cannot go for the expenditures which are to be made in the foreign currency.

💡 printing fresh currencies does have other damaging effects on the economy:

○ It increases inflation proportionally. (India regularly went for it since the early 1970s and usually had to bear double digit inflations.)

○ It brings in regular pressure and obligation on the government for upward revision in wages and salaries of government employees—ultimately increasing the government expenditures necessitating further printing of currency and further inflation—a vicious cycle into which economies entangle themselves.