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As of 2024, 98.5% of rural land records have been digitized, marking a significant milestone in India's efforts toward land reforms and transparency.
This achievement is part of the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), launched in 2008, which aims to digitize and modernize agricultural land records to enhance accessibility and reduce disputes.
Around 70% of India's rural households depend on agriculture. Agritech startups and government apps like Karnataka's e-Sahamathi provide solutions such as soil testing, microfinance, and weather updates. These platforms enable farmers to share crop information and directly sell to retailers, allowing them to negotiate fair prices for their produce.
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In 2024, the travel and tourism sector in India contributed around 9.1% to the total GDP of the country. This amounted to over $11.10 trillion.
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Despite possessing only 2.4% of the world’s land area, India accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species, which includes 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 of animals.
India has 10 biogeographic zones and is home to 58% of the mammalian species documented so far.
Healthy land is crucial for life, providing food, shelter, jobs, regulating climate, and supporting biodiversity.
Up to 40% of the world’s land is degraded, affecting 3.2 billion people.
Desertification and droughts are worsening, contributing to forced migration. By 2050, 216 million people will be displaced by climate change, with droughts increasing by 29% since 2000.
Desertification affects 3.2 billion people and leads to $11 trillion in losses. Immediate action is required to restore 1.5 billion hectares of land by 2030.
According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), prisons in India suffer from significant overpopulation with a 131.4% occupancy rate in 2022.
In addition, 75.8% of prisoners in India are undertrials.
The electronic monitoring could prove to be a cost-effective method to decongest jails in India.
As per NITI Aayog’s report “India’s Booming Gig and Platform Economy” (June 2022), there were 7.7 million gig and platform workers in India in 2020-21, including women.
According to the Economic Survey 2020-21, India has become one of the world’s largest countries for flexi-staffing (gig and platform work). This form of work is expected to continue growing, particularly with the expansion of e-commerce platforms
✅Milk Production (2023-24) 239.3 million tonnes, a 3.78% increase over 2022-23 estimates.
✅Compound Annual Growth Rate 5.62% (milk), 6.8% (eggs), 4.85% (meat) over the last 10 years.
✅Per Capita Milk Availability 459 grams/day (India) vs. 323 grams/day (global average) in 2022-23.
✅State Rankings (Milk) Uttar Pradesh (16.21%), Rajasthan (14.51%), Madhya Pradesh (8.91%), Gujarat (7.65%).
✅Egg Production (2023-24) 142.77 billion, with Andhra Pradesh leading at 17.85%, followed by Tamil Nadu (15.64%).
✅Meat Production (2023-24) 10.25 million tonnes; poultry accounts for 48.96%, followed by buffalo and goat meat.
✅Global Position 1st in milk production (24% global share); 2nd in egg production.
Urbanisation in India
✅ India is witnessing rapid urbanization. Every minute, 30 people migrate from rural to urban India
✅ According to the 2011 Census, India’s urban population increased from 27.7% in 2001 to 31.1% in 2011, at a rate of 2.76% per year.
✅ India is rapidly urbanizing and is estimated to host 50 percent of its population in cities by 2050.
✅ India has 6 mega cities (population over 10 million) as per the 2011 Census: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad.
In 2023-24, major Indian ports reduced container turnaround time to 22.57 hours, exceeding global benchmarks. Paradip Port earned ₹1,570 crore (US$ 188 million) with a 21% rise in net surplus, while Jawaharlal Nehru Port reported a net surplus of ₹1,263.94 crore (US$ 151 million).
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Semiconductor Market
✅Industry estimates place the Indian semiconductor market at approximately $38 billion in 2023, with projections indicating growth to $109 billion by 2030.
✅This growth is driven by strong demand and government initiatives like the production-linked incentive scheme.
✅According to a report by the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association and Counterpoint Research, mobile handsets and IT sectors are leading the market by contributing over 75 percent of revenues.
Gender gap in education has disappeared; 26% of young women now have college degrees (up from 12% in 2011-12).
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🔰 All India Consumption Trend
✅ Fact sheet of the latest round of the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24 released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
✅ Rural average monthly consumption spending per person increased to Rs 4,122 in 2023-24, an increase of 9.3 per cent from Rs 3,773 in 2022-23. It had stood at Rs 1,430 in 2011-12.
✅ This increase in rural spending over the one-year period was higher than the urban average monthly consumption expenditure per person at Rs 6,996 which increased by 8.3 per cent from Rs 6,459 in 2022-23.
✅ The urban average monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) stood at Rs 2,630 per person in 2011-12.
India witnessed a surge in electronic waste (e-waste) generation over the past five years, rising from 1.01 million metric tonnes (MT) in 2019-20 to 1.751 million MT in 2023-24, according to data presented by Minister of State for Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Tokhan Sahu in the Rajya Sabha on December 16, 2024.
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As per Economic Survey 2023-24, with over 92 lakh foreign tourist arrivals in 2023, India earned foreign exchange receipts amounting to over ₹2.3 lakh crore.
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India has a significant proportion of its population under the age of 35, with the working-age population (15-59 years) expected to grow from 62% to 68% by 2030.
The India Skill Report 2023 highlights a promising employability rate of 48% among Indian graduates in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) roles. It indicates a robust talent pool in cutting-edge technology sectors.
Every year, 100 million hectares of healthy land are degraded due to drought and desertification, largely driven by climate change and poor land management.
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Sugar
✅India is the world’s second-largest sugar producer, with 34 million metric tonnes of production, about a fifth of the global production. India’s sugar exports grew by 291% from $1,177 million in FY 2013-2014 to $4,600 million in FY 2021-22 and 64.90% in 2021-2022.
✅About 50 million farmers depend on sugarcane cultivation in India. An additional half million depend on sugar and allied factories.
India’s tourism industry is becoming a global favorite due to its rich heritage, cultural diversity, and beautiful destinations, contributing significantly to economic growth and job creation.
In 2022-23, 76.17 million direct and indirect jobs were created in the tourism sector, compared to 70.04 million in 2021-22
Allocation of cadres to the candidates allocated to IAS on the basis of CSE-2023
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According to the NCRB’s report Prison Statistics India 2022, Indian prisons had an occupancy rate of 131%, with 5,73,220 inmates against a capacity of 4,36,266.
4,34,302 are undertrials against whom cases are still pending, amounting to nearly 75.8% of all prisoners in India.
As of December 31, 2022, around 8.6% of all undertrial prisoners had been in prison for more than three years.
Paradip Port became India's largest major port by cargo volume in FY24, handling 145.38 million tonnes. It surpassed Deendayal Port Authority due to enhanced operational efficiency, record coastal shipping traffic, and a surge in thermal coal shipments.
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Examples of Bulldozer Justice
✅ Madhya Pradesh: Houses demolished after communal clashes in Khargone.
✅ Haryana: Demolitions in Nuh post-communal violence.
✅ Delhi: Jahangirpuri demolitions in April 2022 following riots.
UPSC Official Calendar 2025
CSE Prelims on 25/05/25
CS Mains from 22/08/25
https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Calendar-Year-2025-engl-250424.pdf