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Vision to reality: The digital India journey
Authored by PM Modi.
A must read for those writing CSE MAINS 2025.
https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/vision-to-reality-the-digital-india-journey-101751382103112.html
🔆 Animal Husbandry in India
✅ Livestock sector = 30% of agricultural GDP
📊 Agri Stats 2023
✅ India: Largest livestock population
• 55% buffaloes, 15% cattle (80% indigenous)
📊 Livestock Census 2019
✅ Dairy sector
• 70% of livestock GVA
• Largest milk producer for 20+ years
• Produces 20% of world milk
• Growth: 6%/year (above global avg)
📊 NDDB
✅ Fisheries growth
• ~11% CAGR since 2014-15
📊 MoFAHD
✅ 2023-24 Output
• Milk ↑ 4% → 239 MT
• Meat ↑ 5% → 10 MT
• Eggs ↑ 3% → 142 bn
📊 MoFAHD
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture
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📘 Land, Forest, and Water Data – Snapshot
✅ 1 million sq km of land is getting degraded each year, with an estimated 15 million sq km already impacted (more than the entire continent of Antarctica) by land degradation
🔹 UNCCD – Land Degradation
✅ 27.77% of the total land area is degraded
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Land Degradation
✅ 46% global land area classified as drylands, home to a third of humanity
🔹 UNCCD Report – Drylands
✅ Forest Cover in India = 25% of geographical area (81 million hectares)
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Forest Cover
✅ There has been a net increase of 58,891 sq km in forest cover and 14,277 sq km in tree cover in the last two decades (2001 to 2021)
🔹 ISFR 2021
✅ Area under mangroves = 4992 sq km
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Mangroves
✅ 1.3 million hectares area covered under afforestation schemes
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Afforestation
✅ Remaining global forest cover is 60% — well below the safe boundary of 75%
🔹 UNCCD report – Forest Cover
✅ 20% of Earth’s land surface covered by the savanna is now under threat from cropland expansion and poorly planned afforestation
🔹 UNCCD report – Grasslands
✅ 47% aquifers of the world are being depleted faster than they are replenished
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water
✅ More than 50% of world’s major rivers disrupted by dam construction
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water, Rivers, Dam
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #GS2 #mains #essay
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🔆 Food Processing Industry – Key Stats (MoFPI)
📍 Sector Performance
✅ The Indian FP sector has performed well with an impressive average annual growth rate of 7.3% from 2015 to 2022
📍 Gross Value Addition (GVA)
✅ GVA in FP sector has increased from 1.30 lakh crore in 2013-14 to 2.08 lakh crore in 2021-22
📍 Sector Contribution
✅ FP sector accounted for 10.54% of Manufacturing GVA and 1.57% of Agriculture GVA in 2020-21
📍 Employment Impact
✅ FP sector employs around 1.93 million people, accounting for 2.38% of employment in the registered factory sector
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #economy
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🔆 Railways & Logistics Sector – Key Stats (India)
🧾 Sources: Railways Ministry, PIB, Economic Survey 2023
📍 Railways
✅ 4th largest network globally – 70,000 km
✅ Operating ratio ~ 98% (freight 60%, passengers 190%)
✅ 44 consequential accidents/year (avg., last 5 yrs)
✅ Passenger subsidy: 46% subsidy, totaling ₹56,993 crore
📍 Logistics Sector
✅ Current cost: 13–14% of GDP
✅ Target: Reduce to 9%
✅ Emissions share: ~ 10% of India’s total emissions
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #economy
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🔆 Assessment of Climate Change Over the Indian Region
📝 Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India
📍 Rising Temperatures:
✅ India’s average temperature ↑ by 0.7°C since 1901; projected rise of 4.4°C by century end.
📍 Warming Oceans:
✅ Indian Ocean’s sea surface temperature ↑ by 1°C (1951–2015), exceeding global average.
📍 Shifting Rainfall Patterns:
✅ 6% decline in summer monsoon rainfall (1951–2015), especially in Indo-Gangetic Plains & Western Ghats.
📍 Increased Droughts:
✅ Decrease in monsoon rainfall → more frequent and widespread droughts since 1951.
📍 Rising Sea Levels:
✅ 3.3 mm/year sea level rise in the North Indian Ocean (1993–2017); matches global trend.
📍 Cyclone Activity:
✅ Significant decline in cyclone frequency in North Indian Ocean since mid-20th century.
📍 Warming Himalayas:
✅ 1.3°C rise in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region (1951–2014) with declining snowfall.
🔆 Irrigation in Indian Agriculture
✅ Rainfed agriculture: 55% of area under cultivation
📊 Ministry of Agriculture
✅ Irrigated area: 45%
• Wells & tubewells: 60%
• Canals: 30%
• Tanks: 5%
📊 Ministry of Agriculture
✅ Water use efficiency in agriculture: ~40%
• (Developed nations: 50–60%)
📊 Ministry of Jal Shakti
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture
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🔆 Crop Statistics – India
✅ Area under cultivation:
Cereals = 40% (Rice 25%, Wheat 15%)
Coarse grains 10%, Pulses 15%, Oilseeds 13%,
Cotton 7%, Sugarcane 3%
📊 Source: Ministry of Agriculture
✅ Millets in India:
Largest producer – 60 mn tonnes (20% of global output)
5th largest exporter
Yield – 1240 kg/ha vs world average 1230 kg/ha
📊 Source: Ministry of Agriculture
✅ Total food grain production (2023–24):
332 million tonnes
Wheat & rice = 75% of total production
📊 Source: Ministry of Agriculture
🔆 Agriculture Sector: Key Facts
✅ Share of agriculture sector in GVA = 18%
(World avg 6.4%, China 8-9%, developed countries 1%)
📊 Source: Agri Stats at a Glance 2023 (MoA)
✅ Composition of Agri GVA = Crops 55%, Livestock 30%, Forestry & Logging 8%, Fishing & Aquaculture 7%
📊 Source: Agri Stats at a Glance 2023 (MoA)
✅ Gross capital formation in agriculture = ~19% of agri GDP
(Public = 3%, Private = 97%)
📊 Source: Economic Survey
✅ Share of workforce in agriculture = 45%
(Industry 25%, Services 30%)
📊 Source: NSO
✅ Agri exports of India = 2.5% of global agri trade
💰 All-time high of $50 bn in 2022
📊 Source: APEDA
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture
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MAINS-2025 Wali Junta:
Your DAF is out here
https://upsconline.gov.in/upsc/OTRP/index.php
You can Login through old OTR details and then go to the latest notification in the tab.
Last date is 25th June.
🔆 India’s Employment Landscape: 2023–24 Snapshot
📍 Sectoral Employment Share
✅ Agriculture – 45%
✅ Industry – 25%
✅ Services – 30%
📍 Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
✅ Overall (15+ yrs): 60.1%
✅ Male LFPR:
• 2017–18 → 75.1%
• 2023–24 → 77.5%
✅ Female LFPR:
• 2017–18 → 21.1%
• 2023–24 → 35.6%
✅ Rural LFPR: 50.7% → 63.7%
✅ Urban LFPR: 47.6% → 52.0%
📍 Female Workforce Global Context
✅ India (2023): 37%
✅ Global Average: 65%
📍 Unemployment Rate
✅ 2017–18 → 8.7%
✅ 2023–24 → 4.9%
📍 MGNREGA Employment Assurance
✅ 99.74% of job seekers received employment in 2023–24 under the scheme
#employment #GS3 #Data
🔆 India’s Gender Parity, Transport, Trade & Governance – Key Updates (2025)
📍 1. Gender Parity in India: Mixed Progress
✅ India ranked 131/148 in Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (Score: 64.1%).
✅ Education: High parity at 97.1%.
✅ Political Empowerment dropped:
• Women in Parliament: 14.7% → 13.8%
• Ministerial roles: 6.5% → 5.6%
✅ Global concern: Despite 41.2% workforce share, women hold only 28.8% top leadership roles.
📍 2. Gender Gaps in South Asia
✅ South Asia’s Political Empowerment Score: 26.8%
✅ Only Bangladesh achieved head-of-state parity.
✅ Economic participation improving, but estimated income parity fell by 7.8%.
📍 3. Central Schemes Under ‘Effectiveness’ Lens
✅ All centrally funded schemes to show positive outcomes to continue beyond 2026.
✅ Sunset clause and 3rd-party evaluations introduced.
✅ MGNREGS: Outlay now tied to beneficiary count; upward revisions need Finance Dept. nod.
📍 4. Urban Transport & Mobility Shift
✅ PM E-Bus Sewa, PM e-Drive launched; target: 10,000+ e-buses.
✅ Trams offer 45% profitability over 7 decades; e-buses show 82% net loss.
✅ Budget promotes metro networks, but India still lacks mass transit coverage (only 37% urban access).
📍 5. U.S.–India Trade Relations & Tariffs
✅ India has a $35–40B surplus, yet U.S. cites $44B trade deficit using selective data.
✅ India insists on WTO-based, mutually agreed solutions.
✅ Any deal must protect digital services, remittances, and Indian exporters.
📍 6. Sustainability in Transit Planning
✅ India urged to invest in cost-effective, long-term tram systems.
✅ Move seen as a smart & timely shift towards climate-aligned, financially viable urban mobility.
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #essay #social_issue #mains
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🔆 Education Stats
📍 Literacy Rates
✅ Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)
📍 Government Spending
✅ Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)
📍 Enrolment Ratios
✅ Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)
📍 Government Schools
✅ Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 Reading Ability
✅ Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 School Infrastructure
✅ 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
✅ 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)
📍 Higher Education
✅ Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
✅ Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)
📍 Engineering Students
✅ 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #essay #social_issue #mains
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🔆 Sustainable Agriculture in India
✅ Organic Farming
• India ranks 1st in number of organic farmers
• Ranks 9th in area under organic farming
📊 PIB
✅ Natural Farming
• 22 lakh hectares under natural farming
• 34 lakh farmers currently practicing it
📊 Ministry of Agriculture
🔆 Horticulture in India
✅ Contribution to Agri GDP:
Horticulture contributes 35% to agri GDP, employs 20% of agriculture labour force
📊 Source: National Horticulture Board
✅ Production Composition:
Fruits & vegetables = 90% of total horticulture production
📊 Source: National Horticulture Board
✅ Total Production (2022–23):
350 million tonnes – horticulture output has outpaced grain crops since 2013
📊 Source: Ministry of Agriculture
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture
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🔆 India & Climate Change: Key Data with Sources
📍 Climate Stats
✅ India’s GHG Emissions – 10% of global emissions, 3rd largest emitter (after China 30% & USA 15%)
Source: Down to Earth
✅ India’s per capita CO2 = 2.4 tonnes (vs global avg 6.3) – lowest among major economies
– USA = 16.5 t, China = 10 t, EU = 7 t
Source: Global Carbon Project
✅ Sector-wise GHG in India – Energy 75%, Agriculture 15%, Industries 8%, Waste 3%
Source: NITI Aayog
✅ India 7th most vulnerable nation to climate-induced extreme weather
Source: Global Climate Risk Index
✅ Climate change-induced extreme weather causes losses = 0.5% of India’s GDP annually
Source: WMO
✅ ~1 billion children globally under extreme climate risk
Source: UNICEF
✅ India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuels to rise 4.6% in 2024 – highest among major economies
Source: Global Carbon Project
✅ Earth has warmed by 1.1°C vs preindustrial; World emits ~40 Gt CO₂/year
Source: IPCC 6th Assessment Report (AR6)
✅ Carbon budget:
– For 1.5°C = 500 Gt (breach ~2030s)
– For 2°C = 1350 Gt (breach ~2050s)
Source: IPCC AR6
✅ India ranks 7th globally on Climate Action, only G20 nation on track for Paris targets
Source: Climate Change Performance Index 2024
✅ Even with current NDCs, warming may exceed 3°C
Source: Emissions Gap Report 2023
✅ Adaptation finance needs = 10–18× higher than current flow
Source: Adaptation Gap Report 2023
✅ India needs ₹10 trillion investment for net-zero by 2070
Source: CEEW
✅ Only 16% of past carbon credits led to real emission cuts
Source: Nature Journal
📍 Additional Insights:
✅ Global carbon budget for 1.5°C = 400–500 Gt CO₂ left since 2020; World emits ~40 Gt/year
Source: IPCC AR6
✅ India’s GHG emissions rose by over 6% in 2023 vs 2022
Source: UNEP Emissions Report
✅ Top 10% richest emit 20× more CO₂ per person than bottom 10%; they account for ~50% of total emissions
Source: World Inequality Database
✅ Climate change intensified global water cycle by 7.4% → more extreme droughts/floods
Source: Nature Journal
✅ Trees & soil CO₂ absorption fell 20% since 2015 due to climate change
Source: UNCCD Report
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #environment #essay
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🔆 Farmer-Related Data
✅ Farmer Suicides:
Nearly 30 people in the farming sector die by suicide daily
📊 Source: NITI Aayog
✅ Income Disparity:
Large farmers earn 7.5 times more than small and marginal farmers
📊 Source: NITI Aayog
🔆 Wealth Inequality Insights
📍 World’s richest 1% own twice as much wealth as the rest 99%
✅ Source: Oxfam Report
📍 India’s richest 1% hold 4 times the wealth owned by bottom 70%
✅ Source: Oxfam Report
📍 India’s richest 1% hold 42.5% of nation’s wealth, and richest 10% hold 75% of the nation’s wealth
✅ Source: Oxfam Report
📍 Gini Coefficient value = 0.20
✅ Source: SDG India Index 2024
#Data
🔆 Transport Sector – Key Stats (India)
🧾 Sources: Economic Survey 2023, NITI Aayog, National Logistics Policy
📍 GDP Contribution:
✅ Transport sector contributes ~4.5% to India’s GDP.
📍 Freight Share:
✅ Road > 60%
✅ Railways 30%
✅ Waterways 10%
📍 Passenger Share:
✅ Road & others 85%
✅ Railways 15%
📍 Emissions:
✅ Transport sector causes ~14% of India’s total emissions.
📍 Cost (₹/tonne/km):
✅ Road: ₹2.5
✅ Railways: ₹1.3
✅ Waterways: ₹1.0
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #economy
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🔆 Fertilisers in Indian Agriculture
✅ India’s position:
• 3rd largest producer
• 2nd largest consumer (after China)
📊 FAO
✅ Fertiliser subsidy:
• 0.5% of GDP (2nd after food subsidy)
• ₹1.75 lakh crore
• Only 35% reaches intended beneficiaries
📊 NITI Aayog
✅ Urea dominates sector:
• 85% produced, 75% consumed, 50% imported
📊 Economic Survey
✅ NPK Ratio:
• Ideal = 4:2:1
• 2023–24 actual = 10.9:4.4:1
📊 Fertiliser Association of India
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🔆 Vulnerable Sections – Key Data from India
📍 Persons with Disabilities (PwDs)
✅ The number of Persons with Disabilities in the country are 2.68 crore, which is 2.21% of the total population of the country.
✅ 19.30% persons with disability (15 years and above) completed at least secondary education
✅ Among persons with disabilities of age 7 years and above, 52.2% are literates
✅ Among PwDs, 62% have care giver, 37.7% don’t require a caregiver, and for 0.3% caregiver was required but not available
✅ Among PwDs (age 15 years and above), Labour Force Participation Rate was 23.8%, Worker Population Ratio was 22.8%, Unemployment Rate was 4.2%
📍 Elderly
✅ There were nearly 138 mn elderly persons in India in 2021 (67 mn males and 71 mn females), an increase of 34 mn from 2011, expected to reach ~ 190 mn in 2031
✅ The Elderly Dependency Ratio has increased from 10.9% in 1961 to 14.2% in 2011 and further projected to increase to 15.7% in 2021 and 20.1% in 2031
✅ The sex ratio of the elderly – 1028 in 1951, 938 in 1971 , 1033 in 2011 and projected to increase to 1,060 by 2026.
✅ The literacy rate among elderly females (28%) is less than half of the literacy rate among elderly males (59%)
✅ 40–50% of the elderly are economically vulnerable, and 25% are in the lowest wealth quintile
✅ Only 29% elderly in India have access to social security schemes, such as old-age pensions or provident funds
✅ Only 15% of elderly population are aware of geriatric healthcare options
✅ The elder care economy in India is estimated to be worth around $7 billion
📍 Children
✅ India is a home to almost 19% of the world’s children, more than one-third of the country’s population (around 436 million) is below 18 years as of 2023
✅ Child Sex ratio in India = 929/1000
✅ 48% of Indian children aged 0–14 are female
✅ 74% of Indian children aged 0–6 live in rural areas
✅ India is the only large country where more female infants die than male infants, the gender differential in child survival is currently 11 per cent
✅ Working children in India: 10.1 million (3.9% of the total child population) as ‘main workers’ or ‘marginal workers’
✅ Child Labour decreased in India by 2.6 million from ~ 13.7 million in 2001 to 10.1 million in 2011
✅ 1 in every 8 children (aged 5–14 years) work for their own household or someone else
✅ On average around 2600 child victims of trafficking were rescued annually from 2018–2022
📍 Transgenders
✅ Total population of transgenders in India is around 4.88 lakh
✅ Literacy rate among transgenders was 56.10% (overall population literacy rate = 74%), Mizoram had the highest transgender literacy rate (87%) while Bihar had the lowest transgender literacy rate (44%).
✅ 92% of transgender population is economically marginalised
✅ Around 48,000 transgender people were registered as voters and were eligible to vote in the LS elections 2024
#data
🔆 Land Use & Ownership in Indian Agriculture
✅ Land use pattern –
Net Sown Area 45%, Forest area 24%, Pastures & Groves 4%,
Cultivable Wasteland 4%, Fallow Land 9%, Barren Land 5%,
Non-Agriculture Land 8%
📊 Source: Ministry of Agriculture
✅ Average size of operational landholding = 0.9 hectares
(Consistently declining since 1970)
📊 Source: Agriculture Census 2021-22
✅ Female land holders = Only 15%
(Despite feminisation of agriculture)
📊 Source: Agriculture Census
🔆 India’s Taxation & Fiscal Snapshot (2024-25)
📍 Tax to GDP Ratio
✅ Centre: 12%
✅ Centre + States Combined: 18%
🔸 (Compared to ~34% in OECD countries)
📍 Tax Buoyancy (2024–25)
✅ Estimated at 1.18
🔸 (Reflects responsiveness of tax revenue growth to GDP growth)
📍 Composition of Central Tax Revenue
✅ Direct Taxes: 52%
✅ Indirect Taxes: 48%
📍 Taxpayer Base in India
✅ Only 6% of Indians pay income tax
🔸 Of which, ~50% have zero tax liability
📍 Public Debt (Centre + States)
✅ Total: 90% of GDP
• Centre: 60%, States: 30%
• Internal Debt: 87%, External Debt: 3%
📍 Capital Expenditure (2023–24)
✅ Highest ever capex by Centre: 3.4% of GDP
🔆 Takeaway
Despite rising capex and tax buoyancy, India’s tax base remains narrow, and public debt levels are high, demanding fiscal prudence and structural reforms.
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #mains
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🔆 Transport Sector – Key Facts
📍 Transport sector contribution to GDP ~ 4.5%
✅ Source: Economic Survey 2023
📍 Freight transport share – Road > 60%, Railways 30%, Waterways 10%
✅ Source: National Logistics Policy
📍 Passenger transport share – Road & others 85%, Railways 15%
✅ Source: Economic Survey 2023
📍 Transport sector accounts for ~ 14% of India’s total emissions
✅ Source: NITI Aayog
📍 Cost of transport (tonne per km) – Road ₹2.5, Railways ₹1.3, Waterways ₹1
✅ Source: Economic Survey 2023
#Data #GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #mains
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🔆 Multidimensional Poverty in India
📍 Key Statistics
✅ 14.96% headcount ratio of Multidimensional Poverty in 2019-21 (down from 24.85% in 2015-16), enroute to achieving target 1.2 of halving Multidimensional Poverty much before 2030
✅ 13.5 crore people lifted out of multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21, and 41.5 crore people lifted out between 2005-06 and 2019-21
✅ The intensity of poverty (average deprivation among multidimensionally poor) improved from about 47% in 2015-16 to 44% in 2019-21
📍 Rural and Urban Trends
✅ Fastest decline in percentage of multidimensional poor in rural areas: from 32.59% in 2015-16 to 19.28% in 2019-21
✅ Reduction in incidence of poverty in urban areas: from 8.65% in 2015-16 to 5.27% in 2019-21
📍 Vulnerable Groups and Regional Data
✅ India has the largest number of children living in multidimensional poverty — 1 in every 5 children is poor
✅ States of UP, Bihar, MP, Odisha, and Rajasthan recorded steepest decline in number of MPI poor
✅ Globally, 85% of multidimensionally poor people live in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
✅ 63 million Indians pushed into poverty yearly due to healthcare costs — almost two people every second
✅ Poverty levels among social groups:
• STs = 50.6%
• SCs = 33.3%
• OBCs = 27.2%
(5 out of every 6 people living in multidimensional poverty in India belong to disadvantaged tribes and castes)
#GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #mains
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🔆 Education Stats
📍 Literacy Rates
✅ Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)
📍 Government Spending
✅ Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)
📍 Enrolment Ratios
✅ Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)
📍 Government Schools
✅ Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 Reading Ability
✅ Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)
📍 School Infrastructure
✅ 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
✅ 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)
📍 Higher Education
✅ Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
✅ Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)
📍 Engineering Students
✅ 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)
#Data #GS2 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #health #mains
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